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45-529: The name of the river is based in the Eskimo–Aleut term Sahtuk , meaning 'straightened', which became Чегтун in the Chukchi language . The waters of the river are an important spawning ground for Arctic char , Taranets char , Siberian salmon , Pink salmon , Chum salmon , Sockeye salmon and Dolly Varden trout are common in its waters. The Chegitun flows in a roughly northeastern direction and crosses

90-639: A language family native to the northern portions of the North American continent, and a small part of northeastern Asia. Languages in the family are indigenous to parts of what are now the United States ( Alaska ); Canada ( Inuit Nunangat ) including Nunavut , Northwest Territories (principally in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region ), northern Quebec ( Nunavik ), and northern Labrador ( Nunatsiavut ); Greenland ; and

135-400: A lingua franca when speaking with neighboring Eskimo peoples . Thus, any external contacts required using a different language for Sireniki Eskimos: they either resorted to use of lingua franca, or used Siberian Yupik languages (being definitely a mutually unintelligible, different language for them, not just a dialect of their own). This difference from all their language relatives may be

180-444: A big boat’ There are a total of three affixes internal to the word 'angyagh.' The root (or free morpheme) 'angyagh' and the inflection '-tuq' on the right consist of the indicative mood marker plus third person singular. The enclitic –lu ‘also’ follows the inflection. Following the postbases are non-lexical suffixes that indicate case on nouns and person and mood on verbs. The number of cases varies, with Aleut languages having

225-487: A form of extreme agglutination , which allows single words to carry the same information that another language expresses in whole clauses. For example, in Central Alaskan Yupik , one can say: qayar- kayak- pa- big- li- make- qa- Old Sirenik Sirenik Yupik , Sireniki Yupik (also Old Sirenik or Vuteen ), Sirenik , or Sirenikskiy is an extinct Eskimo–Aleut language . It

270-561: A greatly reduced case system compared to Eskimoan. The Eskimoan languages are ergative–absolutive in nouns and in Yup'ik languages, also in verbal person marking. All Eskaleut languages have obligatory verbal agreement with agent and patient in transitive clauses, and there are special suffixes used for this purpose in subordinate clauses , which makes these languages, like most in the North Pacific, highly complement deranking . At

315-441: A movement like approaching the speaker “ukna”, away from them “agna”, refer to conversational topics be they definite “ugna”>”k’amna”>oov “amna” or indefinite “k’akymna”>”k’agna”>oov “akymna” or describe sth in the past “imna”. Suffix - /ɕuɣɨn/ - meaning “to be similar to sth”: Predicative form of a noun can be built using suffix - /t͡ʃ ɨ/ -: Not only the grammatical cases of nouns are marked by suffixes, but also

360-414: A single suffix, sometimes it can be traced back to consist of a distinct person and a distinct number suffix. Paradigms can make a distinction in 3rd person for “self”, thus the mere personal suffix (of the verb or noun) can distinguish e.g. Thus, it can be translated into English (and some other languages) using a reflexive pronoun . This notion concerns also other concepts in building larger parts of

405-410: A special neutral root (in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik and Inuktitut pi ) is used. The basic word schema is as follows: root-(affixes)-inflection-(enclitic). Below is an example from Central Siberian Yupik . angyagh-(gh)lla-ng(e)-yug-tuq-lu boat-big-acquire-want.to- IND . 3S -also angyagh-(gh)lla-ng(e)-yug-tuq-lu boat-big-acquire-want.to-IND.3S-also ‘also, he wants to acquire

450-553: Is a remnant of a third group of Eskimo languages , in addition to Yupik and Inuit groups (see a visual representation by tree and an argumentation based on comparative linguistics ). In fact, the exact genealogical classification of Sireniki language is not settled yet, and some others regard it belonging to the Yupik branch. Many words are formed from entirely different roots to those in Siberian Yupik. Also,

495-536: Is able to contain multiple post-bases or morphemes. The Eskaleut languages are exclusively suffixing (with the exception of one prefix in Inuktitut that appears in demonstratives). Suffixes are able to combine and ultimately create an unlimited number of words. Some of the morphemes that are able to attach contain features such as carrying nominal subjects and objects, adverbial information, direct objects, and spatial noun phrases. Polysynthetic languages are said to be

