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40-583: The range was named after explorer of Siberia Alexander Chekanovsky (1833–1876). Rising in a remote and unexplored area, the range was formerly unknown. In 1875, during his third Siberian expedition, Alexander Chekanovsky intended to "go along the banks of the Lena to the mouth and, if possible, then go to the mouth of the Olenyok from the Laptev Sea." He hoped to have time to conduct geological exploration of

80-595: A barge Czekanowski conducted an investigation of the banks of the Lena from Yakutsk to Bulun exploring the Lena River for a distance of about 1,200 kilometres (750 mi), from Yakutsk to the mouth to the Eyekit , its left tributary. At first, the path ran along the deep and wide bay of the Eyekit river, and then along the rocky and mountainous watershed area lying between the Lena and the Olenyok and descending along

120-506: A boarding house and was an honorary assistant in a zoological office at a high school. Shortly after the birth of Alexander, his family moved to Kiev . In 1850 Alexander began studying medicine at the Faculty of Medicine in Kiev. While there he also attended lectures on natural science and participated in local field trips during which he developed a strong interest in geology. After receiving

160-423: A doctor's diploma in 1855 but without a taste for medicine, the 25-year-old Czekanowski moved to Tartu to study mineralogy for two years. It was at this time that he joined the oldest student corporation Polonia . After graduating in 1857 he returned to Kiev where he started working at Siemens and Halske , which was at the time engaged in the construction of a telegraph line from Russia to India . The work

200-657: The Kelimyar River to the Olenyok. In this way he discovered a 350 kilometres (220 mi) long ridge (highest point 432 metres (1,417 ft)), which was later named Chekanovski at the suggestion of Edward Toll . From the Kelimyar he traced the course of the Olenyok to its mouth. August 26 from the top of Mount Karanchat they saw the ocean. By the 18 September the expedition was already in Bulun, having safely crossed

240-647: The Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram near Vienna , the first electrical interurban tram in Austria-Hungary . 1882 saw the opening of the experimental " Elektromote " track, an early trolleybus concept in the Berlin suburb of Halensee . The rising popularity of telegraphs and electrical tramways, as well as in generators and electric motors, ensured steady growth for Siemens & Halske. Werner von Siemens retired in 1890, while Johann Georg Halske had already left

280-509: The Obshchestvo Elektricheskogo Osveshcheniia (Company for Electric Lighting), also known as the 1886 Company . When Siemens & Halske merged parts of its activities with Schuckert & Co. , Nuremberg in 1903 to become Siemens-Schuckert , Siemens & Halske AG specialized in communications engineering. During World War I , rotary engines of advanced and unusual design were produced under

320-617: The Geographical Society to explore the area between Yenisei and Lena , which at the time was still a "big white spot" in terms of hyrodgraphy and relief. The company commissioned him to lead a small research expedition lasting two years, to which Ferdinand Ferdinandovich Miller was appointed to its staff as astronomer and physicist . From 1872 to 1875, the two explored Central Siberian Plateau . The first expedition began in March 26 1873 when Czekanowski went from Irkutsk to

360-538: The Lena and the Olenyok, descending along the Kelimyar river to the Olenyok. In this way he discovered a roughly 350 kilometres (220 mi) long ridge. From the Kelimyar he traced the course of the Olenyok to its mouth. By the 26 August Chekanovsky saw the ocean from the top of Mount Karanchat. By the 18 September the expedition was already in Bulun , having safely travelled along the frozen Lena. Chekanovsky went across

400-710: The Lower Tunguska to its mouth , plotting it on a map and determining its length (2989 km). It was the second scientific expedition to the Lower Tunguska after Daniel Messerschmidt ( 1723 ). In September 1873, the expedition, having passed the Arctic Circle, reached the Yenisei and by November 5 had returned to Irkutsk. The main result of this expedition was the discovery of a huge trap cover (the Middle Siberian Traps), traced by him along

