Sidney Aaron " Paddy " Chayefsky ( / ˌ tʃ aɪ ˈ ( j ) ɛ f s k i / ; January 29, 1923 – August 1, 1981) was an American playwright, screenwriter and novelist. He is the only person to have won three solo Academy Awards for writing both adapted and original screenplays.
149-606: He was one of the most renowned dramatists of the Golden Age of Television . His intimate, realistic scripts provided a naturalistic style of television drama for the 1950s, dramatizing the lives of ordinary Americans. Martin Gottfried wrote in All His Jazz that Chayefsky was "the most successful graduate of television's slice of life school of naturalism." Following his critically acclaimed teleplays, Chayefsky became
298-513: A prehuman creature. Chayefsky wrote an eighty-seven page treatment and, at the suggestion of Columbia executive Daniel Melnick , he adapted it into a novel Film rights were bought by Columbia Pictures for nearly $ 1 million, and with the same creative control and financial terms as for Network . Chayefsky suffered greatly from stress while working on the novel, resulting in a heart attack in 1977. The heart attack resulted in strict dietary and lifestyle restrictions. The novel, titled Altered States,
447-481: A " vanguard anti-war film." The failure of Americanization of Emily and Josef D . on Broadway shook Chayefsky's confidence, and was the beginning of a what his biographer Shaun Considine calls a "fallow period." He agreed to do novel adaptations, which he had previously shunned, and was hired to adapt the Richard Jessup novel The Cincinnati Kid. Director Sam Peckinpah rejected the script, and Chayefsky
596-401: A "live" look with interior scenes and a "film" look with exterior scenes. In the U.S. and West Germany, most shows were produced completely in either film or video to avoid jarring difference in frame rate. Most other countries avoided outdoor shots for television productions as much as they could until portable video cameras became available. By the early 1960s, about 90% of U.S. households had
745-533: A "live" television look and feel but able to both preserve the program for later broadcast and allowing the possibility of retakes (still rare since videotape editing required a razor blade and was not done unless absolutely necessary). In Britain, from the very beginning of regular television broadcasting in 1936 until the 1980s, interior scenes for television drama and comedy shows were shot with electronic cameras, while exterior scenes were shot with film cameras. This arrangement conditioned British viewers to identify
894-484: A box of Purple Hearts, pinning them on the pillows of wounded service members, then departing with no official records kept of the visit, or the award of the Purple Heart. Service members, themselves, complicated matters by unofficially leaving hospitals, hastily returning to their units to rejoin battle so as not to appear a malingerer. In such cases, even if a service member had received actual wounds in combat, both
1043-533: A documentary of the Allied invasion, The True Glory . Returning to the United States, Chayefsky worked in his uncle's print shop, Regal Press, an experience which provided a background for his later teleplay, Printer's Measure (1953), as well as his story for the movie As Young as You Feel (1951). Kanin enabled Chayefsky to spend time working on his second play, Put Them All Together (later known as M
1192-417: A few Golden Age shows and stars continued into the 1960s). The Golden Age was followed by the network era , wherein television audiences and programming had shifted to less critically acclaimed fare, almost all of it taped or filmed. Prior to 1928, there had been some attempts at television programming using the mechanical television process. One of the first series made specifically for television to have
1341-505: A film that would be set among the civil unrest taking place at the time. When his wife Susan received poor care at a hospital, he pitched to United Artists a story based at a hospital. To ensure that he had the same kind of creative control given to playwrights, he formed Simcha Productions, named after the Hebrew version of his given name, Sidney. He then commenced research, reading medical books and visiting hospitals. The leading character in
1490-579: A former colleague at ABC as having "a smell for the blue-collar", Aubrey later admitted: We made an effort to continue purposeful drama on TV, but we found out that the people just don't want an anthology. They would rather tune in on Lucy . The nation as a whole was also tiring of high-culture programming as the Baby Boomers were beginning to come of age; over the next several years, high-culture programs would be relegated to public television , where older audiences with more money were tolerated. By
1639-406: A love story at the center of the plot. Chayefsky agreed to adapting the novel but only if he could fundamentally change the story. He made the titular character more sophisticated, but refusing to be "Americanized" by accepting material goods. William Wyler was initially brought in as the director, but his relationship with Chayefsky deteriorated when he sought to change the script. William Holden
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#17327917562181788-697: A musical comedy, No T.O. for Love . First produced in 1945 by the Special Services Unit , the show toured European Army bases for two years. The London opening of No T.O. for Love at the Scala Theatre in the West End was the beginning of Chayefsky's theatrical career. During the London production of this musical, Chayefsky encountered Joshua Logan , a future collaborator, and Garson Kanin , who invited Chayefsky to collaborate with him on
1937-443: A noted playwright and novelist. As a screenwriter, he received three Academy Awards for Marty (1955), The Hospital (1971) and Network (1976). The movie Marty was based on his own television drama about two lonely people finding love. Network was a satire of the television industry and The Hospital was also satiric. Film historian David Thomson called The Hospital "years ahead of its time. … Few films capture
2086-487: A period of rapid growth in popularity for the quiz show format until it was beset by a series of scandals , hastening the end of the golden age. Lower-budget game shows and panel shows continued to be popular as daytime fare for several decades after. Current events, Newscasting and journalism were distinguished by several broadcasting programs by Edward R. Murrow of CBS. Murrow's 1951 See It Now and Person to Person showcased important events, places and people in
2235-411: A play based on the life of Joseph Stalin , The Passion of Josef D , received unfavorable reviews and ran for only 15 performances. Although Chayefsky was an early writer for the television medium, he eventually abandoned it, "decrying the lack of interest the networks demonstrated toward quality programming". As a result, during the course of his career, he constantly toyed with the idea of lampooning
2384-447: A product of its time as networks were concerned with "cultural uplift" and viewed it as a way to cultural legitimacy on the new medium. A similar uplift occurred in the late 1990s to early 2000s, when the networks were switching to high definition format. This was the time when Discovery Channel commissioned Discovery HD Theater to broadcast HD documentaries about nature and history, while BBC released Planet Earth . This coincided with
2533-460: A public elementary school . As a boy, Chayefsky was noted for his verbal ability, which won him friends. He attended DeWitt Clinton High School , where he served as editor of the school's literary magazine The Magpie . He graduated from Clinton in 1939 at age 16 and attended the City College of New York , graduating with a degree in social sciences in 1943. While at City College he played for
2682-505: A result of enemy generated explosions. Injuries or wounds which do not qualify for award of the Purple Heart include frostbite or trench foot injuries; heat stroke ; food poisoning not caused by enemy agents; chemical, biological, or nuclear agents not released by the enemy; battle fatigue ; disease not directly caused by enemy agents; accidents, to include explosive, aircraft, vehicular, and other accidental wounding not related to or caused by enemy action; self-inflicted wounds (e.g.,
2831-406: A screenwriting Oscar; all the other three-time winners ( Francis Ford Coppola , Charles Brackett , Woody Allen , and Billy Wilder ) shared at least one of their awards with co-writers. When Peter Finch posthumously won Best Actor for playing Beale, Chayefsky was to accept on his behalf, but he defied the show's producer, William Friedkin , and called Finch's wife Eletha to the stage to accept
