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51-568: [REDACTED] Look up chavin in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Chavin may refer to: Places [ edit ] Chavín de Huantar , an archaeological site in Peru built by the Chavín culture Chavín District , Chincha, Peru Chavín de Huantar District , Huari, Peru Chavín de Pariarca District , Huamalies, Peru Chavin, Indre ,

102-587: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . Some of the Chavín relics from this archaeological site are on display in the Museo de la Nación in Lima and the Museo Nacional de Chavín in Chavín itself. Occupation at Chavín de Huántar has been carbon-dated to at least 3000 BC, with ceremonial center activity occurring primarily toward the end of the second millennium, and through the middle of the first millennium BC. While

153-455: A ceremonial center until around 500 BC, but its primary religious function had ceased prior to 400 BC. The site was increasingly occupied by casual residents of the highly distinct Huaraz cultural tradition. The "Circular Plaza" appears to have been a sacred and ritually important, open-air space within a ceremonial center. Prior to 800–700 BC, this location had a number of functions, including serving as an atrium for entering Temple A through

204-825: A commune of the Indre département in France Chavin, Iran , a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran The Chavín parish belonging to the municipality of Viveiro , Spain Other uses [ edit ] Chinga Chavin , U.S. musician Chavín culture , an early culture of the Andean region, pre-dating the Moche culture in Peru Operation Chavín de Huántar , a Peruvian military operation that ended

255-650: A deeply eroded Andean valley, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes , as far as 5° 36′ southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Ande in its midcourse, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin . Although historically, the term "Marañón River" often was applied to the river all the way to the Atlantic Ocean , nowadays

306-602: A month descending the river from Rondos to Nazareth with kayaks and a raft. In 2004, Tim Biggs and companions kayaked the entire river from the Nupe River to Iquitos . In 2012, Rocky Contos descended the entire river with various companions along the way. The Marañón River may supply 20 hydroelectric mega-dams planned in the Andes, and most of the power is thought to be destined for export to Brazil, Chile, or Ecuador. Dam survey crews have drafted construction blueprints, and

357-437: A number of descents. An attempt to paddle the river was made by Herbert Rittlinger in 1936. Sebastian Snow was an adventurer who journeyed down most of the river by trekking to Chiriaco River starting at the source near Lake Niñacocha . In 1976 and/or 1977, Laszlo Berty descended the section from Chagual to the jungle in a raft. In 1977, a group composed of Tom Fisher, Steve Gaskill, Ellen Toll, and John Wasson spent over

408-410: A simple tool kit. Local style in art and decoration included scrolls, simple curves, straight lines, and images of wild animals. Chavín sculpture is usually of white granite and black limestone . Carved stone mortars and pestles , conch-shell trumpets, bone tubes and spatulas, and metal spatulas and spoons were found decorated in Chavín style, as were various textiles including tapestries . Pottery

459-480: Is also based on a gallery and plaza design and contained many relief sculptures. The Lanzon deity is shown here, holding a strombus shell in the right hand, while the left hand holds a Spondylus shell, considered to have sacred properties. The architectural design of Chavín de Huántar changed over time as an old temple development was added to with a new temple. Changes were more complex than in one stage of renovation. Smaller renovations happened consistently over

510-429: Is impossible to say how much of this social order was changed into a class system with multiple levels. The site was described by early 20th-century Peruvian archaeologist Julio C. Tello as "the birthplace of South American culture", in recognition of its significance as a center of power for the Chavín culture, which he believed was the oldest in the highlands. Chavín de Huántar is located north of modern-day Lima at

561-521: Is located in a lowland valley at the confluence of the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. High altitude valleys are located nearby. Consequently, the people at Chavín de Huántar were able to cultivate both lowland crops such as maize and high altitude crops such as potatoes . The people were also domesticating llamas in the high altitude areas for food and to serve as transport animals, to carry heavy loads on

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612-533: Is needed to study the human remains and any associated grave goods. Mara%C3%B1%C3%B3n River 16,708 m /s (590,000 cu ft/s) The Marañón River ( Spanish : Río Marañón , IPA: [ˈri.o maɾaˈɲon] , Quechua : Awriq mayu ) is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km to the northeast of Lima , Peru , and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m (12,000 feet) high, it runs through

663-781: The Candoshi , and the Cocama-Cocamilla peoples. A 552-km (343-mi) section of the Marañón River between Puente Copuma (Puchka confluence) and Corral Quemado is a class IV raftable river that is similar in many ways to the Grand Canyon of the United States, and has been labeled the "Grand Canyon of the Amazon". Most of this section of the river is in a canyon that is up to 3000 m deep on both sides – over twice