440-871: The Siemens-Halske brand, like the Siemens-Halske Sh.I and Sh.III . Siemens & Halske also produced large numbers of MG08/15 machineguns deployed for service of the Kaiser Imperial forces in World War I . Later, Siemens established several company subsidiaries for which the Siemens & Halske AG functioned as a holding company. During the Second World War , Siemens & Halske employed slave labour from concentration camps. Among other things, they produced field telephones of

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480-557: The academician Fedor Bogdanovich Schmidt , an acquaintance from Tartu, who saved him from this difficult situation. Having had a business trip Academy of Sciences to Siberia, found out about the fate of Chekanovski in Irkutsk and informed prominent scientists in St Petersburg. He bought a collection from Czekanowski and ordered more, as well as providing him with books. After using all his influence for two years, he obtained from

520-574: The authorities the release of Czekanowski, his transfer from Padun to Irkutsk, and assignment to the Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society . It was then that Czekanowski began exploring the southern part of Irkutsk Oblast. From 1869 to 1875 he made several expeditions to Eastern Siberia . to study the geological structure of Irkutsk province . Between 1869 and 1871 Chekanovski conducted work on

560-422: The banks of the Lena River before the onset of winter, but a short summer frustrated his plans. From a barge Chekanovsky navigated the Lena River for a distance of about 1,200 kilometres (750 mi) from Yakutsk to the mouth to the Eyekit river, its last major left tributary. He explored inland from the deep and wide lower course of the Eyekit, and then along the rocky and mountainous watershed area lying between

600-630: The company in 1867. Werner von Siemens' brother Karl Heinrich, together with Werner's sons Arnold and Georg Wilhelm , grew the firm and erected new Siemens & Halske premises along the banks of the western Spree river, in the Berlin suburb of Charlottenburg, in 1897. The firm's vast new site continued to grow, and from 1899 onwards it was known as Siemensstadt . Siemens & Halske quickly expanded with representatives in Great Britain and Russia as well as its own cable-manufacturing plants at Woolwich and Saint Petersburg . The company's rise

640-712: The eastern slopes of the Chekanovsky Ridge originate small tributaries of the Lena, the largest of which is the Ulakhan-Yuryakh . The Eyekit river cuts eastwards across the southern part. The Kelimyar , one of the right tributaries of the Olenyok, has its sources in the western flank of the ridge and the Bulkur in the eastern. Alexander Chekanovsky Aleksander Piotr Czekanowski , or Aleksandr Lavrentyevich Chekanovsky ( Russian : Александр Лаврентьевич Чекановский , 24 February 1833 – 30 October 1876)

680-525: The expedition reached the shores Syurungna (Vilyui) . After several weeks of exploring the shores of Lake Yakongna, June 6 1874 , the expedition reached a fairly significant river. Czekanowski, having decided that it was the Olenyok, however, the local Evenks explained that it was Moyero (the right tributary of the Kotuya from the Khatanga basin), and Olenyok was located to the northeast. From Moyero,

720-497: The expedition's equipment required large sums of money, and the project of Czekanowski met with serious objections. This provoked an exacerbation of his mental disorder and on October 18 (30), 1876 Czekanowski committed suicide by taking a large dose of poison. His materials were not published until 1896 under the title ' Diary of the expedition on the rivers Nizhny Tunguska, Olenek and Lena in 1873 – 1875 "" (St. Petersburg, 1896). His botanical and zoological collections have been

760-529: The first European telegraph lines from Berlin to Frankfurt am Main . Siemens & Halske was not alone in the realm of electrical engineering. In 1887, Emil Rathenau had established Allgemeine Elektrizitäts-Gesellschaft (AEG), which became a long-time rival. In 1881, Siemens & Halske built the Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway , the world's first electric streetcar line, in the southwestern Lichterfelde suburb of Berlin, followed by

800-487: The frozen Lena. The expedition reached Verkhoyansk by reindeer from where they went through the mountains and tundra reaching Irkutsk on the 20 December 1875. Thus ended the three expeditions of A. L. Czekanowski, the zoological results of which were recognized as “the richest of all that have ever been undertaken in Siberia. The reports of the expedition, rich in content, being translated into different languages, became

