Misplaced Pages

#706293

52-507: The Chelsea Drugstore was a sleek, modern travertine and brushed steel building on the corner of Royal Avenue and King's Road , Chelsea, London. It opened in 1968. Designed by architect Antony Cloughley and designer Colin Golding of GCB Associates, and inspired by Le Drugstore on Boulevard St Germain in Paris that was designed by Slavik [1] (Wiatscheslav Vassiliev), Chelsea Drugstore

104-560: A fibrous or concentric appearance and exists in white, tan, cream-colored, and rusty varieties. It is formed by a process of rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate , often at the mouth of a hot spring or in a limestone cave. In the latter, it can form stalactites , stalagmites , and other speleothems . It is frequently used in Italy and elsewhere as a building material . Similar (but softer and extremely porous) deposits formed from ambient-temperature water are known as tufa . Travertine

156-555: A film location in Stanley Kubrick 's A Clockwork Orange . 51°29′23″N 0°09′46″W  /  51.4898°N 0.1628°W  / 51.4898; -0.1628 This article about a London building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Travertine Travertine ( / ˈ t r æ v ər t iː n / TRAV -ər-teen ) is a form of terrestrial limestone deposited around mineral springs , especially hot springs . It often has

208-751: A north-trending fault near the dormant Colli Albani volcano. The Guidonia quarry is located in this deposit of travertine. The ancient name for this stone was lapis tiburtinus , meaning tibur stone , which was gradually corrupted to travertino (travertine). Detailed studies of the Tivoli and Guidonia travertine deposits revealed diurnal and annual rhythmic banding and laminae, which have potential use in geochronology . Deposits of travertine are found in about 100 other locations in Italy, including Rapalino near Pisa . Cascades of natural lakes formed behind travertine dams can be seen in Pamukkale , Turkey, which

260-685: A smaller scale, these karst processes are still working. Important geotopes are found at the Swabian Alb , mainly in valleys at the foremost northwest ridge of the cuesta ; in many valleys of the eroded periphery of the karstic Franconian Jura ; and at the northern Alpine foothills . Dinaric karst watercourses, especially those in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia, are known for build-up of rich travertine deposits and associated phenomena such as tufa and travertine caves, river islets, barriers and waterfalls. In Bosnia and Herzegovina Una river

312-531: A suitable artificial substrate for oysters in a reef-like environment. Marl has been used in the manufacture of Portland cement. It is abundant and yields better physical and mechanical properties than metakaolin as a supplementary cementitious material and can be calcined at a considerably lower temperature. The Channel Tunnel was constructed in the West Melbury Marly Chalk, a geological formation containing marl beds. This formation

364-418: A surface following exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and groundwater. Calcrete, lake marls , and lake reefs are excluded from this definition, but both speleothems and tufa are included. Fresh travertines vary widely in their porosity , from about 10% to 70%. Ancient ones may have porosities as low as 2% due to crystallization of secondary calcite in the original pore spaces, while some of

416-603: A travertine cave. Honey Creek feeds this waterfall and creates miles of travertine shelves both up and downstream. Many small waterfalls upstream in the dense woods repeat the travertine-formation effect. Another travertine resource is in Sulphur, Oklahoma , 10 miles (16 km) east of Turner Falls. Travertine Creek flows through a spring-water nature preserve within the boundaries of the Chickasaw National Recreation Area . Austin, Texas , and

468-620: A triple waterfall over a travertine dam. The Soda Dam Hot Spring system of the Jemez Mountains of New Mexico have been intensively investigated because of its connection to the geothermal system of the Valles caldera . Hot groundwater from the caldera has moved along the Jemez fault, and mixed with cooler groundwater before emerging at the surface. Radiometric dating of the travertines show that deposition began almost immediately after

520-410: A variety of materials, most of which occur as loose, earthy deposits consisting chiefly of an intimate mixture of clay and calcium carbonate , formed under freshwater conditions. These typically contain 35–65% clay and 65–35% carbonate. The term is today often used to describe indurated marine deposits and lacustrine (lake) sediments which more accurately should be named 'marlstone'. Marlstone