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540-857: Is also present. A rare feature of many dialects of Yup'ik and Aleut is contrasting voiceless nasals . The following vowels and consonants were taken from Michael Fortescue et al., 2010. Eskimoan / ə / corresponds to Aleut / i / . Inuit allows only a single initial consonant and no more than two successive consonants between vowels. Yupik lacks the consonant assimilation process so common to Inuit. Consonants in parentheses are non-Proto-Eskimoan phonemes. The following vowels and consonants were taken from Knut Bergsland , (1997). The Aleut language has six vowels in total: three short vowels /i/ , /u/ , /a/ , and three long vowels /iː/ , /uː/ , /aː/ . Orthographically, they would be spelled ii , uu , and aa . There are no diphthongs in Aleut vowels. The length of

585-484: Is an absolutive–ergative language . Cases (listed using Menovščikov's numbering): To see why a single case can play such distinct roles at all, read morphosyntactic alignment , and also a short table about it . Some finer grammatical functions are expressed using postpositions . Most of them are built as a combinations of cases in a similar way as we use expressions like "on top of" in English. Also at verbs,

630-590: Is included in the Beringia National Park . This Chukotka Autonomous Okrug location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in the Russian Far East is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut languages The Eskaleut ( / ɛ ˈ s k æ l i uː t / e- SKAL -ee-oot ), Eskimo–Aleut or Inuit–Yupik–Unangan languages are

675-545: Is the endonym for the eponymous settlement of Sireniki. The endonym for the people itself is сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷий [siˈʁənəɣˈməːʁij] "Sirenikites"; the singular form is сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷа [siˈʁənəɣˈməːʁa] ). This article is based on Menovschikov (1964), with cited examples transliterated from Cyrillic transcription to the International Phonetic Alphabet . Some argue that the Sirenik language

720-544: The Arctic Circle a few miles before it meets the sea in a 500 m wide estuary . Close to its mouth there is the small abandoned village of Chegitun ; the villages of Inchoun and Uelen are located not far down the coast. The Chegitun is frozen from October to June. This river and its basin belong to the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug administrative region of Russia . The lower part of the river

765-544: The Russian Far East ( Chukchi Peninsula ). The language family is also known as Eskaleutian , or Eskaleutic. The Eskaleut language family is divided into two branches: Eskimoan and Aleut . The Aleut branch consists of a single language, Aleut, spoken in the Aleutian Islands and the Pribilof Islands . Aleut is divided into several dialects . The Eskimoan languages are divided into two branches:

810-694: The Yupik languages , spoken in western and southwestern Alaska and in Chukotka, and the Inuit languages , spoken in northern Alaska, Canada and Greenland. Inuit languages, which cover a huge range of territory, are divided into several varieties. Neighbouring varieties are quite similar , although those at the farthest distances from the centre in the Diomede Islands and East Greenland are quite divergent. The proper place of one language, Sirenik , within

855-1066: The grammatical polarity can be expressed by adding a suffix to the verb. An example for negative polarity: the negation form of the verb /aʁaʁ-/ (to go): Grammatical aspect : Also linguistic modality can be expressed by suffixes. Modal verbs like "want to", "wish to" etc. do not even exist: The table illustrates also why Sirenik is treated as agglutinative (rather than fusional ). Four grammatical voices are mentioned in: all of them are expressed by agglutination, thus, no separate words are required. A distinction between two kinds of participles ( adverbial participle and adjectival participle ) makes sense in Sireniki (just like in Hungarian , see határozói igenév and melléknévi igenév for detailed description of these concepts; or in Russian , see деепричастие and причастие ). Sireniki has many kinds of participles in both categories. In

900-493: The main clause . In English, an adverbial clause may express reason, purpose, condition, succession etc. , and a relative clause can express many meanings, too. In an analogous way, in Sireniki Eskimo language, the "dependent action" (expressed by the adverbial participle in the sentence element called adverbial , or expressed by the adjectival participle in the sentence element called attribute) relates somehow to

945-486: The Eskimoan family has not been settled. While some linguists list it as a branch of Yupik, others list it as a separate branch of the Eskimoan family, alongside the Yupik and Inuit languages. The Alaska Native Language Center believes that the common ancestral language of the Eskimoan languages and of Aleut divided into the Eskimoan and Aleut branches at least 4,000 years ago. The Eskimoan language family split into

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990-604: The Eurasiatic hypothesis is generally disregarded by linguists, one critique by Stefan Georg and Alexander Vovin stated that they were not willing to disregard the theory immediately although ultimately agreed that Greenberg's conclusion was dubious. Greenberg explicitly states that his developments were based on the previous macro-comparative work done by Vladislav Illich-Svitych and Bomhard and Kerns. By providing evidence of lexical comparison, Greenberg hoped that it would strengthen his hypothesis. Despite all these efforts,

