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42-628: The Chero/Chyavana Kingdom territory stretched from Upper Gangetic plain in west to the lower Ganga plain in East and from the Madhesh region in north to the Kaimur Range and Chota Nagpur Plateau in south. At its peak of reign, the Chero/Chyavana kingdom extended from an area of Prayagraj in the west to Banka in the east and from Champaran in the north to Chota Nagpur Plateau in

84-642: A Chero. The British came with a force and suppressed the insurrection but by that time the Raja and the administration had been reduced to bankruptcy. An Assistant Collector of Bihar was appointed to look after the revenue collection in the western part of the province. Parry, the Assistant Collector who took over in 1811 made the first settlement of revenue in 1812. he annulled the Sanad, granted by Churaman Rai and took over direct collection. The Palamu estate

126-406: A few enclaves of forest remaining. A 2017 assessment found that 3,544 km , or 1%, of the ecoregion is in protected areas. Protected areas in the ecoregion include: Buxar Buxar is a nagar parishad city in the state of Bihar , India , sharing border with Balia and Ghazipur district of Uttar Pradesh . It is the headquarters of the eponymous Buxar district , as well as

168-456: A spirited attacks against Ujjaniniyas. One of the descendants of Sitaram Rai, Kumkum Chand Jharap drove out Ujjainiyas from Bhojpur region and capture major parts of territory. The Ujjainiyas could not offer much resistance because their chief Raja Narayan Mal who had usurped the throne after disposing Raja Mukut Mani in 1607, had gone to Mughal court to get his confirmation as the rulers of Ujjainiyas from Jahangir . He brought these developments to

210-484: Is a tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregion of northern India . It lies on the alluvial plain of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, with an area of 263,100 square kilometers (101,600 sq mi), covering most of the state of Uttar Pradesh and adjacent portions of Uttarakhand , Haryana , Madhya Pradesh and Bihar ; as well as a minuscule adjacent portion of southern Nepal . The ecoregion

252-627: Is bounded on the north by the Himalayan subtropical pine forests , Terai-Duar savannas and grasslands and Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests of the Himalaya foothills, to the west by the drier Northwestern thorn scrub forests and Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests , on the south by the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests of the Malwa and Bundelkhand uplands, and on the east by

294-557: The Bakshi of Mughal imperial army who had been left at Buxar by Narayan Mal with half the army reached Bhojpur and joined them. Words spread in the camp that imperial army had arrived to help the Ujjaniyas. Chero once again demoralised however they continue their struggle. On the other hand, with this new reinforcement Narayan Mal attack on Cheros from all four sides with renewed vigour. Chero too responded vigorously. All male member joined

336-749: The 17th century and under the leadership of Pratap Rai, they started to raid cattle from neighbouring Mughal districts. Because of this, Shah Jahan sent the Mughal Governor of Bihar, Shaista Khan, on an expedition to subdue the Cheros and stop the rebellion from taking place. During this expedition, the Mughals had trouble reaching the Chero stronghold in Palamu due to the hilly and forested terrain which made it almost inaccessible. Eventually, after 6 months

378-505: The 400 cheros and Kharwars proved too strong for British. On 26 April, after sergeant Pelwin was killed and Lieutenant Scot badly injured, the British force gave up and the fort was recaptured by the Cheros. Gopal Rai was removed after a trial in 1776. His minor brother Biswanath succeeded him and Gajraj Rai became the manager. But their position was assailed by Sugandh Rai and Sheo Prasad Singh. The Governor ordered that Bishwanth Rai,

420-497: The Chitrajeet Rai became 12th Raja of Chero dynasty after the 11th Raja Jai Kishan Rai, died at Chetna ghat fighting a defiant adviser. Two candidates claiming to be the rightful Raja, one Gopal Rai, grandson of Jaikishan Rai, the other Chitrajit Rai, grandson of the murdered ruling chief Ranjit Rai, brought their suits to the British. The British, more interested in revenue collection than in family quarrels, decided to occupy

462-497: The Ganges River and its tributaries support communities of resident and migrant waterfowl, along with mugger crocodile ( Crocodylus palustris ) and gharial ( Gavialis gangeticus ). The ecoregion's large rivers are home to the endangered Ganges river dolphin ( Platanista gangetica gangetica ). The ecoregion is currently densely populated, and the fertile plains have largely been converted to intensive agriculture, with only