572-489: A very low permeability , they have been exploited for construction of the Channel Tunnel between England and France and are being investigated for the storage of nuclear waste . Marl is one of the oldest soil amendments used in agriculture. In addition to increasing available calcium, marl is valuable for improving soil structure and decreasing soil acidity and thereby making other nutrients more available. It

SECTION 10

#1732772223707

624-604: A wine bar, and is now a McDonald's . The store is notably mentioned in The Rolling Stones song " You Can't Always Get What You Want ", where Mick Jagger sings of meeting "Mr Jimmy" and in The Kinks song " Did Ya ", where Ray Davies sings "Now the Chelsea Drugstore needs a fix, it's in a state of ill repair". Chelsea Drugstore is also the title of a 2012 EP by UK band The Jetsonics as well as it being

676-943: Is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Other places with such cascades include Huanglong in Sichuan Province of China (another UNESCO World Heritage Site), the Mammoth Hot Springs in the United States, Egerszalók in Hungary, Mahallat , Abbass Abad, Atash Kooh, and Badab-e Surt in Iran , Band-i-Amir in Afghanistan , Lagunas de Ruidera , Spain, Hierve el Agua , Oaxaca, Mexico and Semuc Champey , Guatemala . In Central Europe 's last post-glacial palaeoclimatic optimum ( Atlantic Period , 8000–5000 BC), huge deposits of tufa formed from karst springs . On

728-461: Is a sedimentary rock formed by the chemical precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals from fresh water, typically in springs, rivers, and lakes; that is, from surface and ground waters. In the broadest sense, travertine includes deposits in both hot and cold springs, including the porous, spongy rock known as tufa , and also the cave features known as speleothems (which include stalactites and stalagmites ). Calcrete , which

780-569: Is also used in buildings at the University of New Mexico . Until the 1980s, Italy had a near-monopoly on the world travertine market; now significant supplies are quarried in Turkey, Mexico, China , Peru , and Spain. US imports of travertine in 2019 were 17,808 metric tons, of which 12,804 were from Turkey. Marl Marl makes up the lower part of the cliffs of Dover , and the Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and

832-415: Is an indurated (resists crumbling or powdering) rock of about the same composition as marl. This is more correctly described as an earthy or impure argillaceous limestone . It has a blocky subconchoidal fracture, and is less fissile than shale . The dominant carbonate mineral in most marls is calcite , but other carbonate minerals such as aragonite or dolomite may be present. Glauconitic marl

884-429: Is balanced by precipitation of calcium carbonate. If the groundwater moves into an environment with a lower concentration of carbon dioxide (as measured by its partial pressure , pCO 2 ), some of the carbon dioxide will escape into the environment, disturbing the equilibrium and allowing net precipitation of calcium carbonate to take place: The calcium carbonate most readily precipitates onto solid surfaces bathed by

936-501: Is calcium minerals deposited as a horizon in the soil profile , is not considered a form of travertine. Travertine is often defined in a more narrow sense as dense rock, sometimes massive but more commonly banded or with a fibrous internal structure, deposited in hot springs. In this more narrow sense, travertine is distinct from speleothems and tufa . Travertine is sometimes defined by its mode of origin, as rock formed by inorganic precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals onto

988-663: Is clad with over 3 million pounds (about 1360 tonnes) of Ambra Light travertine from the Tivoli quarries. Architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe used travertine in several of his major works, including the Toronto-Dominion Centre , S.R. Crown Hall , the Farnsworth House and the Barcelona Pavilion . The New Mexico State Capitol has its rotunda finished with travertine mined from a deposit west of Belen, New Mexico . Stone from this quarry

1040-404: Is described as meteoric carrier, and the travertine formed by this mechanism as meteogene travertine . This is the principal mechanism for formation of speleothems. Groundwater with an enhanced concentration of CO 2 absorbed from soil infiltrates underlying limestone, dissolving some of the limestone. When this groundwater then emerges into a cave with a lower concentration of CO 2 , some of

