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49-609: A 1952 fire at a pharmaceutical company that was the largest employer in Chehalis led to the formation of a community group known as "Adventure in Cooperation". In addition to a fire at a wood shingle mill in 1953, and the continuation of job losses in the city in the mid-1950s due to a decline in timber production, the volunteer initiative formed the Chehalis Industrial Commission in 1956 which created

98-408: A froe (a heavy blade 24 in [610 mm] long and 3 in [76 mm] wide with a handle at one end perpendicular to the blade) was used to split the ringers. This blade was driven into the wood using a mallet , then the wood could be pried apart by pulling on the handle if it would not split by driving the blade in alone. Before helicopters came into common use for transporting

147-595: A major winter storm in December 2007, an 8-mile (13 km) section of SR 6 near Pe Ell was closed due to landslides and an unstable slope above the highway. The roadway was reopened for limited access by the end of the month while work began on clearing debris on the unstable slope. The section fully reopened to traffic on March 16, 2008. During the stabilization of the slope near Pe Ell, similar work started in February on another slope located near Frances that

196-408: A rope . The rope is looped around the stacked wood, and the ends passed through an eye spliced in the end. When the running end is pulled, it tightens the "sling" rope around the blocks preventing them from falling out. The slings are then flown to a central location to be loaded on pallets for transport. Previously, swede saws, crosscut saws and hand saws may have been used to cut the logs, and

245-570: A 1933 national standard as 70 centimetres (28 in) long, 7.5 centimetres (3.0 in) wide and 8.5 millimetres (0.33 in) thick. They are a product of planing or running a knife along a log. The most popular shake wood in Latvia is aspen, before other softwoods like pine(!). Logs are typically cut into appropriate lengths using a chainsaw , then the "ringers" or cuts are split with an axe into cubes which are small enough to handle, usually 45 to 204 kilograms (100 to 450 lb), then stacked on

294-433: A combined 1,057 acres (428 ha) of industrial-use land holdings. The industrial park is located south of the city district near Interstate 5. The CIP had expanded up to 160 acres (65 ha) by 1993 and after extensive infrastructure preparation at a cost estimated at $ 1.9 million, the grounds were considered complete and ready for occupancy in 1995. The first official port tenant was Fred Meyer which constructed

343-402: A distribution warehouse. The site was recorded as encompassing 700 acres (280 ha) and was home to 30 businesses in 2008. Due to the lowland nature of the industrial zone, the port, along with an early tenant, created a stormwater retention pond . This early attempt to control flooding and drainage issues led to the port, in association with agencies at the state and federal levels and with

392-408: A froe and mallet. These blanks are uniform in thickness throughout if split from the same edge without flipping the block. Alternatively, the splitter may flip the block after a blank is taken off each edge, which results in a tapered split from end to end, called tapers or hand-split. The blanks which are not tapered require further processing before application to create this taper and are run through

441-404: A large band saw, pushed by hand to cut them from corner to corner forming a tapered shake, sawn on one face. Shingles are cut from the blocks using a circular saw, typically 42–48 inches (1.1–1.2 m) in diameter. The blocks are clamped in a carriage that slides back and forth across the blade, tilting and moving the block closer to the blade, with each pass automatically forms a tapered cut of

490-556: A main road to the port was completed in 2007, increasing the ease of access to the Chehalis Industrial Park. The Port of Chehalis is run by a commission of elected officers and the district boundaries mirror that of the Chehalis School District . The first commissioners, elected in 1986, were Bill Brooks, Ed Pemerl, and Bill Wiester. The agency oversees the Chehalis Industrial Park and the port

539-428: A natural check or imperfection, which runs the entire length of the log. After the face begins to separate, wedges are driven into the resultant opening, starting very near the face and progressively working toward the other end of the log in small steps. Shake blocks are split into 1-inch-thick (25 mm) slats called blanks, using either a hydraulic press with a blade attached, called a cuber, or split by hand using

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588-497: A special character to each building. Wood shingles can also be shaped by steam bending to create a thatch-like appearance, with unique roof details and contours. Historically, wooden shingles were usually thin ( 3 ⁄ 8 to 3 ⁄ 4  in or 10 to 19 mm), relatively narrow (3 to 8 in or 76 to 203 mm), of varying length (14 to 36 in or 360 to 910 mm), and almost always planed or knifed smooth. The traditional method for making wooden shingles before

637-460: Is a basic wooden shingle made from split logs. Shakes have traditionally been used for roofing and siding applications around the world. Higher-grade shakes are typically used for roofing purposes, while the lower grades are used for siding. In either situation, properly installed shakes provide long-lasting weather protection and a rustic aesthetic, though they require more maintenance than some other more modern weatherproofing systems. The term shake

