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51-706: Ashina Hubo was said to be from minor branch of the Turkic imperial clan of Ashina , and his ancestors was said to have served for generations as subordinate khans to the great khans of Eastern Turkic Khaganate. His seat was near Altai mountains . In 630, after Eastern Turkic Khaganate collapsed and the Illig Qaghan Ashina Duobi were captured by Tang dynasty forces commanded by Li Jing , Xueyantuo , formerly an Eastern Turkic vassal, took over most of Eastern Turkic Khaganate's former lands. Some Eastern Turkic Khaganate remnants wanted to declare Ashina Hubo

102-789: A Turkic tribe and the ruling dynasty of the Göktürks . This clan rose to prominence in the mid-6th century when the leader, Bumin Qaghan (died 552), revolted against the Rouran Khaganate . The two main branches of the family, one descended from Bumin and the other from his brother Istämi , ruled over the eastern and western parts of the Göktürk confederation, respectively, forming the First Turkic Khaganate (552–603). Primary Chinese sources ascribed different origins to

153-480: A major campaign against the Northern Liang and captured both his capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei , Gansu ) and Juqu Mujian himself. Juqu Mujian remained an honored Northern Wei subject as Emperor Taiwu's brother-in-law until 447, when Emperor Taiwu, believing him to be trying to rebel, forced him to commit suicide. His brother Juqu Wuhui later re-established the Northern Liang dynasty at Gaochang . It

204-408: A permanent present at Gaochang , Juqu Mujian himself appeared to have had no ability to participate in those events. It was around this time that his mother died, and she was buried with honors due a princess dowager. In 447, however, accusations were made that when Juqu Mujian opened up the royal treasury when Guzang fell, that the treasures ended up back in his possession. Treasures allegedly from

255-520: A red complexion, and his face was wide. However, a complete genetic analysis of Muqan Qaghan's daughter Empress Ashina (551–582) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry (97,7%) next to minor West-Eurasian components (2,3%), and no Chinese ("Yellow River") admixture. According to Chinese historian Xue Zongzheng , the original Ashina tribe members had physical features that were quite different from those of East Asian people. However, over time, members of

306-513: A result of repeated marriages. She also wrote that members of the Ashina tribe sought to marry Chinese nobles, "perhaps in the hope of finding an occasion to claim rulership over China, or because the high birth of the mother warranted seniority". Esin notes that the later depiction of an Ashina prince, the Bust of Kul Tigin , has an East Asian appearance. According to Canadian scholar Joo-Yup Lee, it

357-605: A sister of Juqu Mujian, to poison Princess Wuwei. Emperor Taiwu sent doctors, who were able to save Princess Wuwei's life, and he then demanded that Juqu Mujian turn over Lady Li. Juqu Mujian refused, and only sent Lady Li to Jiuquan. Meanwhile, the Northern Wei messengers to the Xiyu kingdoms, who were going through Northern Liang frequently, were alleging that Juqu Mujian had informed Xiyu kingdoms that they should not submit to Northern Wei and should submit to Rouran instead. At

408-449: A surprise attack on Pingcheng to try to force Emperor Taiwu to give up the campaign, but after initial successes, he failed to capture Pingcheng, and his brother Yujiulü Qiliegui (郁久閭乞列歸) was captured by Northern Wei forces. After nearly two months of siege, Juqu Mujian's nephew Juqu Wannian (沮渠萬年) surrendered to Northern Wei forces, and Guzang collapsed. Juqu Mujian tied his own arms as sign of submission and surrendered. Emperor Taiwu took

459-577: Is because they are descendants of the wolf, and naming so is for not forgetting their ancestors." According to Klyashtorny, the origin myth of Ashina shared similarities with the Wusun , although there is a significant difference that, whereas in the Wusun myth the wolf saves the ancestor of the tribe, it is not as in the case of the Turks. He also adds that Turk system of beliefs linking at least some sections of