2980-430: A soldier accidentally or intentionally fires their own gun and the bullet strikes his or her leg), except when in the heat of battle, and not involving gross negligence; post-traumatic stress disorders ; and jump injuries not caused by enemy action. It is not intended that such a strict interpretation of the requirement for the wound or injury to be caused by direct result of hostile action be taken that it would preclude
3129-411: A sustained run was CBS's 1931–1933 murder-mystery series The Television Ghost , which ran for all 19 months that its flagship television station, then W2XAB, was on the air. The limits of mechanical television inherently meant that these productions were extremely primitive; The Television Ghost , for example, consisted entirely of a 15-minute monologue of a single actor, with the only visual shot being
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#17327917562183278-916: A television set, and the roles of television and radio had changed significantly. Radio was largely saved from obsolescence by the invention of the far more portable transistor radio in the 1950s and the concurrent rise of higher-fidelity FM radio , so that radio became primarily a medium for music, while scripted programming became wholly the domain of television. The early days of television introduced hour-long anthology drama series, many of which received critical acclaim. Examples include Kraft Television Theatre (debuted May 7, 1947), The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre (debuted September 27, 1948), Television Playhouse (debuted December 4, 1947), The Philco Television Playhouse (debuted October 3, 1948), Westinghouse Studio One (debuted November 7, 1948), and Your Show Time (debuted January 21, 1949). High culture dominated commercial network television programming in
3427-506: A very real sense, it was Gorgeous George who single-handedly established television as a viable entertainment medium that could potentially reach millions of homes across the country. It is said that George was probably responsible for selling as many television receivers as Milton Berle. Westerns quickly became a staple of 1950s TV entertainment. The first, on June 24, 1949, was the Hopalong Cassidy show, at first edited from
3576-425: Is a 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches (35 mm) wide purple- and gold-colored heart -shaped brass-alloy medal containing a profile of General George Washington . Above the heart appears a shield of the coat of arms of George Washington (a white shield with two red bars and three red stars in chief) between sprays of green leaves. The reverse consists of a raised bronze heart with the words FOR MILITARY MERIT below
3725-456: Is a United States military decoration awarded in the name of the president to those wounded or killed while serving, on or after 5 April 1917, with the U.S. military . With its forerunner, the Badge of Military Merit , which took the form of a heart made of purple cloth, the Purple Heart is the oldest military award still given to U.S. military members. The National Purple Heart Hall of Honor
3874-468: Is about a decent, hard-working Bronx butcher, pining for the company of a woman in his life but despairing of ever finding true love in a relationship. Fate pairs him with a plain, shy schoolteacher named Clara whom he rescues from the embarrassment of being abandoned by her blind date in a local dance hall. The production, the actors and Chayefsky's naturalistic dialogue received much critical acclaim and influenced subsequent live television dramas. Chayefsky
4023-442: Is defined as an injury to any part of the body from an outside force or agent sustained under one or more of the conditions listed above. A physical lesion is not required; however, the wound for which the award is made must have required treatment by a medical officer and records of medical treatment for wounds or injuries received in action must have been made a matter of official record. When contemplating an award of this decoration,
4172-436: Is for Mother ), but it was never produced. Producers Mike Gordon and Jerry Bressler gave him a junior writer's contract. He wrote a story, The Great American Hoax , which sold to Good Housekeeping but was never published. Chayefsky went to Hollywood in 1947 with the aim of becoming a screenwriter. His friends Garson Kanin and Ruth Gordon found him a job in the accounting office of Universal Pictures . He studied acting at
4321-639: Is located in New Windsor, New York . The original Purple Heart, designated as the Badge of Military Merit , was established by George Washington – then the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army – by order from his Newburgh, New York, headquarters on 7 August 1782. The Badge of Military Merit was only awarded to three Revolutionary War soldiers by Washington himself. Washington authorized his subordinate officers to issue Badges of Merit as appropriate. Although never abolished,
4470-424: Is not "recommended" for the decoration; rather the servic emember is entitled to it upon meeting specific criteria. A Purple Heart is awarded for the first wound suffered under conditions indicated above, but for each subsequent award an oak leaf cluster or 5/16 inch star is worn in lieu of another medal. Not more than one award will be made for more than one wound or injury received at the same instant. A "wound"
4619-491: The Borscht Belt within driving distance of New York City. The radio stars, casts, and writing staffs brought existing concepts to television. The New York location also gave television networks access to established Broadway stars. Many of the early stars of television also had extensive film experience, either through short subjects or B-movies (though headline stars rarely made the jump); Lucille Ball , for example,
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4768-575: The Civil War and Indian Wars , as well as the Spanish–American War , China Relief Expedition ( Boxer Rebellion ), and Philippine Insurrection also were awarded the Purple Heart. This is because the original regulations governing the award of the Purple Heart, published by the Army in 1932, provided that any soldier who had been wounded in any conflict involving U.S. Army personnel might apply for
4917-628: The Good Conduct Medal to immediately above the Meritorious Service Medals . Public Law 99-145 authorized the award for wounds received as a result of friendly fire . Public Law 104-106 expanded the eligibility date, authorizing the award of the Purple Heart to a former prisoner of war who was wounded after 25 April 1962. The National Defense Authorization Act for the Fiscal Year 1998 (Public Law 105–85) changed
5066-580: The Meritorious Service Citation Certificate , Army Wound Ribbon , or were authorized to wear Wound Chevrons subsequent to 5 April 1917, the day before the United States entered World War I . The first Purple Heart was awarded to MacArthur. During the early period of American involvement in World War II (8 December 1941 – 22 September 1943), the Purple Heart was awarded both for wounds received in action against
5215-471: The Military Order of the Purple Heart , Congress passed legislation prohibiting future awards of the Purple Heart to non-military personnel. Civilian employees of the U.S. Department of Defense who are killed or wounded as a result of hostile action may receive the new Defense of Freedom Medal . This award was created shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 . The Purple Heart award
5364-486: The National Commission recommending a minimum of 60 percent local programming content for all broadcasting stations. This led television producers to begin the broadcast of local popular theatre productions. Chinua Achebe 's novel Things Fall Apart was adapted as a television series on National Television in 1987 and became very successful. At this time, Another very successful television adaptation
5513-579: The Philadelphia Mint in May 1931. By executive order of the president of the United States , the Purple Heart was revived on the 200th Anniversary of George Washington's birth, out of respect to his memory and military achievements, by War Department General Order No. 3 , dated 22 February 1932. The criteria were announced in a War Department circular dated 22 February 1932, and authorized award to soldiers, upon their request, who had been awarded