1092-485: Is described as thermogene travertine . This can form spectacular deposits of travertine, such as those of Pamukkale or Mammoth Hot Springs. The carbon dioxide may come from sources deep in the Earth, such as metamorphism of deeply buried rock. The carbon dioxide is carried to the surface by magma and is a major component of volcanic gases . Carbon dioxide may also be generated by magma bodies heating solid rock near

SECTION 20

#1732772223707

1144-564: Is marl containing pellets of glauconite , a clay mineral that gives the marl a green color. Glauconite is characteristic of sediments deposited in marine conditions. The lower stratigraphic units of the chalk cliffs of Dover consist of a sequence of glauconitic marls followed by rhythmically banded limestone and marl layers. Such alternating cycles of chalk and marl are common in Cretaceous beds of northwestern Europe. The Channel Tunnel follows these marl layers between France and

1196-501: Is one of the most frequently used stones in modern architecture . It is commonly used for indoor home/business flooring, outdoor patio flooring, spa walls and ceilings, façades, and wall cladding . The lobby walls of the modernist Willis Tower (1970) (formerly Sears Tower) in Chicago are made of travertine. Architect Welton Becket frequently incorporated travertine into many of his projects. The Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center

1248-683: Is particularly rich in deposits, and so is Pliva , Trebižat , Buna , Bregava . Travertine has formed 16 natural dams in a valley in Croatia known as Plitvice Lakes National Park . Clinging to moss and rocks in the water, the travertine has built up over several millennia to form waterfalls up to 70 m (230 ft) in height. Also in Croatia the Krka , Zrmanja with Krupa tributary, and Kupa in Croatia and Slovenia, and Krka in Slovenia. In

1300-454: Is white, but often it is brown to yellow due to impurities. Travertine is found in hundreds of locations around the world. Only a sampling of notable occurrences is listed here. Travertine is found at Tivoli, 25 kilometers (16 mi) east of Rome, where the travertine has been quarried for at least 2,000 years. Tivoli travertine was deposited in a body 20 square kilometers (7.7 sq mi) in area and 60 meters (200 ft) thick along

1352-604: The Colosseum , the largest building in the world constructed mostly of travertine. In Italy, well-known travertine quarries exist in Tivoli and Guidonia Montecelio, where the most important quarries since Ancient Roman times can be found. The Tivoli quarries supplied the travertine from which Gian Lorenzo Bernini selected material from which to build the colonnade of St. Peter's Square in Rome ( colonnato di Piazza S. Pietro ) in 1656–1667. Michelangelo also chose travertine as

1404-743: The Sacré-Cœur Basilica in Paris , the Getty Center in Los Angeles , California, and Shell-Haus in Berlin . The travertine used in the Getty Center and Shell-Haus constructions was imported from Tivoli and Guidonia. Travertine is one of several natural stones that is used for paving patios and garden paths. It is sometimes known as travertine limestone or travertine marble; these are

1456-469: The 18th century. The marl was normally extracted close to its point of use, so that almost every field had a marl pit, but some marl was transported greater distances by railroad. However, marl was gradually replaced by lime and imported mineral fertilizers early in the 19th century. A similar historical pattern was seen in Scotland. Marl was one of a few soil amendments available in limited quantities in

1508-489: The 21st century, though less frequently. The rate of application must be adjusted for the reduced content of calcium carbonate versus straight lime, expressed as the calcium carbonate equivalent. Because the carbonate in marl is predominantly calcium carbonate, magnesium deficiency may be seen in crops treated with marl if they are not also supplemented with magnesium. Marl has been used in Pamlico Sound to provide

1560-455: The CO 2 escapes, allowing calcium carbonate to precipitate and build up stalactites, stalagmites, and other speleothems. Volcanic activity is the source of carbon dioxide in groundwater that emerges from hot springs. When the water reaches the mouth of the spring, it rapidly loses carbon dioxide to the open air and precipitates calcium carbonate around the spring mouth. Travertine formed this way

1612-475: The Latin tiburtinus meaning 'of Tibur', now known as Tivoli , near Rome, Italy. The formation of travertine begins when groundwater ( H 2 O ) containing an elevated concentration of dissolved carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) comes in contact with limestone or other rock containing calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3 ). The dissolved carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid, carbonic acid , which dissolves some of