510-611: Is found in the official Chinese histories." Lee & Kuang state that the most likely explanation for the West Eurasian physiognomy of the Yenisei Kirghiz is a high frequency of the Eurasian Indo-European haplogroup R1a-Z93 . Muqan Qaghan , the third Qaghan of the First Turkic Khaganate , was described by Chinese authors as having an unusual appearance. He had eyes like "colored glazes", he had

561-451: Is not known when Juqu Mujian was born, nor who his mother was—the historical records seem to indicate that his mother was not Juqu Mengxun's wife Princess Meng , although do not completely preclude that possibility. He was Juqu Mengxun's third son. The first reference to him in history was in 420, after Juqu Mengxun had destroyed rival Western Liang and captured its capital Jiuquan (酒泉, in modern Jiuquan , Gansu ), as Juqu Mengxun made him

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612-615: Is possible that the Ashina tribe belonged to the paternal haplogroup R1a1 . The reasoning for this assumption is that the Ashina tribe was said to be closely related to the Yenisei Kirghiz people, and also to the Iranian Saka . The modern-day descendants of the Yenisei Kirghiz, the Kyrgyz people , have one of the highest frequencies of haplogroup R1a-Z93. This lineage believed to be associated with Indo-Iranians who migrated to

663-758: Is similar to the Sogdian form Ašinas from the Bugut and Karabalgasun steles and the Arabic forms Ašinās and Ašnās from medieval Islamic sources. Chinese editors usually avoided the coda /-s/. Takashi Ōsawa hypothtically derives the family name Ašїnas from their tribal ancestress's name * A-ši-na and the final element -as , which he explains as a plural suffix (similar to the Turkic Käŋäräs < Käŋär "( Kangar / Kangly )" + suffix -(ä)s) as proposed by Marquart, Melioranskii and others. He further links * A-ši-na to

714-516: The Eastern Turks . This idea is seconded by Hungarian researcher András Róna-Tas , who finds it plausible "that we are dealing with a royal family and clan of Saka origin". Findley also said that the term böri , used to identify the ruler's retinue as 'wolves', probably also derived from one of the Iranian languages . H. W. Haussig and S. G. Kljyashtorny suggest an association between

765-630: The Göktürk Orkhon inscriptions , in which the Göktürks are described as the "Blue Turks"; being descended from the marriage between Blue Sky and the Brown Earth. According to Kuastornyj, the perfect translation of "Ashina" as an Indo-European word meaning "blue" indicates that the Türks of the First Turkic Khaganate period were aware of the non-Türkic origin of the name "Ashina", and of

816-604: The Prince Ai of Northern Liang (北涼哀王), was a prince of the Lushuihu -led Northern Liang dynasty of China. By the time that Juqu Mujian succeeded his father Juqu Mengxun (Prince Wuxuan) in 433, the Northern Liang appeared to be stronger than ever, yet was under the shadow of the much stronger Northern Wei dynasty , to which the Northern Liang was nominally a vassal. In 439, the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei launched

867-555: The Saka languages of central Asia and means "blue" (which translates to Proto-Turkic * kȫk , whence Old Turkic 𐰚𐰇𐰚 kök , and same in all Modern Turkic languages). The color blue is identified with the east , so that Göktürk, another name for the Turkic empire, meant the "Turks of the East"; meanwhile, Peter Benjamin Golden favours a more limited denotation of Göktürks as denoting only

918-842: The Tiele confederation , who were likewise associated with the Xiongnu. Like the Göktürks , the Tiele were probably one of many nomadic Turkic peoples on the steppe. However, Lee & Kuang (2017) state that Chinese histories did not describe the Ashina-led Göktürks as descending from the Dingling or belonging to the Tiele confederation . Several researchers, including Peter B. Golden , H. W. Haussig, S. G. Klyashtorny, Carter V. Findley , D. G. Savinov, B. A. Muratov, S. P. Guschin, and András Róna-Tas have posited that