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504-582: The Ganges. Along with Dumraon , Buxar is one of the main centres for trade and industry in the district. Soap and furniture are manufactured in both cities. Major exports from Buxar include rice , paddy , gur , mango , vegetables, fish, and jail -related manufactured goods. Major imports include engineering goods and medicine. In addition to the urban settlements of Buxar and Sarimpur, Buxar block encompasses 132 villages. Of these, 97 are inhabited and 35 are uninhabited: The total population of these villages

546-544: The Mughals managed to surround the Palamu Forts and Pratap Rai surrendered which the Mughals accepted. The Cheros had lost their territory in Western Bihar in the 14th century to the invading Ujjainiya Rajputs who were under the leadership of Hunkar Sahi. In the ensuing battles, both sides suffered many casualties with the Cheros losing more than 10,000 men. In 1607, a number of Chero chief combined to launch

588-583: The author of Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi the Maharata Chero became so powerful in Shahabad that Sher Shah had to send Khawas Khan to lead an expedition against him. Due to battle of Chausa , the campaign was suspended. Soon after the battle of Chausa, Sher Shah dispatched Khawas Khan and Chero chief was defeated and killed. In 1590, Man Singh after suppressing chief of Kharagpur and Gidhour, attacked Anant Rai of Palamu. Cheros offered strong resistance to

630-419: The battle and women help them by throwing stones with slings. A fierce fight ensued and the commander of both the armies showed great valour. The Ujjaniyas succeeded in defeating the Cheros. A large number of Cheros, including Sharan Jharap the Raja of Lohardaga, Haratpal and Raja Madha Mundra, were killed in the battle. A huge booty came into possession of Ujjaniyas. Deogaon and Kothi the forts of cheros razed to

672-459: The capital was Deo Markande with Raja Phulchand as chief. Cheros rose to power in 12th century after fall of Pala Empire . According to Ahmad Yadgar , Sher Shah Suri wanted to take possession of a White elephant from [Chero]. On refusal of chero, Sher Shah dispatched Khawas Khan with 4000 horses against the Raja. The Chero chief was besieged and compelled to surrender the elephant and Khawas Khan captured huge booty. According to Abbas Sarwani ,

714-437: The city of Buxar as having a literacy rate of 83.82%, with an 11.24% gap between male literacy (89.13%) and female literacy (77.89%). The whole of Buxar district had a literacy rate of 70.14%, with Buxar block (comprising both rural and urban areas) had a literacy rate of 77.45%, the highest in the district. Buxar is an important regional commercial and trade hub, with connections via road and rail along with river transport on

756-554: The ecoregion. Habitat destruction has mostly extirpated them from the ecoregion. Small populations of tiger, Asian elephant, sloth bear, and chousingha persist in the few remaining forested areas at the foot of the Himalayas. There are over 290 species of birds, including the great Indian bustard ( Ardeotis nigriceps ), lesser florican ( Sypheotides indicus ), Indian grey hornbill ( Ocyceros birostris ), and Oriental pied hornbill ( Anthracoceros albirostris ). Wetlands along

798-446: The form of Tiger forever. In order to restore his Human's form, Bedsira bathed in the holy pond of Aghsar and worshipped Gaurishankar. To commemorate this event the spot was called Vyaghrasar and later became Baghsar (The Tiger's pond). As of 2011 India census , Buxar had a population of 102,861. Males constitute 52.65% of the population and females 47.35%. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age. The 2011 census recorded

840-467: The fort of Palamu. As Chitrajit's Dewan, Jainath Singh, refused to agree to this even in return for recognition of Chitrajit's claim, the controlling council at Patna decided to support the cause of Goapl Rai. The Nephew of Raja, Gopal Rai immediately created animosity with Raja Chitrajeet Rai and started divulging to British which help them to interfere in the rule of Chero in the Palamu. On 9 January 1771, British East India company ordered Palamu to hand over

882-595: The fort to Company. Raja Chitrajeet Rai's deewan asked 10 days to do so. On 10th day, Captain Camac of Patna Council asked to lead a contingent against Raja. On 28 January 1771, Captain Camac and his force laid siege to the fort. On 29 January, he sent a message to Raja asking him to surrender the fort to the East India company. But the Valiant Cheros refused, vowing to fight on to death to protect their Raja and

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924-477: The fort. The Chero warriors stationed at new fort returned to the old fort due to water scarcity. This provided opportunity to British force to occupy the new fort. Since the new fort was located on the hillock, it allowed Captain Camac an opportunity to gauge to actual strength of Chero warriors stationed inside the old fort. Sensing inadequacy of forces and resources, Captain Camac sent a message to his commander at Patna to send heavier cannon and shells. On meanwhile,