5662-628: The Purple Heart Medal are denoted by 5 ⁄ 16 inch stars in the Navy , Marine Corps , and Coast Guard . Current active duty personnel are awarded the Purple Heart upon recommendation from their chain of command , stating the injury that was received and the action in which the service member was wounded. The award authority for the Purple Heart is normally at the level of an Army Brigade , Marine Corps Division , Air Force wing, Space Force delta, or Navy Task Force. While
5811-643: The West Bronx at the time of Sidney Chayefsky's birth while a larger house in Mount Vernon was being completed. He had two older brothers, William and Winn. As a toddler Chayefsky showed signs of being gifted, and could "speak intelligently" at two and a half. His father suffered a financial reversal during the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , and the family moved back to the Bronx. Chayefsky attended
5960-600: The great wasteland and everything else. If you want to read books, read books. In November 1960, Weaver commented on the end of the Golden Age of Television in The Denver Post , saying: "Television has gone from about a dozen forms to just two – news shows and the Hollywood stories. The blame lies in the management of NBC, CBS and ABC. Management doesn't give the people what they deserve. I don't see any hope in
6109-443: The morning news show . The late-night talk show began in 1950 with short-lived efforts from Jerry Lester ( Broadway Open House ) and Faye Emerson ; Tonight would prove more enduring under the successive hosting runs of Steve Allen (1954–57), Ernie Kovacs (1956–57) and Jack Paar (1957–62). Other forms of talk shows were not as popular on a national scale during the Golden Age and would not become widespread until into
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6258-671: The network era that followed it. In 1953 CBS anchor Walter Cronkite was the host of the historical news show You Are There , which highlighted important news events from history like the 1776 signing of the Declaration of Independence and which featured "live" interviews with the famous participants like Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Franklin , John Adams et al., all played by actors. Many lightweight television programs of this era evolved from successful radio shows, which in turn originated from vaudeville stages, many of them in
6407-671: The 1930s, with the BBC Television Service beginning regular broadcasts in 1936. The early British television drama borrowed a great deal from dramatic radio productions developed between the First and the Second World Wars. In the 1920s the BBC pioneered dramatic readings of books. In 1925 it broadcast A Christmas Carol . Later, John Reith , wanting to use radio waves to "part the clouds of ignorance", came up with
6556-707: The 1950s with the first television appearances of Leonard Bernstein (on Omnibus ) and Arturo Toscanini , the first telecasts from Carnegie Hall , the first live U.S. telecasts of plays by Shakespeare , the first telecasts of Tchaikovsky 's ballets The Sleeping Beauty and The Nutcracker , and the first opera specially composed for television, Gian Carlo Menotti 's Amahl and the Night Visitors . The Bell Telephone Hour , an NBC radio program, began its television run featuring both classical and Broadway performers. The networks employed art critics, notably Aline Saarinen and Brian O'Doherty , something that
6705-486: The 1955 Cannes Film Festival and the Academy Award for Best Picture , greatly boosting Chayefsky's career. After his success with Marty , Chayefsky continued to write for TV and theater as well as films. Chayefsky's The Great American Hoax was broadcast May 15, 1957 during the second season of The 20th Century Fox Hour . His TV play The Bachelor Party was bought by United Artists and The Catered Affair
6854-578: The 1980s, enough highbrow enthusiasts had gradually died, such that public television even began resorting to more popular fare to maintain donations. A general decline in quality had been noticed as early as 1958, as the Peabody Award committee, in issuing an award to The Steve Allen Show that year, lamented that television was "conspicuously lacking ... genuine humor and frank experiments". As filmed series such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents and The Twilight Zone began to dominate during
7003-432: The 20th century by Entertainment Weekly ) and he immediately became a national celebrity at the same level of Lucille Ball and Bob Hope (who personally donated hundreds of chic robes for George's collection) while changing the course of the industry. No longer was pro-wrestling simply about the in-ring action, but Wagner had created a new sense of theatrics and character performance that had not previously existed. Moreover, in
7152-414: The 20th century, it was common occurrence to omit mention from service records of a Purple Heart award. This occurred due to clerical errors, and became problematic once a service record was closed upon discharge. In terms of keeping accurate records, it was commonplace for some field commanders to engage in bedside presentations of the Purple Heart. This typically entailed a general entering a hospital with
7301-1016: The 66 films made by William Boyd . A great many B-movie Westerns were aired on TV as time fillers, starring actors like: Gene Autry , Roy Rogers , Tex Ritter , John Wayne , Lash LaRue , Buster Crabbe , Bob Steele , Johnny Mack Brown , Hoot Gibson , Ken Maynard and others. A number of long-running TV Western series became classics in their own right. Notable TV Westerns include: The Gene Autry Show , The Roy Rogers Show , Gunsmoke , The Lone Ranger , The Adventures of Wild Bill Hickok , The Rifleman , Wanted: Dead or Alive , Have Gun – Will Travel , Wyatt Earp , Bat Masterson , Tales of Wells Fargo , The Range Rider , The Cisco Kid , Bonanza , The Virginian , Wagon Train , The Restless Gun , Trackdown , Annie Oakley , The Big Valley , Maverick , The High Chaparral , Sugarfoot , Cheyenne , The Adventures of Kit Carson , Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre , Death Valley Days and many others. The mid-1950s were
7450-636: The Actor's Lab and Kanin got him a bit part in the film A Double Life . He returned to New York, submitted scripts, and was hired as an apprentice scriptwriter by Universal. His script outlines were not accepted and he was fired after six weeks. After returning to New York, Chayefsky wrote the outline for a play that he submitted to the William Morris Agency. The agency, treating it as a novella, submitted it to Good Housekeeping magazine. Movie rights were purchased by Twentieth Century Fox, Chayefsky
7599-579: The Air : The Meanest Man in the World (with James Stewart ), Cavalcade of America , Tommy (with Van Heflin and Ruth Gordon and Over 21 (with Wally Cox ). His play The Man Who Made the Mountain Shake was noticed by Elia Kazan , and his wife, Molly Kazan , helped Chayefsky with revisions. It was retitled Fifth From Garibaldi but was never produced. In 1951, the movie As Young as You Feel
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#17327917562187748-654: The Canadian networks, most Golden Age shows were imported from the United States until the Can-Con requirements took effect around 1970. Nigeria has the earliest television industry on the African continent and one of the earliest in the world. The Western Nigeria Television Service (WNTV), Nigeria's and Africa's first television station, began operation in the then Western Region in October 1959. The other two regions of
7897-493: The Night , a play which relocated to Broadway theaters 15 months later; In 1956, Middle of the Night opened on Broadway with Edward G. Robinson and Gena Rowlands , and its success led to a national tour. It was filmed by Columbia Pictures in 1959 with Kim Novak and Fredric March . In 1953, Chayefsky wrote Marty , which was premiered on The Philco Television Playhouse , with Rod Steiger and Nancy Marchand . Marty
8046-569: The Purple Heart as they clearly were not injured as a result of enemy action, but rather by their own negligence. Animals are generally not eligible for the Purple Heart; however, there have been rare instances when animals holding military rank were honored with the award. An example includes the horse Sergeant Reckless during the Korean War, and the dog Sergeant Stubby of the 102nd Infantry Regiment during World War 1. From 1942 to 1997, non-military personnel serving or closely affiliated with
8195-652: The Purple Heart by the Awards Office of Randolph Air Force Base , while Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, present Purple Hearts to veterans through the Navy Liaison Officer at the National Personnel Records Center. Simple clerical errors, where a Purple Heart is denoted in military records, but was simply omitted from a WD AGO Form 53-55 (predecessor to the) DD Form 214 (Report of Separation), are corrected on site at