686-412: Is clear wood, or imperfections will be left in the block, or the block will have to be split too small in the process of removing flaws. When cutting large logs or severely twisted pieces, it is often necessary to "cant" or split the entire log into "slabs." A ringer is removed at each end of the tree to split a log, exposing the interior. Wedges are driven into the face to split off a slab, usually on

735-580: Is named 4th Avenue and crosses the Chehalis River , while the highway is once again unnamed at the Main Street intersection. At the Main Street intersection, the roadway is realigned north to Doty and east to Dryad and Rainbow Falls State Park , where the road goes south and curves northeast to Adna . In Adna, SR 6 starts to parallel a railroad owned by the Port of Chehalis and operated by

784-515: Is part of the South Puget Sound Foreign Trade Zone. The port is responsible for acquiring land within the district, particularly at the Chehalis Industrial Park. Sites are prepared for future business entities that the port signs to contracts and land in the industrial zone is leased to corporations and businesses. The port is a taxing authority and began collecting levies in 1988. Initial proposals attempted to put

833-434: Is sometimes used as a colloquialism for all wood shingles, though shingles are sawn rather than split. In traditional usage, "shake" refers to the board to which the shingle is nailed, not the shingle. Split wooden shingles are referred to as shag shingles . Modern wooden shingles, both sawn and split, continue to be made, but they differ from the historical ones. Modern commercially available shakes are generally thicker than

882-568: The Chehalis-Centralia Airport under the port's authority but the airfield remained under its own management due to its financial sustainability, and remained under the oversight of the city government. The Port of Chehalis owns and manages two main sites, the Chehalis and Curtis industrial zones, as well as undeveloped grounds, including properties in the Boistfort Valley. In 2011, the port recorded management of

931-553: The Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad and then the highway crosses the Chehalis River again. The road leaves the community and continues thru Littell , then into Claquato , intersecting the former SR 603 . After crossing the Chehalis River for the final time into Chehalis , the roadway ends at a diamond interchange with Interstate 5 (I-5), co-signed with US 12 . The busiest segment of SR 6 in 2007

980-556: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , to begin floodplain mitigation efforts in 2008. Through an expedited process, the Port of Chehalis created a 66-acre (27 ha) wetland preserve and basin known as Pleasant Valley, south of Washington State Route 6 (SR 6). As of 2011, the industrial parks in the Chehalis and Curtis zones were home to over 50 businesses that employed a combined 2,500 workers. Wood shingle Wood shingles are thin, tapered pieces of wood primarily used to cover roofs and walls of buildings to protect them from

1029-959: The U.S. state of Washington . The highway, which extends from U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in Raymond east to Interstate 5 (I-5), co-signed with US 12 , in Chehalis . Major communities located on the highway include Raymond, Pe Ell , Adna and Chehalis. The first state highway that used the current route of SR 6 was State Road 19 , established in 1913. State Road 19 became State Road 12 in 1923, which became Primary State Highway 12 (PSH 12) in 1937. In 1964, PSH 12 became SR 6 and since, three minor construction projects have been arranged, only two have been completed. SR 6 begins at an intersection with U.S. Route 101 (US 101) in Downtown Raymond as Henkle Street. Paralleling

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1078-404: The 19th century was to rive (hand split) them from straight-grained knot-free sections of logs pre-cut to the desired length known as bolts. These bolts were quartered or split into wedges. A mallet and froe (or axe ) were used to split or rive out thin pieces of wood. The wood species varied according to available local woods, but only the more durable heartwood , or inner section, of the log,

1127-488: The Adna area and the last railroad to parallel current SR 6 was the Puget Sound and Pacific Railroad , which runs from Adna to Chehalis. During the 1964 highway renumbering , PSH 12 was split into US 830 , US 101 and SR 6. The only other highway to intersect SR 6 was SR 603 , the only auxiliary route of the highway, which was established in 1964 and decommissioned in 1991. Following

1176-468: The Chehalis Industrial Park (CIP). The commission was formed after the Adventure in Cooperation volunteers, which included contributors from the local Boy Scouts troop, churches, garden clubs, schools, and businesses, undertook a resource-and-needs inventory of the city. Realizing the potential for an industrial area, shares were sold to approximately 1,000 people at $ 50 each. The money was used to purchase

1225-706: The Willapa Hills in 1917, but had steep switchbacks and frequent damage from storms. During a 1923 renumbering of the state road system, State Road 19 became State Road 12 , which ran from Megler north to Raymond and east to Chehalis . Primary State Highway 12 (PSH 12) replaced State Road 12 when the Primary state highways were created in 1937; PSH 12 didn't begin in Megler, but began in Kelso . Between Raymond and Chehalis, PSH 12