969-654: The Xiongnu title 閼氏, which was pronounced * ′ât-zie in Late Middle Chinese , meant "wife of a ruler", and might be derived from * aš / eš , * azhi / * ezhi < * ašïn / * ešin , and * azhïn / * ezhin , further from Tungusic * Aši < * asun / * asi < * hasun < * khasu < * kasun < * katsun and Turko - Mongolic * Ači < ačun < * hatun < khatun < katun . Chinese chroniclers recorded four origin tales, which Golden termed "Wolf Tale I", "Wolf Tale II", "Shemo (Žama) and

1020-621: The Altai region in the Bronze Age, and is carried by various Türkic groups. American historian Peter Golden has reported that Y-DNA genetic testing of the proposed descendants of the Ashina tribe does seem to confirm a link to the Indo-Iranians , emphasizing that "the Turks as a whole ‘were made up of heterogeneous and somatically dissimilar populations". The first genetic analysis on an early royal Ashina member ( Empress Ashina ,

1071-512: The Ashina clan was a component of the Xiongnu confederation. but this is contested. Göktürks were also posited as having originated from an obscure Suo state (索國), north of the Xiongnu. According to the Book of Sui and the Tongdian , they were "mixed barbarians" ( 雜胡 ; záhú ) from Pingliang . According to some researchers (Duan, Xue, Tang, and Lung) the Ashina tribe was descended from

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1122-688: The Ashina clan was related to the "Yenisei Kyrgyz", who resided near the Pamir mountains and are described as possessing red hair and blue eyes in the New Book of Tang (Xin Tangshu 217b.6147), a description previously used to describe the Wusun. However according to Lee & Kuang (2017), the Göktürks differed from the Qirghiz in their physiognomy and "no comparable depiction of the Kök Türks or Tiele

1173-493: The Ashina tribe intermarried with Chinese nobility, which shifted their physical appearance to a more East Asian one. According to Xue, having a physical appearance like a Sogdian was by the time of Qilibi Khan (Ashina Simo), an eighth generation descendant of Bumin Qaghan (founder of the First Turkic Khaganate), presented as a sign of mixed ancestry among the Ashina. This suggests that the transformation of

1224-659: The Ashina tribe. Ashina were first attested to 439, as reported by the Book of Sui : on the 18th day of the 10th month, the Tuoba ruler Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei overthrew Juqu Mujian of the Northern Liang in eastern Gansu , and 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate near Gaochang . According to the Book of Zhou , History of the Northern Dynasties , and New Book of Tang ,

1275-468: The Ashina, upon becoming the head of Göktürks , exhibited a tuğ banner with a wolf head over their gate in reminiscence of its origins, the name "Ashina" is translated by some researchers as "wolf", cf. Tuoba 叱奴 * čino , Middle Mongol činua , Khalkha čono . However, Golden contends that derivation from Mongolic is mistaken. On the Khor-Asgat inscription, the form Ašїnas is written and

1326-537: The Deer Tale" and "Historical Account", of the Turks in dynasty histories and historical compilations "based on or copied from the same source(s) and repeated in later collections of historical tales". These stories were sometimes pieced together to form a chronologically coherent narrative of early Ashina history. However, as the Book of Zhou , the Book of Sui , and the Youyang Zazu were all written around

1377-741: The North-East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F1d . The Ashina individual was found to be genetically closer to East Asians than Turkic groups and was genetically closest to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic Steppe pastoralists, supporting the near-exclusively Northeast Asian origin of the Ashina tribe. The ancient Türkic royal family of the Göktürk Khaganate was found to share genetic affinities to post-Iron Age Tungusic and Mongolic pastoralists, while having heterogeneous relationships towards various later Turkic-speaking groups, suggesting genetic heterogeneity and multiple sources of origin for