8344-543: The Purple Heart include: Criteria (c) and (e) were added by Executive Order 11016 on 25 April 1962, as U.S. service personnel were being sent to South Vietnam during the Vietnam War as military advisors rather than combatants . As many were being killed or wounded while serving in that capacity in South Vietnam, and because the United States was not formally a participant of the war (until 1965), there
8493-622: The Sun , Checkmate , Sura The Tailor , Second Chance and Awada Kerikeri . Hausa comedy soap operas such as Karkuzu and Karambana were also quite popular in this period. South Africa was one of the last nations in the world to have television; the apartheid government resisted television broadcasting until the mid-1970s, with experimental broadcasts only beginning in 1975 and nationwide service starting in January 1976. British television, like its U.S. counterpart, began developing in
8642-607: The United States or a foreign nation friendly to the United States, recognized as such an attack by the Secretary of the Army, or jointly by the Secretaries of the separate armed services concerned if persons from more than one service are wounded in the attack. Also, it may be awarded as a result of military operations while serving outside the territory of the United States as part of a peacekeeping force. The Purple Heart differs from most other decorations in that an individual
8791-484: The United States, this period is notable for many television plays broadcast on Soviet television. For example, in 1951–1954 the Central Television Studio broadcast three to six plays a week. As time went on, the quantity and quality of the theatrical television productions diminished. The reasons were technical, social, and economic. Staging a new production in a television studio every other day
8940-520: The actor's head. By the time electronic television matured in the late 1930s, some more varied experimental programs, including live sportscasts and some game shows (such as the CBS Television Quiz and Truth or Consequences ), were appearing; most television service was suspended beginning in 1942 because of World War II . The decade-long period of new developments in television technology enabled broadcasting companies to prepare for
9089-417: The air. In 1974, a local news anchor, Christine Chubbuck , committed suicide during a broadcast. Chayefsky researched the project by watching hours of television and consulting with NBC executive David Tebet , who allowed Chayefsky to attend programming meetings. He later conducted research at CBS and met with Walter Cronkite . The completed script reflected his research and his personal view, prevalent at
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#17327917562189238-502: The armed forces—as government employees, Red Cross workers, war correspondents , and various other professions—were eligible to receive the Purple Heart whether in peacetime or armed conflicts. Among the earliest individuals to receive the award were nine Honolulu Fire Department (HFD) firefighters who were killed or wounded in peacetime while fighting fires at Hickam Field during the attack on Pearl Harbor . In total, about 100 men and women who served as non-military personnel received
9387-420: The award being made to deserving personnel. Commanders must also take into consideration the circumstances surrounding an injury, even if it appears to meet the criteria. In the case of an individual injured while making a parachute landing from an aircraft that had been brought down by enemy fire; or, an individual injured as a result of a vehicle accident caused by enemy fire, the decision will be made in favor of
9536-403: The award of the Purple Heart is considered automatic for all wounds received in combat, each award presentation must still be reviewed to ensure that the wounds received were as a result of enemy action. Modern day Purple Heart presentations are recorded in both hardcopy and electronic service records. The annotation of the Purple Heart is denoted both with the service member's parent command and at
9685-583: The award of the Purple Heart, as well as the entire visit to the hospital, was unrecorded in official records. Service members requesting retroactive awards of the Purple Heart must normally apply through the National Personnel Records Center . Following a review of service records, qualified Army members are awarded the Purple Heart by the U.S. Army Human Resources Command in Fort Knox , Kentucky . Air Force veterans are awarded
9834-599: The award of the badge was not proposed again officially until after World War I . On 10 October 1927, Army Chief of Staff General Charles Pelot Summerall directed that a draft bill be sent to Congress "to revive the Badge of Military Merit". The bill was withdrawn and action on the case ceased on 3 January 1928, but the office of the Adjutant General was instructed to file all materials collected for possible future use. A number of private interests sought to have
9983-604: The award only for wounds received. For both military and civilian personnel during the World War II era, to meet eligibility for the Purple Heart, AR 600–45, dated 22 September 1943, and 3 May 1944, required identification of circumstances. After the award was re-authorized in 1932 some U.S. Army wounded from conflicts prior to the First World War applied for, and were awarded, the Purple Heart: "...veterans of
10132-624: The award, the most famous being newspaperman Ernie Pyle , who was awarded a Purple Heart posthumously by the Army after being killed by Japanese machine gun fire in the Pacific Theater near the end of World War II. Before his death, Pyle had seen and experienced combat in the European Theater while accompanying and writing about infantrymen for readers back home. Those serving in the Merchant Marine are not eligible for
10281-428: The award. The film is said to have "presaged the advent of reality television by twenty years" and was a "sardonic satire" of the television industry, dealing with the "dehumanization of modern life." After Network Chayefsky explored an offer from Warren Beatty to write a film based on the life of John Reed and his book Ten Days That Shook the World . He agreed to do research, and spent three months exploring
10430-407: The award. During World War II, members of this service who met the Purple Heart criteria received a Merchant Marine Mariner's Medal instead. The most recent Purple Hearts presented to non-military personnel occurred after the terrorist attacks at Khobar Towers , Saudi Arabia, in 1996—for their injuries, about 40 U.S. civil service employees received the award. However, in 1997, at the urging of
10579-418: The broadcast range of at least one U.S. television station by the 1950s), but there is an overall five-year delay because of the country's sparser population. CBC Television , the country's official national broadcast organization, launched in 1952, and CTV Television Network , the oldest commercial network in the country, followed in 1962. Although there were a handful of efforts to produce domestic content for
10728-506: The cast of the 1946 Broadway revival recreating their roles, were regularly shown during this period. Playhouse 90 was one of the last shows of its kind; by the late 1950s, production of most U.S. television was moving to Hollywood , which itself carried a contrasting culture and sensibility to shows based in New York City , where most Golden Age programs originated. This high culture approach to television could be interpreted as
10877-511: The cast. In September 1954, after most of the movie had been filmed, the studio ceased production due to accounting and financial difficulties. Producer Harold Hecht encountered resistance to the Marty project from his partner Burt Lancaster from the beginning, with Lancaster "only tolerating" it. The film had a limited publicity budget. But reviews were glowing, and the film won the Palme d'Or at
11026-605: The chairman of the State Committee for Television and Radio Broadcasting in 1970, increased political oversight over television and banned shows that were critical of the system. Most programs except for the evening news were recorded beforehand and censored. This effectively ended the first "Golden Age" of the Soviet television. The second "Golden Age" of television in Russia is associated with perestroika and glasnost of
11175-486: The coat of arms and leaves. The ribbon is 1 + 3 ⁄ 8 inches (35 mm) wide and consists of the following stripes: 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) white 67101; 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 inches (29 mm) purple 67115; and 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) white 67101. Additional awards of the Purple Heart are denoted by oak leaf clusters in the Army , Air Force , and Space Force , and additional awards of