1035-464: The Eurasiatic language theory was overruled on the basis that mass comparison is not accurate enough an approach. In comparative linguistics , the comparative method bases its validity on highly regular changes, not occasional semantic and phonological similarities, which is what the Eurasiatic hypothesis provides. In the 1960s Morris Swadesh suggested a connection with the Wakashan languages . This

1080-490: The Siberian languages more than the North American ones. Eskaleut languages possess voiceless plosives at four positions ( bilabial , coronal , velar and uvular ) in all languages except Aleut, which has lost the bilabial stops (though it has retained the nasal ). There are usually contrasting voiced and voiceless fricatives at the same positions, and in the Eskimoan subfamily a voiceless alveolar lateral fricative

1125-456: The Yupik and Inuit branches around 1,000 years ago. More recent classifications find a third branch, Old Sirenik . The Eskaleut languages are among the native languages of the Americas . This is a geographical category, not a genealogical one. The Eskaleut languages are not demonstrably related to the other language families of North America and are believed to represent a separate, and

1170-472: The dependent action need not coincide with that of the main action. An example (meant in the British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality): Another example (with a different adverbial participle): They will be discussed in more details below. An adverbial participle “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action”

1215-550: The end of a word there can be one of a small number of clitics with meanings such as "but" or indicating a polar question . Phonologically, the Eskaleut languages resemble other language families of northern North America ( Na-Dene and Tsimshianic ) and far-eastern Siberia ( Chukotko-Kamchatkan ). There are usually only three vowels— /a/ , /i/ , /u/ —though some Yup'ik dialects also have / ə / . All Eskaleut languages lack both ejectives and aspirates , in which they resemble

1260-581: The first such proposals, the Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis, was suggested by the pioneering Danish linguist Rasmus Rask in 1818, upon noticing similarities between Greenlandic and Finnish . Perhaps the most fully developed proposal to date is Michael Fortescue 's Uralo–Siberian hypothesis, published in 1998 which links Eskaleut languages to Yukaghir and the Uralic languages . More recently Joseph Greenberg (2000–2002) suggested grouping Eskaleut with all of

1305-404: The following, they will be listed, grouped by the relation between the “dependent action” and “main action” (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g. modality ) – following the terminology of Menovschikov (1964). A sentence with a participle can be imagined as simulating a subordinating compound sentence where the action described in the dependent clause relates somehow to the action described in

1350-416: The grammar has several peculiarities compared to other Eskimo languages, and even compared to Aleut . For example, dual number is not known in Sireniki Eskimo, while most Eskimo–Aleut languages have dual, including even its neighboring Siberian Yupik relatives. The peculiarities amounted to mutual unintelligibility with even its nearest language relatives. This forced Sirenik Eskimos to use Chukchi as

1395-467: The language families of northern Eurasia (Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Korean, Japanese, Ainu, Nivkh/Gilayak, and Chukchi–Kamchatkan), with the exception of Yeniseian , in a proposed language family called Eurasiatic . Such proposals are not generally accepted. Criticisms have been made stating that Greenberg's hypothesis is ahistorical , meaning that it lacks and sacrifices known historical elements of language in favour of external similarities. Although

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1440-588: The last, prehistoric migration of people from Asia . Alexander Vovin (2015) notes that northern Tungusic languages , which are spoken in eastern Siberia and northeastern China, have Eskaleut loanwords that are not found in Southern Tungusic, implying that Eskaleut was once much more widely spoken in eastern Siberia. Vovin (2015) estimates that the Eskaleut loanwords in Northern Tungusic had been borrowed no more than 2,000 years ago, which

1485-452: The morphology is very rich. Suffixes can express grammatical moods of the verb (e.g. imperative , interrogative , optative ), and also negation, tense , aspect , the person of subject and object. Some examples (far from being comprehensive): The rich set of morphemes makes it possible to build huge verbs whose meaning could be expressed (in most of widely known languages) as whole sentences (consisting of more words) . Sireniki – like

1530-447: The other Eskimo languages – has polysynthetic and incorporative features, in many forms, among others polypersonal agreement . The polysynthetic and incorporative features mentioned above manifest themselves in most of the ways Sirenik language can express grammatical categories . For background, see transitivity . (Remember also section #Ergative–absolutive .) See also Nicole Tersis and Shirley Carter-Thomas (2005). Even