1274-683: The basic route of the Willapa River , the highway turns southeast to leave Raymond and become unnamed. Continuing past Menlo , the roadway realigns directly south to Holcomb before curving back eastward to Lebam and Frances to exit Pacific County and enter Lewis County . Once in Lewis County, the Willapa River ends in the Willapa Hills , while the road turns northeast and later east into Pe Ell . In Pe Ell, SR 6

1323-425: The correct thickness. The shingle edges are then cut with another circular saw called a "trim saw" to remove irregular edges. The result is a tapered shingle sawn on all six sides. The thickness of the butt, or thicker end of the tapered cut, is usually 3 ⁄ 8 inch (9.5 mm) thick but is also commonly made to be 5 ⁄ 8 inch (16 mm), and can be made to any custom specifications. Nearly all

1372-514: The county failed in a public vote in 1960. An amendment to a state law to allow public ports within a county was passed by legislative action in March 1986. Another public vote was called and the creation of a port district in the city was accepted by residents; it passed by a margin of 76 votes. The Port of Chehalis was officially established in September 1986; it was one of the last ports created in

1421-420: The first parcel, measuring 137 acres (55 ha), officially creating the industrial zone. Goodyear Tire showed interest in the new park but required a rail line to connect the area to the local railroad hubs. A new 3,500-foot (1,100-metre) rail line, built by a group of local volunteers known as the " Gandy Dancers ", was connected to the grounds in 1957, signally the beginnings of the park. Funds to construct

1470-475: The grain. When splitting, the ringers are typically split from the bark to the heart, perpendicular to the grain. The heartwood is removed by splitting parallel to the grain, and the bark and sap-wood and any imperfections such as rot or bug holes are removed. The initial split is always made on a knot , burl , check or other imperfection, to allow the blocks to be made as large as possible while disposing of any waste. The blocks should never be split where there

1519-466: The historic hand-split counterpart and are usually left "undressed" with a rough, corrugated surface. The rough-surface shake is often considered more "rustic" and "historic," but this is a modern fashion. Some modern shingles are produced in pre-cut decorative patterns, sometimes called fancy-cut shingles, and are available pre-primed for later painting. The sides of rectangular shingles may be re-squared and re-butted, which means they have been reworked so

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1568-510: The houses and buildings in colonial Chiloé Archipelago , Chile, were built with wood, and roof shingles were extensively employed in Chilota architecture . Roof shingles of Fitzroya came to be used as money called Real de Alerce . Washington State Route 6 State Route 6 ( SR 6 ) is a 51.37-mile (82.67 km) long state highway in Pacific and Lewis counties in

1617-1089: The main differentiating feature between shakes and other types of shingles is that shakes are split while most shingles are sawn on all sides. The sizes also vary from country to country; in North America shakes are usually made in 24-inch (610 mm) lengths - the most common, 18-inch (460 mm) barn shake , or even 48-inch (1,200 mm) shakes, which are typically used for siding . In Scandinavia shakes, traditionally used only for roofing, are generally smaller than in North America, measuring 13–16 inches (330–410 mm) long, 4–6 inches (100–150 mm) wide and 1 ⁄ 8 inch (3.2 mm) thick, while in Poland and Slovakia they are usually 36 inches (910 mm) long, 4–6 inches (100–150 mm) wide and 1–1.25 inches (25–32 mm) thick. Likewise wooden shingles are manufactured in differing lengths, in North America, 16, 18 and 24 inches (410, 460 and 610 mm). In Latvia , wooden shakes were defined in

1666-669: The manufacture of rubber shake shingles, made mostly from old tires. These have the same look as a conventional wooden shingle but won't rot, curl, discolor, bend, crack, or take on moisture and will also not allow moisture to escape. In North America shakes are typically made from California redwood ( Sequoia sempervirens ), western red cedar ( Thuja plicata ), and Atlantic white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), while in Scandinavia and Central Europe they are more commonly made from pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and local variations of spruce ( Picea ). There are various types of shakes,

1715-593: The need to hand dress. The supply of wooden shingles was, therefore, no longer limited by local factors. These changes coincided with (and in turn increased) the popularity of architectural styles such as Carpenter Gothic , Queen Anne , and Shingle style architecture that used shingles to great effect. Hand-split shingles continued to be used in many places well after the introduction of machine sawn shingles. There were other popular roofing materials, and some regions rich in slate had fewer examples of wooden shingle roofs. Some western "boom" towns used sheet metal because it

1764-512: The same time, thatch , slate and tile were the prevalent roofing materials. In rural Scandinavia, wood shingles were a common roofing material until the 1950s. Wood shingles are susceptible to fire and cost more than other types of shingle so they are not as common today as in the past. Distinctive shingle patterns exist in various regions created by the size, shape, and application method. Special treatments such as swept valleys, combed ridges, decorative butt ends, and decorative patterns impart