11324-913: The country soon followed suit; with the establishment of the Eastern Nigeria Television Service (ENTV) in Enugu , in 1960, and the Radio Television Kaduna (RKTV) in Kaduna, in March 1962. Also in 1962, The Federal Government established a fourth station, the Nigerian Television Service, in the then capital, Lagos . The numbers grew rapidly and in the mid-1980s, every Nigerian state had its own broadcasting station. Laws were made by regulating bodies to limit foreign contents on television, with
11473-468: The criteria to delete authorization for the award of the Purple Heart to any non-military U.S. national serving under competent authority in any capacity with the Armed Forces. This change was effective 18 May 1998. During World War II, 1,506,000 Purple Heart medals were manufactured, many in anticipation of the estimated casualties resulting from the planned Allied invasion of Japan . By the end of
11622-412: The decade. Professional wrestling was one of the most popular genres of programming in the early days of television, largely based on the star power of Gorgeous George Wagner. Wagner's in-ring character became the biggest drawing card the industry had ever known. With the networks looking for cheap, effective programming to fill its time slots, pro wrestling's glorified action became a genuine hit with
11771-495: The decades to come) to allow for a live studio audience, hired cinematographer Karl Freund to oversee filming and recorded the series on movie-quality 35mm film (the relatively high cost prevented the show from being filmed in color as Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz had originally hoped). By the late 1950s network era , as television began reaching larger portions of rural America , their viewing habits began to be reflected in overall television ratings. Sylvester "Pat" Weaver
11920-424: The dialogue or narrative, which Russell felt was too "soppy." Russell was confident that he could get rid of Chayefsky, but found that "the monkey on my back was always there and wouldn't let go." Russell was polite and deferential prior to production but after rehearsals began in 1979 "began to treat Paddy as a nonentity" and was "mean and sarcastic," according to the film's producer Howard Gottfried . Chayefsky had
12069-469: The disaster of America's self-destructive idealism so well." His screenplay for Network is often regarded as his masterpiece , and has been hailed as "the kind of literate, darkly funny and breathtakingly prescient material that prompts many to claim it as the greatest screenplay of the 20th century." Chayefsky's early stories were frequently influenced by the author's childhood in The Bronx . Chayefsky
12218-484: The early 1970s hosting game shows that were not always critically acclaimed, noted that as television gained critical mass , it had acquired viewers uninterested in high culture and the networks were adjusting to maximize their viewership. Defending his upcoming series The New Price Is Right in 1972, he remarked: The critics will always look down their noses, but you can't have The Bell Telephone Hour on and still stay in competition. They can sit around and talk about
12367-690: The end of 1960s the frequency of theatrical shows fell to one show a week. Because the State Committee for Cinematography would hold freshly released movies from television broadcast, television studios started producing their own made-for-TV movies The Thaw ended with the crackdown of the Prague Spring . The Soviet government deemed Czechoslovak mass media, which hosted political disputes and broadcast news about protesting students and young workers, to be complicit in undermining Communist rule in Czechoslovakia . Sergey Lapin , installed as
12516-437: The end of the war, and the ensuing postwar prosperity allowed for increased consumer purchase of television sets. Early television broadcasts were limited to live or filmed productions (the first practical videotape system, Ampex's Quadruplex , only became available in 1957). Broadcasting news, sports and other live events was something of a technical challenge in the early days of television and live drama with multiple cameras
12665-542: The enemy and for meritorious performance of duty. With the establishment of the Legion of Merit , by an Act of Congress, the practice of awarding the Purple Heart for meritorious service was discontinued. By Executive Order 9277 , dated 3 December 1942, the decoration was applied to all services; the order required reasonable uniform application of the regulations for each of the Services. This executive order also authorized
12814-556: The family was allowed to live in Moscow, while Gussie Stuchevsky lived in a village near Odessa . Harry and Gussie immigrated to the United States in 1907 and 1909 respectively. Harry Chayefsky worked for a New Jersey milk distribution company in which he eventually took a controlling interest and renamed Dellwood Dairies. The family lived in Perth Amboy, New Jersey , and Mount Vernon, New York , moving temporarily to Bailey Avenue in
12963-683: The female lead, but dropped out. Kim Novak was ultimately cast in the part. The film was chosen as the American entry at the Cannes Film Festival, but reviews were mixed and the film had only a short run in theaters. The Tenth Man (1959) marked Chayefsky's second Broadway theatrical success, garnering 1960 Tony Award nominations for Best Play, Best Director ( Tyrone Guthrie ) and Best Scenic Design. Guthrie received another nomination for Chayefsky's Gideon , as did actor Fredric March . Chayefsky's final Broadway theatrical production,
13112-535: The field. The Defense Supply Center in Philadelphia (DSCP), responsible for overseeing the production and distribution of the medals to each branch of the US Military, has ordered the creation of thousands more Purple Hearts since 2000. Identical in specification to those made in the 1940's, these new medals are today interspersed with stocks of the old surplus. In 2009 National Geographic estimated
13261-582: The film "a substantial advance in the work of Chayefsky." Chayefsky denied for years that the film was based on Monroe, but Chayefsky's biographer Shaun Considine observes that not only was she the prototype but the film "captured her longing and despair" accurately. In 1958 Chayefsky began adapting Middle of the Night as a film, and he decided not to use the star of the Broadway version, Edward G. Robinson, with whom he had clashed, choosing instead Frederic March. Elizabeth Taylor initially agreed to appear in
13410-492: The film a "softer" ending, feeling that the actual ending – with the Howard Beale character assassinated at the order of the network's executives – would alienate audiences. Outside the expected negative reviews from television network film critics, the film was a critical and box office success, winning ten Academy Award nominations, and Chayefsky won his third Academy Award, making him the only three-time solo recipient of
13559-489: The film and refused to publicize it. He and Stanley clashed during production of the film, in which Chayefsky served as producer as well as screenwriter. Despite her requests, Chayefsky refused to change any aspect of the script. Monroe's husband, Arthur Miller believed that the film was based on his wife's life and protested to Chayefsky. The film received positive reviews, and Chayefsky received an Academy Award nomination for his script. A New York Herald Tribune reviewer called
13708-526: The film, Dr. Herbert Bock, included many of Chayefsky's personal traits. Bock had been a "boy genius" who felt bitter and that his life was over. One of the monologues of George C. Scott as Bock in the film, in which Bock says he is miserable and considering suicide, was repeated verbatim from a conversation that Chayefsky had with a business associate during that time. The long speeches written for Bock and other characters by Chayefsky, later praised by critics, met resistance from United Artists executives during
13857-973: The first telecasts of Walt Disney 's programs, as well as the first telecasts of Mary Martin in Peter Pan , MGM's classic The Wizard of Oz and Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella . The first screen adaptation of a James Bond story was a teleplay, "Casino Royale" , that aired in 1954. Critics and viewers looked forward to new teleplays by Paddy Chayefsky , Horton Foote , Tad Mosel , Reginald Rose , Rod Serling , William Templeton , Gore Vidal and others. A few of these teleplays, including Rose's Twelve Angry Men and Chayefsky's Marty , would be adapted for film and other media and go on to great acclaim. Most of these programs were produced as installments of live dramatic anthologies , such as The Philco Television Playhouse , Kraft Television Theatre and Playhouse 90 . Live, abridged versions of plays such as Cyrano de Bergerac , with members of