1428-529: The Northern Liang treasury were then found in Juqu Mujian's possession, as were many kinds of poisons and magical items that Juqu Mujian, Juqu Mengxun, and Juqu Mujian's sisters were said to use. In anger, Emperor Taiwu ordered Consort Juqu to commit suicide, and executed many members of the Juqu clan. Later that year, accusations were made that Juqu Mujian was communicating with his former subjects and planning

1479-459: The Northern Wei capital Pingcheng (平城, in modern Datong , Shanxi ) as a hostage. However, he also continued to send messengers to Liu Song, offering tributes of books while requesting supplies of other books, and Emperor Wen granted them without question. (Despite the marriage, Emperor Taiwu considered launching a campaign against Northern Liang, but at the urging of Li Shun (李順), who had previously advocated military action as well but by this point

1530-566: The Prince of Hexi. Juqu Mujian, however, also carefully cultivated relationships with Northern Wei's rivals Liu Song and Rouran, and in 434, after he sent messengers to Liu Song to show submission as well, Emperor Wen of Liu Song also created him the Prince of Hexi. In 436, after Emperor Taiwu had destroyed Northern Yan and seized its territory, he began to consider conquering Northern Liang. Still, in 437, he sent his sister Princess Wuwei to be married to Juqu Mujian. Juqu Mujian, although he

1581-734: The Turk ruling class to the Sogdians and, beyond them, to the Wusun . The Chronicle of Northern Zhou describes the funeral rites of the Ashina. The deceased were laid to rest in a tent, and animals would be sacrificed around the tent. Relatives of the deceased would ride horses around the tent and ritualistically cut themselves about the face as a display of mourning, or "blood tears". The individual and their belongings would then be incinerated. According to D. G. Savinov, no burials in South Siberia nor Central Asia that are fully consistent with

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1632-607: The city, but continued to treat Juqu Mujian with respect, as a brother-in-law, and while he took Juqu Mujian to Pingcheng, he continued to allow him to carry the title of Prince of Hexi. (Allegedly, as he surrendered, he opened up the royal treasury to let it be pillaged—an action that would have detrimental consequences to him later on.) While Juqu Mujian's brothers Juqu Wuhui , Juqu Yide (沮渠宜得), and Juqu Anzhou and cousin Juqu Tang'er (沮渠唐兒) would continue to hold out at various Northern Liang cities and later flee and try to establish

1683-548: The daughter of Mugan Khagan , second son of Bumin Khagan , the founder of the Göktürk Khaganate ) in 2023 by Xiaoming Yang et al. found nearly exclusively Northeast Asian ancestry (97.7%) next to a minor West-Eurasian component (2.3%). The West-Eurasian component corresponded to a single admixture event (possibly Afanasievo -related) dating to around 1566 ± 396 years before Ashina's lifetime (ie dating to c.  1000 BC ). The authors determined that Empress Ashina belonged to

1734-461: The description of Ashina burials have been found. According to D. G. Savinov this may be for several reasons: It is thought that the rite of cremation which was adopted by the ruling elite did not spread among the common people of the Qaganate. This may be attributed to the different ethnic origin of the ruling family. According to the Book of Zhou and History of the Northern Dynasties ,

1785-565: The dual ethnic origin of the early Türks. In the view of Louis Bazin , this knowledge was being suppressed in the Second Turkic Khaganate period by the Türkic nationalist policies of Bilge Qaghan . The name "Ashina" was recorded in ancient Muslim chronicles in these forms: Aś(i)nas ( al-Tabari ), Ānsa ( Hudud al-'Alam ), Śaba ( Ibn Khordadbeh ), Śana , Śaya ( Al-Masudi ). Based on Chinese sources' testament that

1836-433: The encouragement of the prime minister Cui Hao , Emperor Taiwu again prepared military action. With Yuan He , the son of Southern Liang 's last prince Tufa Rutan , as guide, he launched a speedy attack and arrived at Guzang quickly. Juqu Mujian, in shock, refused to surrender, defending the city against a siege, while seeking immediate military assistance from Rouran's Chilian Khan, Yujiulü Wuti . Yujiulü Wuti did launch