714-631: The Rio Santiago and the village of Borja. According to Captain Carbajal, who attempted ascent through the Pongo de Manseriche in the little steamer Napo , in 1868, it is a vast rent in the Andes about 600 m (2000 ft) deep, narrowing in places to a width of only 30 m (100 ft), the precipices "seeming to close in at the top." Through this canyon, the Marañón leaps along, at times, at

765-607: The environmental impact statements have been available since November 2009 for the Veracruz dam, and since November 2011, the Chadin2 dam. A 2011 law stated "national demand" for the hydroelectric energy, while in 2013, Peruvian President Ollanta Humala explicitly made a connection with mining; the energy is to supply mines in the Cajamarca Region , La Libertad , Ancash Region , and Piura Region . Construction of

816-521: The 1997 Japanese embassy hostage crisis Rhinella chavin ( R. chavin ), a species of toad See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "chavin" on Misplaced Pages. All pages with titles containing Chavin or Chavins All pages with titles beginning with Chavin All pages with titles beginning with Chavín Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

867-615: The 406 MW dam in Chaglla District started in 2012. Opposition arose because the dams are expected to disrupt the major source of the Amazon, alter normal silt deposition into the lower river, damage habitat and migration patterns for fish and other aquatic life, displace thousands of residents along the river, and damage a national treasure "at least as nice as the Grand Canyon in the USA". Residents have launched efforts to halt

918-410: The Amazon due to its contribution of the highest annual discharge rates. The initial section of the Marañón contains a plethora of pongos , which are gorges in the jungle areas often with difficult rapids. The Pongo de Manseriche is the final pongo on the Marañón located just before the river enters the flat Amazon basin. It is 5 km (3.1 mi) long and located between the confluence with

969-553: The Chavín horizon, ending by about 500 BC, when the new temple was completed. With the simpler design of the old temple, Chavín de Huántar followed the U-shaped ceremonial center design accompanied by a sunken circular plaza that was typical of many coastal settlements in the Early Horizon period. After the new temple was complete, Chavín de Huántar still embodied a U-shaped ceremonial center design. The renovations enlarged

1020-542: The Marañón River is generally thought to end at the confluence with the Ucayali River , after which most cartographers label the ensuing waterway the Amazon River . As the Marañón passes through high jungle in its midcourse, it is marked by a series of unnavigable rapids and falls. The Marañón was the subject of a landmark legal ruling related to the rights of nature. In March 2024, a Peruvian court ruled that

1071-597: The Marañón in the high Andes as sources of the Amazon: the Lauricocha and Nupe Rivers . The Lauricocha and Nupe unite near the village of Rondos to form from their confluence downstream the river that is called the Marañón. Although the Apurimac and Mantaro rivers also have claims to being the source of the Amazon, the Marañón River continues to claim the title of the "mainstem source" or "hydrological source" of

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1122-696: The Pongo de Huaracayo (or Guaracayo) and the Pongo de Manseriche. In 1936, Bertrand Flornoy was appointed chargé de mission at the National Museum of Natural History of France , which sent him on study and exploration missions in Amazonia and the Andes. He specialised in the Peruvian Upper Amazon, and in 1941 and 1942 discovered the sources of the Río Marañón, one of the tributaries of the Amazon. The upper Marañón River has seen

1173-547: The confluence of two rivers: the Mosna and the Huanchecsa. This site allowed for easy access by the waterways and, at the same time, limited access to outsiders. But discoveries and excavations since the late 20th century have established the older Norte Chico , also known as Caral-Supe, as the site of the first civilization in the Americas and what is now Peru. Dated to 5,000 years ago, it covered an area across four river valleys, about 100 miles north of Lima. Chavín de Huántar

1224-565: The dams along the river with conservation groups such as SierraRios and International Rivers . Potential ecological impacts of 151 new dams greater than 2 MW on five of the six major Andean tributaries of the Amazon over the next 20 years are estimated to be high, including the first major break in connectivity between Andean headwaters and lowland Amazon and deforestation due to infrastructure. The Marañón River has been polluted by oil pipelines and mining activities in its watershed. Between 1970 and 2019, over 60 spills have been documented from

1275-472: The depth of the Colorado 's Grand Canyon. It is in dry, desert-like terrain, much of which receives only 250–350 mm/rain per year (10–14 in/yr) with parts such as from Balsas to Jaén known as the hottest infierno area of Peru. The Marañón Grand Canyon section flows by the village of Calemar, where Peruvian writer Ciro Alegría based one of his most important novels, La serpiente de oro (1935). One of