840-810: The higher peaks of the Khamar-Daban mountains, streets in Lublin i.e. Wrotków district), Pruszcz Gdański and in Zielona Góra at the Scholarly Estate . In his honour the extinct ginkgo of the genus Czekanowskia and an early Triassic ammonite Prosphingites Czekanowskii from the Jurassic period. Several extinct taxa named Czekanowski include: His name is also borne by several contemporary plants and animals: Siemens and Halske Siemens & Halske AG (or Siemens-Halske )

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880-577: The mountains and tundra terrain by reindeer reaching Irkutsk on 20 December 1875. The mountain chain that Chekanovsky had discovered was later named Chekanovsky Ridge at the suggestion of Russian Arctic explorer Edward Toll . The Chekanovsky Ridge is located about 600 kilometres (370 mi) north of the Arctic Circle , It rises by the northern end of the Lena , west of the last section of its course and southwest of its delta. The Laptev Sea lies to

920-608: The north beyond the delta and the Kharaulakh Range stretches along the facing bank of the Lena. The Olenyok flows to the west and the Kystyk Plateau (Плато Кыстык) rises in the southwest. Elevations range between 450 metres (1,480 ft) and 500 metres (1,600 ft). The highest point of the range is an unnamed peak reaching 539 metres (1,768 ft) located near the northern end. The slopes look barren and are covered mainly with lichen bush tundra . From

960-479: The property of science, and the maps compiled by him significantly changed and supplemented the map of Asian Russia . ” He wrote the first reliable data on the geology of this region (1873), the southern course of the Lena and the Olenyok region (1874–75). He also discovered coal and graphite deposits over the Lower Tunguska River . Upon his return from his last expedition, he received notice that he

1000-555: The right tributaries of Olenyok, crossed watershed and between Olenyok and Lena and descend on the latter to the village of Bulun. From there in Verkhoyansk they reached Yakutsk and in January 1875 returned to Irkutsk. Czekanowski established that there are no high mountains along the Olenyok, and according to his definition, the length of the river was about 2350 kilometres (according to the latest data – 2292 kilometers). Miller

1040-583: The source of the Lena, where he studied the geological structure of the banks of the upper reaches of the Lena and Angara rivers. When the ice drift began on the Angara, physicist Miller and the Nakhalny topographer joined him from Irkutsk. May 12 the group moved in boats along the Angara River to the headwaters Lower Tunguska . Over the three summer months of 1873, travellers traced the entire course of

1080-612: The study of Baikal Mountains and Siberian lands from Baikal to Yenisei and Sayan Mountains, and also studied Irkutsk province. In 1869, he defined the Primorsky Range (1728 m), which stretches along the western shore of Lake Baikal, as an independent morphographic unit. In 1871 together with Wiktor Godlewski and Benedykt Dybowski he explored the northern part of the shore of Lake Khövsgöl in Mongolia . His stay in Irkutsk

1120-613: The subject of studies by numerous scientists since. In 1870 he received a gold medal from the Russian Geographical Society . He also received a medal in 1875 from the International Geographical Congress in Paris for his mapping of Eastern Siberia. His name was given to the mountain range in Siberia between the Lena and Olenyok rivers – Czekanowski Mountains ( Russian : Чекановского Кряж ), Czekanowski peak (Russian: Пик Чекановского) – at 2069 m one of

1160-651: The two crossed the hill Bukochan that acts as a low watershed, and crossed to the Oleneok about 150 kilometres below the source, and in July began rafting down on the river on a raft. At the end of September they reached 70º 30` N, and when the river froze they continued downstream with reindeer herds, crossing the Central Siberian Plateau in a northeast direction and reaching the river mouth in early November. Then they returned again to 70º 30` N, ascend one of