14006-525: The government and its policies. In 2001 Gazprom took ownership of the private television company NTV , which aired several gritty programs. The satirical show Puppets , which mocked major politicians and celebrities, was terminated in 2002 after pressure from the Kremlin. In January 2002 another independent television company TV-6 was terminated. In 2014, TV Rain was heavily criticized for asking viewers whether Leningrad should have been surrendered to
14155-414: The headquarters of the military service department. An original citation and award certificate are presented to the service member and filed in the field service record. During the Vietnam War , Korean War , and World War II , the Purple Heart was often awarded on the spot, with occasional entries made into service records. In addition, during mass demobilizations following each of America's major wars of
14304-400: The idea of a classic serial , based on a "classical" literary text. In 1939 the BBC adapted the romantic novel The Prisoner of Zenda for radio broadcast. Its adapter, Jack Inglis, summarised his approach as follows: "The story is simple, with clear cut characters, and falls easily into episodes. It always seems to me, that it is the first duty of an adapter to reproduce in another medium
14453-570: The individual and the award will be made. Additionally, individuals wounded or killed as a result of " friendly fire " in the "heat of battle" will be awarded the Purple Heart as long as the "friendly" projectile or agent was released with the full intent of inflicting damage or destroying enemy troops or equipment. Individuals injured as a result of their own negligence, such as by driving or walking through an unauthorized area known to have been mined or placed off limits or searching for or picking up unexploded munitions as war souvenirs, will not be awarded
14602-459: The invading Nazi army in order to save hundreds of thousands of lives (since Hitler did not offer surrender as an option, only death). After that, the largest Russian television providers stopped carrying the channel. Ultimately, left without money from broadcasters and advertisers, TV Rain was forced to move its studio to a private apartment. Contemporary independent television broadcasters stick mostly to unoffensive soap operas and talk shows, leaving
14751-753: The key issue that commanders must take into consideration is the degree to which the enemy caused the injury. The fact that the proposed recipient was participating in direct or indirect combat operations is a necessary prerequisite, but is not sole justification for award. The Purple Heart is not awarded for non-combat injuries. Enemy-related injuries which justify the award of the Purple Heart include: injury caused by enemy bullet , shrapnel , or other projectile created by enemy action; injury caused by enemy placed land mine , naval mine , or trap ; injury caused by enemy released chemical, biological, or nuclear agent ; injury caused by vehicle or aircraft accident resulting from enemy fire; and, concussion injuries caused as
14900-467: The last live show in the Playhouse 90 series in 1957." Generally, the quiz show scandals of 1958, a writer's strike in March 1960 , the final show of Playhouse 90 (which debuted October 4, 1956) on May 18, 1960, and the departure of leading director John Frankenheimer are regarded as having brought the era to an end. Indeed, the 1960–61 television season was noted by Time magazine as being
15049-617: The late 1980s and with creation of private television companies in the 1990s. This period is notable for edgy talk shows and comedic productions that targeted youth, such as Outlook , Till 16 and older , 12th Floor , Before and After Midnight , Oba-na . Political and economic news, live broadcasts from state Duma , critique of the government became standard fare of 1990s. In 2000s the Russian government increased its control over independent television companies, and applied political and economic pressure to discourage them from criticizing
15198-480: The major metropolitan areas in the mid-1950s. while others, such as Father Knows Best and Fibber McGee and Molly , attempted to "flash-cut" from radio to television, with varying degrees of success. I Love Lucy , in particular, took extensive steps toward matching the quality of the radio writing with a cinematic look worthy of feature films; to this effect, they established a multi-camera setup (a revolutionary process that would become an industry standard in
15347-409: The making of the film. The script was described as "too talky" and containing excessive medical terminology. But Chayefsky, as producer, prevailed. He also vetoed the studio's suggestion that Walter Matthau or Burt Lancaster be hired for the lead role, insisting on Scott. Chayefsky worked on the dialogue with Diana Rigg , the female lead, but Scott rejected his input. After filming, Chayefsky spoke
15496-751: The medal re-instituted in the Army; this included the board of directors of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum in Ticonderoga, New York . On 7 January 1931, Summerall's successor, General Douglas MacArthur , confidentially reopened work on a new design, involving the Washington Commission of Fine Arts. Elizabeth Will, an Army heraldic specialist in the Office of the Quartermaster General , was named to redesign
15645-458: The mid-1950s to early 1960s, the period of live television dramas was viewed as the Golden Age. The exact boundaries of the Golden Age are somewhat debated; producer David Susskind , in a 1960s roundtable discussion with leading 1950s television dramatists, defined television's Golden Age as 1938 to 1954, while The Television Industry: A Historical Dictionary says "the Golden Age opened with Kraft Television Theatre on May 7, 1947, and ended with
15794-611: The new medal. There were but two requirements: the applicant had to be alive at the time of application (no posthumous awards were permitted) and he had to prove that he had received a wound that necessitated treatment by a medical officer." Subject to the approval of the Secretary of Defense , Executive Order 10409 , dated 12 February 1952, revised authorizations to include the Service Secretaries. Dated 25 April 1962, Executive Order 11016 , included provisions for
15943-448: The newly revived medal, which became known as the Purple Heart. Using general specifications provided to her, Will created the design sketch for the present medal of the Purple Heart. The new design, which exhibits a bust and profile of George Washington, was issued on the bicentennial of Washington's birth. The Commission of Fine Arts solicited plaster models from three leading sculptors for the medal, selecting that of John R. Sinnock of
16092-415: The news. NBC's Chet Huntley and David Brinkley , and CBS' Walter Cronkite also pioneered important news programming. Cronkite was the first journalist to be described as an "anchor". Other public interest, and historical programming included Omnibus hosted by Alistair Cooke , and You Are There hosted by Walter Cronkite . NBC 's Today hosted by Dave Garroway established the modern format of
16241-434: The number of Purple Hearts given as: 7 August of every year is recognized as "National Purple Heart Day." The Purple Heart is awarded in the name of the president of the United States to any member of the Armed Forces of the United States who, while serving under competent authority in any capacity with one of the U.S. Armed Services after 5 April 1917, has been wounded or killed. Specific examples of services which warrant
16390-591: The officer, and the name stuck. Chayefsky was wounded by a land mine while serving with the 104th Infantry Division in the European Theatre near Aachen , Germany . He was awarded the Purple Heart . The wound left him badly scarred, contributing to his shyness around women. While recovering from his injuries in the Army Hospital near Cirencester , England, he wrote the book and lyrics to
16539-441: The opening narration after several actors were rejected for the job. It was supposed to be temporary, but became the one that was used in the film. Although some initial reviews were negative, the film received rave reviews from leading critics, and was a box office hit. Chayefsky won an Academy Award for his script, and his career was revived. Chayefsky believed that television news desensitized viewers to violence and murder, and he