1887-505: The generals An Diaozhe (安調遮) and Han Hua (韓華) to escort Ashina Hubo, but once they arrived at Ashina Hubo's headquarters, they realized that Ashina Hubo had no intention of visiting Chang'an, despite strong advocacy by Ashina Hubo's son Ashina Jieman (阿史那羯漫). Han conspired with Ashina Hubo's vassal tribe Karluk (葛邏祿) and their chief Nishu Kül Elteber to seize Ashina Hubo and take him back to Tang. When Ashina Hubo discovered this, Ashina Hubo's son Ashina Zhebi (阿史那陟苾) killed Han in combat, and An

1938-471: The governor of Jiuquan Commandery and gave him the deceased Western Liang duke Li Xin 's Li Jingshou as his wife. Juqu Mujian was never named heir by his father's will, as his father initially created Juqu Zhengde (沮渠政德), probably his oldest brother, as heir apparent , in 413. After Juqu Zhengde was killed in battle against Rouran forces in 423, Juqu Mengxun created another brother of Juqu Mujian's, Juqu Xingguo (沮渠興國), as heir apparent. After Juqu Xingguo

1989-864: The khan of Eastern Turkic Khaganate, but due to Xueyantuo's strength, Ashina Hubo did not dare to declare himself khan but instead surrendered to Xueyantuo. However, because Ashina Hubo was considered intelligent and capable, Xueyantuo was apprehensive of Ashina Hubo and wanted to kill him. When Ashina Hubo heard this, he fled north and gathered his people, declaring himself the Yizhuchebi Khan (or Chebi Khan in short). He made periodic pillaging attacks against Xueyantuo and gradually grew stronger. In 646, Tang and Huige forces destroyed Xueyantuo and Ashina Hubo grew stronger, submitting Yenisei Kyrgyz and Karluks . In 647, he sent his son Ashina Shaboluo (阿史那沙鉢羅) to China to greet Emperor Taizong of Tang and offering to visit Emperor Taizong himself. Emperor Taizong sent

2040-464: The later populations of the Turkic empire. This shows that the Ashina lineage had a dominating contribution on Mongolic and Tungusic speakers but limited contribution on Turkic-speaking populations. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses" in favor of an East Asian origin for

2091-658: The name and the compound "kindred of Ashin" ahşaẽna (in Old Persian ). This is so even in East Turkestan ; then the desired form would be in the Sogdian ' xs' yn' k (-әhšēnē) "blue, dark"; Khotan-Saka (Brahmi) āşşeiņa (-āşşena) "blue", where a long -ā- emerged as development ahş-> āşş-; in Tocharian A āśna- "blue, dark" (from Khotan-Saka and Sogdian). There is textual support for either of these versions in

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2142-508: The physical appearance of the Ashina tribe was almost complete by the mid-7th century AD. Both Shibi (609-619 AD) Khagan and Chuluo (604-612 AD) Khagan were doubtful of Qilibi Khan being Ashina because he resembled a Sogdian more than a Tujue(Turk) and prevented him from being a shad . Turkish historian Emel Esin noted that "the members of the Kök-Türk dynasty, and particularly Köl Tigin , had frankly Mongoloid features", probably as

2193-735: The royal Ashina family. Members of the Ashina dynasty also ruled the Basmyls , and Karluk Yabghu 's State; and possibly also Khazars and Karakhanids (if the first Karakhanid ruler Bilge Kul Qadir Khan indeed descended from the Karluk Yabghus). According to some researchers, the Second Bulgarian Empire 's Asen dynasty might be descendants of Ashina. Juqu Mujian Juqu Mujian ( Chinese : 沮渠牧犍 ; before 420 – 447), named Juqu Maoqian (沮渠茂虔) in some sources, also known by his posthumous name as