1813-560: The sides are parallel and the butt is square to the sides. These are more uniform and are installed more neatly as a result. Shingles are less durable than shakes, particularly in wet climates; shakes are finished with a drawknife or similar tool, which leaves a smooth surface that resists water penetration. This, in turn, slows the softening of wood microorganisms. Also, the method of splitting shakes rather than sawing ensures only straight-grained pieces (which are much stronger and less likely to warp). Modern recycling technologies have allowed

1862-581: The sides may taper, and the butt may not be square with the sides. Shingles that have been processed so that the butt is square to the sides are called rebutted and re-squared or rebutted and re-jointed shingles, often abbreviated R&R. Shingles and shakes may be tapered, straight, split, or sawn, and any combination of these except straight-tapered. Different species and quality of wood are used, as are different lengths and installation methods. Shakes and shingles may also be treated with wood preservatives and fire retardants before or after installation. A shake

1911-431: The slings, they were sometimes processed in the bush and finished, hand-split shakes were carried out in a pack frame. In steep areas, cables were strung along the slope to form a tight line or tyrolean. Staples were driven into a block straddling the cable, and the block was slid down the cable to a landing accessible to a boat or truck. Both shakes and shingles must be edge grain cut to prevent warping and splitting as

1960-458: The spur were raised by Chehalis residents, individually purchasing the 1,600 area-logged rail ties for $ 4 each. The $ 1.0 million Goodyear Tire plant opened in August 1957 and became the first tenant. The commission ran the park as a private port, undertaking responsibilities for purchasing additional land, managing the grounds, and recruiting businesses. An attempt to created a port district in

2009-668: The state. The port, in 1996, helped purchase rail tracks in the area for the Chehalis–Centralia Railroad via a $ 420,000 grant from the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT). That same year, the port expanded and created another industrial area known as the Curtis Industrial Park; the 40-acre (16 ha) Curtis zone was annexed under the Port of Chehalis authority. An Interstate 5 (I-5) interchange and completion of

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2058-530: The weather. Historically shingles , also known as shakes , were split from straight grained, knot free bolts of wood. Today shingles are mostly made by being cut which distinguishes them from shakes, which are made by being split out of a bolt. Wooden shingle roofs were prevalent in the North American colonies (for example in the Cape-Cod-style house ), while in central and southern Europe at

2107-430: The wood dries. When splitting blocks and manufacturing shakes or shingles, particular care must be taken to consider the orientation of the grain in the wood. Likewise, when bucking, care must be taken to ensure cuts are precisely perpendicular to the grain to minimize waste and maintain product quality. When bucking, the log must be cleared off well, so the grain can be seen clearly, allowing straight cuts perpendicular to

2156-424: Was almost universal, no matter what wood was used or in what part of the world the building was located, except in those cases where a temporary or very utilitarian roof was needed. Shingle fabrication was revolutionized in the early 19th century by steam-powered sawmills. Shingle mills made possible the production of uniform shingles in mass quantities. The sawn shingle of uniform taper and smooth surface eliminated

2205-518: Was finished in late April. The highway's 22-foot-wide (6.7 m) bridge over the South Fork of the Chehalis River west of Chehalis was originally built in 1925 and was replaced by the state government in 2009. The new bridge, measuring 40 feet (12 m) wide, was constructed to the north of the existing structure and was opened to traffic in September 2009. The project was the first of four bridge replacements on SR 6 that were funded by

2254-506: Was light and easily shipped. Slate, terneplate, and clay tile were used on ornate buildings and in cities that limited flammable wooden shingles. Wooden shingles, however, were never abandoned. Even in the 20th century, architectural styles such as the Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival used wooden shingles. The simplest form of wood shingle is a rectangle about 16 inches (41 cm) long. The sides and butt are often irregular;

2303-816: Was paralleled by numerous railroads that have changed over time. In 1951, the Northern Pacific Railway followed the route from Raymond to Chehalis, but by 1958, the Pe Ell Prairie Railroad replaced Northern Pacific from Pe Ell to Dryad and the Chehalis Western Railroad , now the Chehalis Western Trail , replaced Northern Pacific between Adna and Chehalis. In 1968, the Chehalis Western Railroad no longer operated in

2352-569: Was the I-5 / US 12 interchange in Chehalis, with an estimated daily average of 13,000 motorists. In 1970, the busiest segment was the US ;101 intersection in Raymond, with an estimated daily average of 4,800 motorists. The first state highway to be designated on the modern corridor of SR 6 was State Road 19 , which was designated in 1913. A gravel road was built through

2401-460: Was usually used. The softer sapwood generally was not used because it deteriorated quickly. Because hand-split shingles were somewhat irregular along the split surface, it was necessary to dress or plane the shingles on a shaving horse with a drawknife or draw-shave to make them fit evenly on the roof. This reworking was necessary to provide a tight-fitting roof over typically open shingle lath or sheathing boards. Dressing, or smoothing of shingles,

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