Chelsea Drugstore - Misplaced Pages Continue

1664-660: The United Kingdom. Upper Cretaceous cyclic sequences in Germany and marl– opal -rich Tortonian - Messinian strata in the Sorbas Basin related to multiple sea drawdown have been correlated with Milankovitch orbital forcing. Marl as lacustrine sediment is common in post- glacial lake -bed sediments. Chara , a macroalga also known as stonewort, thrives in shallow lakes with high pH and alkalinity , where its stems and fruiting bodies become calcified. After

1716-410: The United Kingdom. Marl is also a common sediment in post- glacial lakes , such as the marl ponds of the northeastern United States. Marl has been used as a soil conditioner and neutralizing agent for acid soil and in the manufacture of cement . Marl or marlstone is a carbonate -rich mud or mudstone which contains variable amounts of clays and silt . The term was originally loosely applied to

1768-601: The United States, the most well-known place for travertine formation is Yellowstone National Park , where the geothermal areas are rich in travertine deposits. Wyoming also has travertines in Hot Springs State Park in Thermopolis . Oklahoma has two parks dedicated to this natural wonder. Turner Falls , the tallest waterfall in Oklahoma, is a 77 feet (23 m) cascade of spring water flowing over

1820-572: The Valles caldera eruption and that the area is experiencing deposition that began 5,000 years ago. A new species of the extremophile green algae Scenedesmus was first isolated from the travertine of Soda Dam. In Iceland , the Hvanná river, located at the north flank of the Eyjafjallajökull , was heavily charged with CO 2 following the 2010 eruptions . Travertine precipitated along

1872-478: The alga dies, the calcified stems and fruiting bodies break down into fine carbonate particles that mingle with silt and clay to produce marl. Marl ponds of the northeastern United States are often kettle ponds in areas of limestone bedrock that become poor in nutrients ( oligotrophic ) due to precipitation of essential phosphate . Normal pond life is unable to survive, and skeletons of freshwater molluscs such as Sphaerium and Planorbis accumulate as part of

1924-614: The bottom marl. In Hungary, Buda Marl is found that was formed in the Upper Eocene era. It lies between layers of rock and soil and may be defined it as both "weak rock and strong soil." Marl is the dominant rock type in the Vaca Muerta Formation in Argentina. Marl has been used as a soil conditioner and neutralizing agent for acid soil and in the manufacture of Portland cement . Because some marls have

1976-515: The fresh aragonite travertine at Mammoth Hot Springs in Wyoming has a porosity greater than 80%. A porosity of about 50% is typical for cold spring travertine while hot spring travertines have a mean porosity of about 26%. Speleothems have low porosities of less than 15%. Travertine forms distinctive landforms: The word 'travertine' is derived from the Italian travertino , a derivation of

2028-459: The groundwater, eventually building up thick deposits of travertine. Because of the role of CO 2 in dissolving and transporting calcium carbonate, it is sometimes described as the carrier CO 2 or simply as the carrier. The most important sources of elevated carbon dioxide concentration in groundwater are soil and volcanic activity. Water passing through soil picks up carbon dioxide from plant roots and decaying organic matter . This CO 2

2080-421: The limestone as soluble calcium bicarbonate ( Ca + 2 + 2HCO − 3 ): This is a reversible reaction , meaning that as the concentration of dissolved calcium bicarbonate builds up, the calcium bicarbonate begins to revert to calcium carbonate , water, and carbon dioxide. So long as there is nowhere for the carbon dioxide to go, chemical equilibrium is reached where dissolution of calcium carbonate

2132-641: The material for the external ribs of the dome of St. Peter's Basilica . Travertine from Tivoli was used in the sculpting of the majority of the Trevi Fountain in Rome during the Baroque period. Travertine regained popularity as a building material in the Middle Ages. The central German town of Bad Langensalza has an extant medieval old town built almost entirely of local travertine. Twentieth century buildings using travertine extensively include

Chelsea Drugstore - Misplaced Pages Continue

2184-463: The river. Travertine is often used as a building material . It typically lacks planes of weakness, and its high porosity makes it light in weight for its strength, gives it good thermal and acoustic insulating properties, and makes it relatively easy to work. Dense travertine makes excellent decorative stone when polished. The Romans mined deposits of travertine for building temples, monuments, aqueducts, bath complexes, and amphitheaters such as