2244-585: The same time, during the early Tang dynasty , it is debatable whether they could truly be considered chronological or rather should be considered competing versions of the Ashina's origin. The record of Turks in Zhoushu (written in the first half of the seventh century) describes the use of gold by Turks around the mid-fifth century: "(The Turks) put gold sculpture of wolf head on their tuğ banner ; their military men were called Fuli , that is, wolf in Chinese. It

2295-421: The term Ashina ultimately descends from an Indo-European source, possibly Tocharian or from one of the many Eastern Iranian tribal groups, such as the Saka and Wusun . Jonathan Ratcliffe supports this theory citing numerous academics that the Ashina ethnic core could have been Indo-Iranian culturally, speaking Sogdian or variant of Tocharian. Carter V. Findley assumes that the name "Ashina" comes from one of

2346-653: The vassal tribes for aid, but drew no response. He tried to flee with his favorite concubine , but was captured by Gao. Gao took him back to Chang'an, where he was spared by Emperor Taizong's son and successor Emperor Gaozong and given a general title. His territory was divided under three Tang commandants and 24 prefectures, with various tribal chiefs as commandants and prefects. There were no further historical records about Ashina Hubo, including when he died. Ashina tribe The Ashina ( Chinese : 阿史那 ; pinyin : Āshǐnà ; Wade–Giles : A-shih-na ; Middle Chinese : ( Guangyun ) [ʔɑʃi̯ə˥nɑ˩] ) were

2397-416: Was against such actions, arguing that the army was still tired from conquering Northern Yan and Xia as well as fighting Liu Song and needed rest, Emperor Taiwu postponed the plans.) In 439, Juqu Mujian was entangled in a scandal that adversely affected his relationship with Northern Wei. He and his two brothers were all having affairs with the wife of another brother, Lady Li, and Lady Li then plotted, with

2448-521: Was already married to Princess Li, felt compelled to accept, and Princess Wuwei became his princess. At the same time, Emperor Taiwu also ordered that Juqu Mujian's mother be honored as the Princess Dowager of Hexi. Juqu Mujian was forced to divorce Princess Li, who was exiled to Jiuquan from the Northern Liang capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern Wuwei , Gansu ), and died soon thereafter. By Northern Wei demands, Juqu Mujian also sent Juqu Fengtan to

2499-548: Was also killed. Ashina Jieman, who had command of a substantial portion of Ashian Hubo's people, instead sent his own son Ashina Anshuo (阿史那菴鑠) to Tang to show submission. In anger, in 649 Emperor Taizong sent the general Gao Kan, supplemented by forces from Uighur (Ch. Huige ) and Pugu (僕骨) tribes, made a surprise attack on Ashina Hubo. Once Gao's forces entered Eastern Turkic territory, Eastern Turkic vassals began to surrender, as did Ashina Jieman. In 650, Gao approached Ashina Hubo's headquarters, and Ashina Hubo tried to summon

2550-514: Was captured and detained by the Western Qin prince Qifu Mumo in 429, and Juqu Mengxun failed in his attempt to ransom Juqu Xingguo back from Western Qin, he created a younger brother of Juqu Mujian's, said to be of the same mother as Juqu Xingguo's, Juqu Puti (沮渠菩提), as heir apparent. However, as Juqu Mengxun was ill in 433, the nobles and the officials considered Juqu Puti too young to govern, so they deposed Juqu Puti and made Juqu Mujian, who

2601-470: Was considered studious and kind, heir apparent instead. Juqu Mengxun soon died, and Juqu Mujian succeeded to the throne. He created his son Juqu Fengtan (沮渠封壇) as heir apparent. Juqu Mujian's initial policy was one of careful supplication to the powerful Northern Wei and its Emperor Taiwu , and, as Juqu Mengxun had already agreed to do, he sent his younger sister Princess Xingping to Emperor Taiwu, who created her an imperial consort, and created Juqu Mujian

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