1575-499: The other Eskimo languages). Like all other Eskimo languages, the morphology is rather complex. A description grouped by lexical categories follows. Although morphology will be treated grouped into a nominal and a verbal part, many Eskimo languages show features which “ crosscut ” any such groupings in several aspects: Some grammatical categories (e.g. person and number ) are applicable to both verbal and nominal lexical categories . Although person and number are expressed in

1620-455: The person of possessor (use of possessive pronouns in English) can be expressed by agglutination . It is just an excerpt for illustration: not all cases are shown, Sirenik language has more grammatical cases. The table illustrates also why Sirenik language is treated as agglutinative (rather than fusional ). There is no grammatical gender (or gender-like noun class system). Sireniki

1665-466: The phoneme in italics is found only in Eastern Aleut, and the bold phonemes are a part of the standard Aleut inventory. Aleut lacks labial stops and allows clusters of up to three consonants as well as consonant clusters in word initial position. Noteworthy phonological features: voiceless nasals and lack of a /p/ . Eskaleut is polysynthetic , which features a process in which a single word

1710-482: The result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups: Sireniki Eskimos may have been in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries in the past, influenced especially by non-relative Chukchi. Although the number of its speakers was very few even at the end of the nineteenth century, the language had at least two dialects in the past. As for its morphological typology , it has polysynthetic and incorporative features (just like

1755-655: The sentence and the text, see section #Usage of third person suffixes . Although other Eskimo languages know more than the familiar two grammatical numbers , by having also dual , Sireniki uses only singular and plural . Sireniki is, as mentioned above, peculiar in this aspect, alongside Greenlandic , within the Eskimo–Aleut language family , with even its neighboring Siberian Yupik relatives having dual number. Sireniki had an unusual wide range of deictic distinctions between up to four distances (near, medial, far and out_of_view) which could be horizontal “una”>”igna”>”ikna”, vertical “mana”>”unygna”>”pikna”, marking

1800-722: The vowel is dependent upon three characteristics: stress, surrounding consonants, and in particularly Eastern Aleut, surrounding vowels. Short vowels are in initial position if a following consonant is velar or labial. For example: the demonstratives uka , ika , and aka . Long vowels are lower than their short counterpart vowels, but are less retracted if they make contact with a uvular consonant. For example: uuquchiing 'blue fox,' qiiqix̂ 'storm-petrel', and qaaqaan 'eat it!' The Aleut consonants featured below include single Roman letters, digraphs , and one trigraph . Phonemes in parentheses are found only in Russian and English loanwords,

1845-477: The world's other language families, this being generally accepted by linguists at the present time. There is general agreement that it is not closely related to the other language families of North America. The more credible proposals on the external relations of Eskaleut all concern one or more of the language families of northern Eurasia , such as Chukotko-Kamchatkan just across the Bering Strait . One of

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1890-411: The “main action” (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called predicate ), and the participles will be listed below grouped by this relation (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g. modality ). They can be translated into English e.g. by using an appropriate adverbial clause . There are many of them, with various meanings. An interesting feature: they can have person and number. The person of

1935-423: Was expanded by Jan Henrik Holst (2005). Every word must have only one root ( free morpheme ) always at the beginning. Eskaleut languages have a relatively small number of roots: in the case of Central Alaskan Yup'ik, around two thousand. Following the root are a number of postbases , which are bound morphemes that add to the basic meaning of the root. If the meaning of the postbase is to be expressed alone,

1980-644: Was spoken in and around the village of Sireniki (Сиреники) in Chukotka Peninsula , Chukotka Autonomous Okrug , Russia . The language shift has been a long process, ending in total language death . In January 1997, the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyjye (Valentina Wye) ( Russian : Выйе ), died. Ever since that point, the language has been extinct ; nowadays, all Sirenik Eskimos speak Siberian Yupik or Russian . Despite this, censuses as late as 2010 report up to 5 native speakers of Sirenik. Сиӷы́ных [siˈʁənəx]

2025-607: Was when Tungusic was spreading northwards from its homeland in the middle reaches of the Amur River . Vovin (2015) concludes that the homeland ( Urheimat ) of Proto-Eskaleut was in Siberia rather than in Alaska. Aleut Sirenik † Alutiiq Central Alaskan Yupʼik Naukan Central Siberian Yupik Iñupiaq Inuvialuktun Inuktitut Greenlandic Eskaleut does not have any genetic relationship to any of

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