1326-491: The fairly large population was based on an agricultural economy, the city's location at the headwaters of the Marañón River , between the coast and the jungle, made it an ideal location for the dissemination and collection of both ideas and material goods. This archaeological site is a large ceremonial center that has revealed a great deal about the Chavín culture. Chavín de Huántar served as a gathering place for people of

1377-589: The first popular descents of the Marañón River occurred in 1743, when Frenchman Charles Marie de La Condamine journeyed from the Chinchipe confluence all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. La Condamine did not descend the initial section of the Marañón by boat due to the pongos . From where he began his boating descent at the Chiriaco confluence, La Condamine still had to confront several pongos , including

1428-436: The great river "has its source on the southern shore of a lake that is called Lauriocha , near Huánuco ." Fritz believed that the Marañón contributed the most water of all the Amazon's tributaries, making it the most important headstream. For most of the 18th–19th centuries and into the 20th century, the Marañón River was generally considered the source of the Amazon. Later explorations have proposed two headwaters rivers of

1479-484: The larger Chavín culture began to decline. Large ceremonial sites were abandoned, some unfinished, and were replaced by villages and agricultural land. At Chavín de Huántar, no later than 500 BC, a small village replaced the Circular Plaza. The plaza was occupied by a succession of cultural groups, and residents salvaged building stones and stone carvings to use in house walls. Multiple occupation floors indicate

1530-409: The management of the site and its environs." CyArk has made a slideshow, maps, and 3-D multimedia presentations about Chavín de Huántar available, based on its 2005–2006 laser scanning and digital preservation project. In 2018, Rick's group used four-wheel-drive robots to search the temple. They discovered 30 tunnels, as well as the graves of several people buried under rocks. Further research

1581-534: The rate of 20 km/h (12 mi/h). The pongo is known for wrecking many ships and many drownings. Downstream of the Pongo de Manseriche, the river often has islands, and usually nothing is visible from its low banks, but an immense forest -covered plain known as the selva baja (low jungle) or Peruvian Amazonia. It is home to indigenous peoples such as the Urarina of the Chambira Basin [2] ,

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1632-413: The region to come together and worship. The transformation of the center into a valley-dominating monument made it a pan-regional place of importance. People went to Chavín de Huántar as a center: to attend and participate in rituals, consult an oracle, or enter a cult. Findings at Chavín de Huántar indicate that social instability and upheaval began to occur between 500 and 300 BC, at the same time that

1683-409: The residents of the surrounding high-altitude communities. In contrast, those who lived in rural areas consumed lower-quality food and used chert tools, while those who lived in urban areas imported high-quality obsidian to create sharper blades. Llama meat could be said to be freeze-fried to produce charqui which is the inspiration for modern-day beef jerky . Llama meat was extremely important as it

1734-482: The river itself has fundamental rights, including the right to ecological flows and to be free from pollution. The Marañón River is Peru's second-longest river, according to a 2005 statistical publication by the Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática . The Marañón River was considered the source of the Amazon River starting with the 1707 map published by Padre Samuel Fritz , who indicated

1785-408: The river were artists who created jewelry and other items carved out of bone. Spondylus shells, known for being precious goods at the time, were made into beads by locals who lived close to the temples. This shows an implication that artists were likely of high social status. People who lived closer to the temples were supplied with only the finest meat, usually llama meat. This llama meat was brought by

1836-461: The site and learned some of the oral history from the locals. They believe the word Chavín comes from the Quechua word, chaupin , meaning center, expressing its significance to local indigenous communities at the time. After investigation at the site, Lumbreas theorized that elites in the communities may have developed the ritual at the site. He also believed that they may have persuaded followers to

1887-508: The site considerably and added a larger, sunken rectangular plaza. The main objective of the renovations appears to have been to enable more people to gather in one place, as the site in general expanded. Excavation of burial sites has given evidence of a small elite class, whose tombs contained elaborate burial goods, consisting of precious metals, colorful textiles , and other valuables. Most burials were simpler, with bodies interred in shallow pits, dressed in cotton clothing and accompanied by

1938-498: The site may be a very early example of the use of a standardized building code . Beginning in 2004, the Global Heritage Fund (GHF) began conservation work at this UNESCO World Heritage Site . Their work is also directed at supporting local training and development of skills among the residents. According to GHF, their work has involved: stabilizing primary monuments, repairing underground structures, documenting