1200-488: The valley of the Lower Tunguska for over 1900 kilometers. In addition, Czekanowski's “Additional information to the map of the Lower Tunguska River" for the first time described the territory along the river as a plateau – a hill with characteristic table mountains. He had in fact made the scientific discovery of the Central Siberian Plateau and described the relief of its central part. A new second expedition

1240-525: The way using a magnifying glass made from a broken carafe. Transferred to the surroundings of Bratskii Ostrog on the Angara , he lived in misery for several years, but despite the harsh climate and hard work among the local peasants, he continued his scientific work provided the academic museums with natural history collections. He studied the geology of the region around Angara and made meteorological observations using instruments of his own design. At this time,

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1280-488: Was amnestied , and returned to St Petersburg , to handle the processing of materials collected by him during the expeditions from the point of view of geography, geology and paleontology.. In the same year, he presented to the Academy of Sciences a project of an expedition in which he set out to geologically explore all the large Siberian rivers in the territory between the Yenisei, Lena, Anabar, Khatanga and Pyasina. However,

1320-463: Was a German electrical engineering company that later became part of Siemens . It was founded on 12 October 1847 as Telegraphen-Bauanstalt von Siemens & Halske by Werner von Siemens and Johann Georg Halske . The company, located in Berlin - Kreuzberg , specialised in manufacturing electrical telegraphs according to Charles Wheatstone 's patent of 1837. In 1848, the company constructed one of

1360-660: Was a Polish geologist and explorer of Siberia during his exile after participating in the January Uprising. He took part in and later led several expeditions, surveying and mapping the geology of Eastern Siberia. He was released from exile in 1875, and in 1876 took up the post of custodian in the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences. Aleksander Czekanowski was born on 12 February 1833 in Krzemieniec, Volhynia. His father Wawrzyniec ran

1400-536: Was hastily prepared, which was to cross the Arctic Circle and conduct research to the still unknown river Olenyok . On 25 December 1873 Czekanowski and Miller left Irkutsk with two local guides travelled to Dolna Tunguska and proceeded on to 63º N, before continuing north-northwest to reach the springs of the river Vilyuy ( 66°00′N 104°00′E  /  66.000°N 104.000°E  / 66.000; 104.000 ). The journey lasted two months, and finally, in April,

1440-609: Was involved frequent trips which gave him the opportunity to conduct scientific research. In addition to his main work, he also systematised the paleontological collections of the University of Kiev. Shortly before the January Uprising , the elite of local Polish youth gathered in his apartment. Accused of participating in the uprising, Czekanowski was arrested and sentenced to indefinite exile in Siberia , whereupon he

1480-573: Was marked by a number of scientific discoveries that brought him the glory of “one of the outstanding geologists of Russia”. Published in 1872, his monograph on the Irkutsk province was awarded a gold medal, and the collections collected in Ust-Baley formed the basis of the famous work on the Jurassic flora, written by professor Geer of the University of Zurich . In 1872, Czekanowski proposed to

1520-668: Was sent on foot from Kiev to Tobolsk . Upon his arrival in Tobolsk, he was sent into exile in Tomsk where he contracted typhoid fever, the consequences of which were periodic mental disorders. After recovering a little from the disease, in 1866 he was exiled to Bratsk where he became interested in the local geology. He was then deported to near Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai in Transbaikalie west of Lake Baikal . During his deportation he began to collect and classify insects he found along

1560-663: Was supported by Werner von Siemens' patent of the electric generator ( dynamo ) in 1867. Carl Wilhelm Siemens represented the company in Great Britain . They developed a cable-manufacturing plant in Woolwich . Carl Heinrich von Siemens represented the company in Russia. He established the Russian branch of the company in 1853, gaining a contract to build the telegraph system. In 1886 they obtained permission to establish

1600-405: Was the first to measure the heights of Eastern Siberia. Organising his third Siberian expedition, A. L. Czekanowski intended to "go along the banks of the Lena to the mouth and, if possible, then go to the mouth of the Olenyok from the sea." He hoped to have time to conduct geological exploration of the banks of the Lena River before the onset of winter, but a short summer frustrated his plans. From

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