2236-450: The same stone, although travertine is classified properly as a type of limestone, not marble . The stone is characterised by pitted holes and troughs in its surface. Although these troughs occur naturally, they suggest signs of considerable wear and tear over time. It can be polished to a smooth, shiny finish, and comes in a variety of colors from grey to coral-red. Travertine is available in tile sizes for floor installations. Travertine

2288-804: The soil. Some marl beds have a very low permeability and are under consideration for use in the storage of nuclear waste . One such proposed storage site is the Wellenberg in central Switzerland. A marl lake is a lake whose bottom sediments include large deposits of marl. They are most often found in areas of recent glaciation and are characterized by alkaline water, rich in dissolved calcium carbonate, from which carbonate minerals are deposited. Marl lakes have frequently been dredged or mined for marl, often used for manufacturing Portland cement . However, they are regarded as ecologically important, and are vulnerable to damage by silting , nutrient pollution , drainage , and invasive species . In Britain, only

2340-459: The southern United States, where soils were generally poor in nutrients, prior to about 1840. By the late 19th century, marl was being mined on an industrial scale in New Jersey and was increasingly being used on a more scientific basis, with marl being classified by grade and the state geological survey publishing detailed chemical analyses. Marl continues to be used for agriculture into

2392-411: The surface, it absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to precipitate calcium carbonate: While water carbonated by volcanic activity is usually associated with hot springs, such water occasionally cools to near ambient temperature before emerging at the surface. Likewise, water carbonated by passage through soil will occasionally have circulated to sufficient depths that it is quite warm when it reemerges at

2444-544: The surface, through thermal decomposition of organic matter, or by reactions of quartz or other silica minerals with carbonate minerals . Precipitation may be enhanced by factors leading to a reduction in pCO 2 , for example increased air-water interactions at waterfalls may be important, as may photosynthesis. Rarely, travertine may form from highly alkaline water containing dissolved calcium hydroxide ( Ca + 2 + 2OH ) produced during serpentinization of ultramafic rock. When this alkaline water reaches

2496-463: The surface. Water carbonated by volcanic activity will nonetheless tend to have a higher content of dissolved calcium bicarbonate and will generally be more enriched in the heavier C isotope . Both of the major calcium carbonate minerals, calcite and aragonite , are found in hot spring travertines; aragonite is preferentially precipitated when temperatures are high, while calcite dominates when temperatures are lower. When pure and fine, travertine

2548-599: The surrounding "Hill Country" to the south is built on limestone. The area has many travertine formations, such as those found at Gorman Falls within Colorado Bend State Park . Hanging Lake in Glenwood Canyon in Colorado was formed by travertine dams across a spring-fed stream. Travertine beds in the area are as much as 40 feet (12 m) thick. Rifle Falls State Park in Colorado features

2600-598: Was arranged over three floors and on most days remained open for up to 16 hours. Inside customers would find bars, a chemist, newsstands, record stores and other concessions. A popular service was the 'flying squad' delivery option run by the store. Those who used this service would have their purchases delivered by hand by young ladies adorned in purple catsuits arriving on flashy motorcycles. It closed briefly in 1971 after 3 years, reopening in September 1972. Both pub and retail shops below were open until 1985. The store became

2652-419: Was chosen because of its very low permeability, absence of chert , and lack of fissures found in overlying formations. The underlying Glauconitic Marl is easily recognizable in core samples and helped establish the right level for excavating the tunnel. Marl soil has poor engineering properties, particularly when alternately wetted and dried. The soils can be stabilized by adding pozzolan ( volcanic ash ) to

SECTION 50

#1732772223707

2704-662: Was used sporadically in Britain beginning in prehistoric times and its use was mentioned by Pliny the Elder in the 1st century. Its more widespread use from the 16th century on contributed to the early modern agricultural revolution. However, the lack of a high-energy economy hindered its large-scale use until the Industrial Revolution . Marl was used extensively in Britain, particularly in Lancashire , during

#706293