16688-430: The original flavour and atmosphere of the book". Inglis compressed several characters into one and simplified the plotline. The production struck a chord with listeners and served as a prototype for dramatic productions that followed it. BBC television broadcasts ceased in 1939, as did the production of television receivers, resuming in 1946 after World War II . The golden age of British television enjoyed its peak around
16837-404: The origins of the human spirit. That evolved into a project updating the theme of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Chayefsky conducted research on genetic regression, speaking to doctors and professors of anthropology and human genetics. He then began a rough outline of a story in which the lead character immerses himself in an isolation tank , and with the aid of hallucinogens regresses to become
16986-635: The political programming to government-owned channels. In March 2022, Russian authorities blocked access to TV Rain in response to its coverage of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The channel relaunched from studios in Latvia in July, but after multiple violations had its license cancelled in December. TV Rain continues to broadcast via YouTube and received a Netherlands broadcast license in January 2023. Purple Heart The Purple Heart ( PH )
17135-466: The posthumous award of the Purple Heart. Dated 23 February 1984, Executive Order 12464 , authorized award of the Purple Heart as a result of terrorist attacks, or while serving as part of a peacekeeping force, subsequent to 28 March 1973. On 13 June 1985, the Senate approved an amendment to the 1985 Defense Authorization Bill, which changed the precedence of the Purple Heart award, from immediately above
17284-405: The power to fire Russell, but was told by Gottfried that he could only do so if he took over direction himself. He left for New York and continued to monitor production. The actors were not permitted to alter the dialogue. Chayefsky later said that in retaliation the actors were instructed to speak their lines while eating or talking too fast. Russell stated that the fast pace and overlapping dialogue
17433-629: The rise of the new Golden Age of Television that arose in the twenty-first century. Comedy and variety shows were popular. Comedy stars with their own shows included: Milton Berle , Sid Caesar , Burns and Allen , Jack Benny , Bob Hope , Jackie Gleason , Red Skelton , Abbott and Costello , Martin and Lewis , and Groucho Marx who starred in his quiz show You Bet Your Life . Dinah Shore , Perry Como , Eddie Fisher , Nat King Cole , Dean Martin , Frank Sinatra , and Lawrence Welk as well as other stars had popular weekly musical variety shows. The Ed Sullivan Show showcased many famous acts during
17582-455: The rural sitcom and Western formats would last well into the 1960s. James Aubrey , the president of CBS Network from 1960 to 1965, introduced to television the shows such as Mister Ed , The Dick Van Dyke Show , The Beverly Hillbillies , Petticoat Junction , and Danny Kaye , in addition to already well-established Danny Thomas , Ed Sullivan , What's My Line? , Perry Mason , I Love Lucy , Gunsmoke . Characterized by
17731-542: The same time as in the United States, ranging from approximately 1949 to 1955 – although the term has been used to describe the period until the mid-1970s. The "Golden Age" of the Soviet media culture is usually associated with Khrushchev Thaw , which spanned from the mid-1950s until the end of 1960s. The live nature of television and relatively young age of the people involved in its development afforded certain level of exuberance, edginess, debate and criticism. Like in
17880-627: The semi-professional football team Kingsbridge Trojans. He studied languages at Fordham University during his Army service. In 1943, two weeks before his graduation from City College, Chayefsky was drafted into the United States Army , and served in combat in Europe. While in the Army he adopted the nickname "Paddy." The nickname was given spontaneously when he was awakened at dawn for kitchen duty . Although actually Jewish, he asked to be excused to attend Mass . "Sure you do, Paddy ," said
18029-500: The subject of what eventually became the Beatty film Reds . Negotiations with Beatty's lawyers failed. In the spring of 1977, Chayefsky began work on a project delving into "man's search of his true self." The genesis of the idea was a joke with his friends Bob Fosse and Herb Gardner . The three cooked up a joke project to remake King Kong , in which Kong becomes a movie star. The comic project got Chayefsky interested in exploring
18178-433: The system as it is." The quality of television in the United States would begin to recover in the mid-late 1960s with more experimental shows such as The Monkees and He & She , even as gimmick-driven sitcoms continued to dominate for a few years after until the rural purge of the early 1970s. Canada 's Golden Age of Television timeline is very similar to that of the U.S. (in fact, most Canadians were within
18327-530: The television industry, which he succeeded in doing with Network . Although Chayefsky wished only to do original screenplays, he was persuaded by producer Martin Ransohoff to adapt William Bradford Huie 's 1959 novel that was eventually filmed with the book's title The Americanization of Emily (1964). The novel dealt with interservice rivalries prior to the Normandy landings during World War II , with
18476-408: The time, that Arabs were "buying up" U.S. corporations. The "mad as hell" speech was a deeply personal statement reflecting the core of Chayefsky's beliefs during the early 1970s. Chayefsky later called it an easy speech to write, reflecting his view that people had a right to get mad. The script encountered difficulty because of film industry concerns that it was too tough on television. Ultimately it
18625-405: The viewing public, as it was the first program of any kind to draw a real profit. Consequently, it was Gorgeous George who brought the sport into the nation's living rooms, as his histrionics and melodramatic behavior made him a larger-than-life figure in American pop culture. His first television appearance took place on November 11, 1947 (an event that was named among the top 100 televised acts of
18774-595: The war, even accounting for medals lost, stolen, or wasted, nearly 500,000 remained. The total combined American military casualties of the seventy years following the end of World War II —including the Korean and Vietnam Wars —did not exceed that number. In 2000, there remained 120,000 Purple Heart medals in stock between all US Armed Forces. The existing surplus allowed combat units in Iraq and Afghanistan to keep Purple Hearts on hand for immediate award to soldiers wounded in
18923-567: The worst season in television up to that point, a sentiment echoed by Newton Minow , the chairman of the Federal Communications Commission , who lambasted the television networks for creating a "vast wasteland" of inferior programming in his speech " Television and the Public Interest ". ( The United States Steel Hour would survive until 1963.) Dennis James , a Golden Age host who was still on air in
19072-461: Was Chayefsky's idea. Golden Age of Television The first Golden Age of Television is an era of television in the United States marked by its large number of live productions. The period is generally recognized as beginning in 1947 with the first episode of the drama anthology Kraft Television Theater and ending in 1960 with the final episode of Playhouse 90 (although
19221-541: Was a 1949 adaptation of Budd Schulberg 's What Makes Sammy Run? for Philco . Since he had always wanted to use a synagogue as backdrop, he wrote Holiday Song , telecast in 1952 and also in 1954. He submitted more work to Philco , including Printer's Measure , The Bachelor Party (1953) and The Big Deal (1953). The seventh season of Philco Television Playhouse began September 19, 1954 with E. G. Marshall and Eva Marie Saint in Chayefsky's Middle of
19370-405: Was a commercial failure, and never made a profit. Chayefsky wrote a film adaptation of his Broadway play Middle of the Night , originally writing the female lead role for Marilyn Monroe . She passed on the part, which went to Kim Novak . He also commenced work on The Goddess , the story of the rise and fall of a movie star resembling Monroe. The star of The Goddess , Kim Stanley , despised