1989-439: The site with high precision instruments, locating underground structures with non-intrusive technologies, revealing, assessing and when appropriate removing post-Chavín structures to reveal original architecture; cataloguing (sic) artifacts, and improving site interpretation facilities, while the local community is engaged through conservation and craft training, employment, tourism entrepreneurship and regular consultations regarding

2040-451: The steep slopes of the hills. The religious significance of Chavín de Huántar was inspired by the geography of the site. The confluence of two large rivers has been considered to have spiritual importance in many cultures. Similarly, Chavín de Huántar was developed as a religious ceremonial center. The confluence of two rivers is referred to as tinkuy , which can be defined as the harmonious meeting of opposing forces. Chavín de Huántar likely

2091-416: The temple and the priests in it exercised much power over local communities during its peak period. Rick also studied the site with laser scanning in an effort to determine whether it was "planned by an elite or had resulted from some grassroots religious fervor." The technique was used to create digital blueprints. Because details such as stair placement remain constant throughout generations of builders,

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2142-440: The temple in order to maintain their political and social structure. In the early 2000s John Rick and his team from Stanford University came to similar conclusions about the development of religious practices. Rick theorizes that the higher-ups (typically priests) at the temple would use deliberate techniques, material goods, and intricate architectural features to persuade and gain followers. These theories could be evidence that

2193-549: The temple's north staircase. The plaza in the classic period, after 700 BC, is bounded on three sides by major Temples A, B, and C. The plaza is perfectly circular and is close to 20 metres (66 ft) in diameter, with a floor consisted of pillow-shaped pavers of yellow diatomite . It appears that a center line of black limestone blocks runs on its architectural east-west axis. Walls of the plaza were constructed of cut stone, principally granite, laid in courses of varying width. The two broadest courses were carved in arcs closest to

2244-532: The title Chavin . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chavin&oldid=959444608 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chav%C3%ADn de Huantar Chavín de Huántar has been designated as

2295-497: The very center, contained a sculpture of the Lanzón , which is assumed to be a supreme deity of Chavín de Huántar. The figure is anthropomorphic, with a feline head and human body. Mortars, pestles, conch-shell trumpets, and many other items have also been found. Many of these artifacts have an anthropomorphic design or decoration and are thought to be associated with Chavín rituals. The "New Temple", constructed between 500 and 200 BC,

2346-454: The village was continuously occupied through the 1940s. The Chavín civilization was centered on the site of Chavín de Huántar, the religious center of the Chavín people and the political capital. The temple is a massive flat-topped pyramid surrounded by lower platforms. It is a U-shaped plaza with a sunken circular court in the center. The inside of the temple walls are decorated with sculptures and carvings. During its heyday, Chavín de Huántar

2397-432: The western staircase and in two pairs of terminal stones flanking the eastern staircase. The "Old Temple", dating from the site's early history, was an inward-facing structure composed primarily of passageways built around a circular courtyard. The structure contained obelisks and stone monuments with relief carvings depicting jaguars , caimans , and other forms with anthropomorphic features. The Lanzón Gallery, located at

2448-400: Was eaten by almost all the inhabitants in the area. Those who lived in the western half of the town ate younger and more delectable animals as opposed to the eastern side of town, whose residents ate lower-quality meat. These clear examples of social hierarchies show the differences between the people inside of town and those who lived in rural areas. While these social differences can be seen it

2499-450: Was found in a wide variety of forms, including bottles and bowls, decorated with a wider range of distinctive elements. In Chavin de Huantar the surrounding city and rural areas around the ceremonial centers show social inequalities. More gold jewelry, well-made ceramics, and higher-quality meals are available in the town east of the temple than in the village to the west. Investigations done by archaeologists show that people on both sides of

2550-457: Was thought to have been a meeting place of natural and cosmic forces. The area is known to have natural hot springs and an awe-inspiring view of the Wantsan peak, both of which may have added to the religious significance of the site. Archaeologists continue to debate about the likely religious practices during the peak period at Chavín de Huántar. In the 1970s Peruvian Luis Lumbreras visited

2601-641: Was used as a religious center for ceremonies and events, perhaps a home for an oracle. The site contains a number of major structures, including Temples A, B, C and D, and areas and buildings designated as the Major Plaza, the Circular Plaza, the Old Temple and New Temple. But the latter two designations are no longer accurate in light of recent research advances. Chavín de Huántar was constructed over many stages starting prior to 1200 BC, with most major construction over by 750 BC. The site continued in use as

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