19519-594: Was acquired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Gore Vidal was hired to write the screenplay by MGM, while Chayefsky wrote the Bachelor Party . Catered Affair did well in Europe but poorly in U.S. theaters, and was not a success. Bachelor Party was budgeted at $ 750,000, twice Marty 's , but received far less acclaim and was viewed by United Artists as artistically inferior. The studio chose instead to promote another Hecht-Hill-Lancaster film, Sweet Smell of Success , which it believed to be better. Bachelor Party
19668-579: Was adapted from a Chayefsky story. He moved into television with scripts for Danger , The Gulf Playhouse and Manhunt . Philco Television Playhouse producer Fred Coe saw the Danger and Manhunt episodes and enlisted Chayefsky to adapt the story It Happened on the Brooklyn Subway about a photographer on a New York City Subway train who reunites a concentration camp survivor with his long-lost wife. Chayefsky's first script to be telecast
19817-414: Was decided that the film would be a co-production of MGM and United Artists, with Chayefsky having complete creative control. The deal was announced in July 1975. George C. Scott was offered the supporting role of Max Schumacher (Beale's friend and a traditional journalist representing integrity in the media) but rejected it, and the role went to William Holden. Chayefsky refused requests by UA and MGM to give
19966-399: Was expensive. The shortage of mobile cameras often precluded broadcasting live performance from a theater. Theaters became increasingly reluctant to offer their shows to television, claiming that television draws the public away from theaters. Some theatrical directors prohibited actors to participate in television shows. Theaters started demanding payment for broadcasting of their plays, and by
20115-455: Was extremely challenging. A live, 90-minute drama might require a dozen sets and at least that many cameras. Major set and other changes had to occur during commercials, and there were no "second takes". The performing cast and crew operated with the awareness that as many as 10 million people were viewing their telecast, and any error was seen live. After the adoption of videotape in 1957, many live dramas were shot "live to tape", still retaining
20264-426: Was fired in 1956 after his strategy of programming highbrow "spectacular" productions once a month on NBC proved to be a ratings failure against more conventional fare on CBS. Rural sitcoms and Westerns boomed, perplexing even the writers of the shows and being treated as an opportunity for callous exploitation by the network executives, who nonetheless hated the programs, as did most critics. Americans' fondness for
20413-572: Was fired. Peckinpah was replaced by Norman Jewison shortly after the film began production. Chayefsky worked for a time on adapting Huie's book Three Lives for Mississippi, about the murders of three civil rights workers in 1964, and in 1967 was hired to adapt the Broadway musical Paint Your Wagon . He was fired from the film after producing a script that Alan Jay Lerner , the playwright and producer, felt lacked "a musical structure." Chayefsky had his name removed as screenwriter but remained as adapter. In 1969 and 1970. Chayefsky began to consider
20562-553: Was granted "co-director" status, so that he could take over production if Mann were fired. The screenplay was little changed from the teleplay, but with Clara's role expanded. Chayefsky was involved in all casting decisions and had a cameo role , playing one of Marty's friends, unseen, in a car. Actress Betsy Blair , playing Clara, faced difficulties because of her affiliation with left-wing causes, and United Artists demanded that she be removed. Chayefsky refused, and her husband Gene Kelly also intervened on her behalf. Blair remained in
20711-588: Was hired to write the script, and he returned to Hollywood in 1948. But Chayefsky was discouraged by the studio system, which involved rewrites and relegated writers to inferior roles, so he quit and moved back to New York, vowing not to return. During the late 1940s, he began working full-time on short stories and radio scripts, and during that period, he was a gagwriter for radio host Robert Q. Lewis . Chayefsky later recalled, "I sold some plays to men who had an uncanny ability not to raise money." During 1951–52, Chayefsky wrote adaptations for radio's Theater Guild on
20860-476: Was initially cast in the male lead, but that led to conflict when he asked that Julie Andrews be replaced by his then-girlfriend, Capucine . James Garner , adept at comedy with sophisticated dialogue but originally slated to play a supporting role, replaced Holden and delivered a critically acclaimed performance while James Coburn took over the part originally meant for Garner. Both James Garner and Julie Andrews always maintained that The Americanization of Emily
21009-476: Was initially uninterested when producer Harold Hecht sought to buy film rights for Marty for Hecht-Hill-Lancaster . Chayefsky, still upset by his treatment years before, demanded creative control, consultation on casting, and the same director as in the TV version, Delbert Mann . Surprisingly, Hecht agreed to all of Chayefsky's demands, and named Chayefsky "associate producer" of the film. Chayefsky then requested and
21158-433: Was mostly discontinued by the start of the digital television era (CBS's John Leonard being the last of significance). As a new medium, television introduced many innovative programming concepts, such as the diverse cultural programs of Omnibus that debuted on November 9, 1952, and won 65 awards during its run until April 16, 1961. Prime time television drama showcased both original and classic productions, including
21307-412: Was no "enemy" to satisfy the requirement of a wound or death received "in action against an enemy". In response, President John F. Kennedy signed the executive order that awarded to any person wounded or killed "while serving with friendly foreign forces" or "as a result of action by a hostile foreign force". After 28 March 1973, it may be awarded as a result of an international terrorist attack against
21456-466: Was one of a number of women nicknamed "Queen of the B's" for her film work. This is one reason that quality was so consistently high during this period. I Love Lucy drew heavily from both film and radio. Many of the show's scripts were rewrites from Lucille Ball's late 1940s radio show My Favorite Husband . Shows such as Gunsmoke and The Jack Benny Program ran concurrently on both radio and television until television reception reached beyond
21605-456: Was part of the inaugural class of inductees into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences ' Television Hall of Fame . He received this honor three years after his death, in 1984. Sidney Aaron Chayefsky was born in the Bronx , New York City , to Russian-Jewish immigrants Harry and Gussie (Stuchevsky) Chayefsky. Harry Chayefsky's father served for twenty-five years in the Russian army so
21754-534: Was published by HarperCollins in June 1978 and received mixed reviews. Chayefsky did not promote the book, which he viewed only as a blueprint for the screenplay. Since his contract gave him creative control, Chayefsky participated in the selection of William Hurt and Blair Brown as the leads. Arthur Penn was initially hired as director, but left after disagreements with Chayefsky. He was replaced by Ken Russell . Chayefsky made it clear that he would allow no input into
21903-476: Was shocked one day when a respected news anchorman "rattled off inanities." He asked his friend, the NBC News anchor John Chancellor , if it was possible for an anchorman to go crazy on the air, and Chancellor replied "Every day." Within a week of that conversation, Chayefsky had written the rough draft of a script, centering on Howard Beale, an elderly, disillusioned anchor who announces he will commit suicide on
22052-518: Was the adaptation of D.O. Fagunwa 's 1949 novel Igbó Olódùmarè . The television series, which is of the same title witnessed a tremendous success, especially in South western states, where it was reported that the show constantly left streets deserted during its broadcast on Sunday evenings. Other television successes witnessed in the 1980s include series such as Adio Family , The Village Headmaster , Cock's Crow at Dawn , The Masquerade , Mirror in
22201-481: Was their favorite film of their own work. The film opened in August 1964 to superlative reviews but was a box office failure, possibly due to its extremely controversial anti-war stance at the dawn of the Vietnam War . The studio changed the title in the middle of its release, calling it Emily...she's super! to avoid confusing part of the public with a seven-syllable word in the title. The film has since been praised as
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