966-468: The gallant Cheros kept the British ground forces on the defensive with their continuous shelling from the top of the old fort. On 2 February 1771, the British reinforcements with their 6-pound cannons and extra rations were attacked by the Cheros, who made away with rations and killed some soldiers. This forced captain Camac to ask for additional 12 cannons and more rations. On 4 February 1771, Chero again intercepted British force on their way to Palamu, looted

1008-482: The grasses Saccharum spontaneum , Saccharum narenga , Saccharum benghalense , and Vetiveria zizanioides . There are 79 known species of mammals in the ecoregion. Large mammals, including tiger ( Panthera tigris ), Indian rhinoceros ( Rhinoceros unicornis ), Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ), wild water buffalo ( Bubalus arnee ), chousingha ( Tetracerus quadricornis ), swamp deer ( Rucervus duvaucelii ), and sloth bear ( Melursus ursinus ), once roamed

1050-536: The ground. The battle was fought in 1611 on ninth day of Dusshera. Narayan Mal was indisputably accepted as leader of Ujjaniyas. He destroyed the power of Cheros and expelled them from Bhojpur region. After ruling for decades Narayan Mal was killed by his own kinsmen in a family feud. It is believed that a Chero chief of Shahabad , Bhagwant Rai, took service under the Raksel Rajput chief Man Singh of Palamu. Bhagwant Rai assassinated Man Singh, taking advantage of

1092-403: The headquarters of the community development block of Buxar, which also contains the census town of Sarimpur along with 132 rural villages. The historic Battle of Chausa and Battle of Buxar were fought in this vicinity. Buxar Railway Station lies on Patna–Mughalsarai section of Howrah–Delhi main line in the zone of eastern central Indian railway. It is approximately 125 km from

1134-547: The invading army but they were outnumbered. A large number of them were killed and many taken as prisoners. Raja Man Singh captured valuable booty including fifty four elephants. Palamu brought under Mughal administration. Soon after death of Akbar , Anant Rai drove out imperial troops out and declared his independence. In 1607, Jahangir ordered an expedition against Anant Rai. Mughal officials launched repeated attacks on Cheros and Chero had to shift their capital into deep jungle. The Cheros of Palamu began to grow in power again in

1176-474: The local Raja's absence at a ceremony at Surguja to raise the standard of revolt and founded his own kingdom around 1572. Bhagwat Rai, the son of Shahbal Rai, a contemporary of Jahangir founded the Chero rule in Palamu about the year 1613 A.D. He invaded Palamu from Rohtas side and with the assistance of some Rajput chiefs, the ancestors of modern Surwar rajwansh Thakurais of Ranka , Namudag and Chainpur drove out

1218-519: The more humid Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests . The ecoregion is home to several large cities, including Delhi , Agra , Kanpur , Lucknow , Gwalior , and Varanasi . The ecoregion has a subtropical climate . Rainfall is highly seasonal, falling mainly during the June-to-September southwest monsoon . In ancient times the region was mostly covered with moist semi deciduous forests, with trees that lose their leaves during

1260-572: The notice of emperor and also got assurance of imperial support against the Cheros. Immediately after return, he raised his headquarters at Buxar , regrouped the Ujjainiyas and started making efforts to capture the lost territory. Kum Kum Chand Jharap upon realising he would not able to resist the onslaught of Narayan Mal alone for long, appealed Cheros of Sonpari reign for his help. Large numbers of Cheros led by Raja of Khaddar, Anandichak and Balaunja ( Japla ) joined Kum Kum Chand Jharap. They repaired

1302-418: The rations and killed many soldiers. By 7 February, Captain Camac was on the point of retreating. His soldiers attempted to scale the wall of old fort under cover of darkness but Cheros foiled all such efforts. In the meantime another 12 pound cannons with ammunition and extra reinforcements reached the fort. By 19 March 1771, the old fort was surrounded by a numerically superior British force. The besieged fort

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1344-510: The ruling Raksel Rajput family into Surguja. After Bhagwat Rai, Bhupal Rai and Medini Rai ruled Palamu. Medini Rai constructed new fort. After death of Medini Rai, the dynasty fell apart due to power struggle and in-fighting in the ruling family. the administration slowly and indirectly passed into hand of various ministers and advisers who were driven by personal gain and fame. Then Pratap Rai, Rudra Rai, Dikpal Rai, Saheb Rai, Ranjit Rai, Devi Batesh Rai and Jai Kishan Rai ruled Palamu. In 1770,

1386-410: The soldiers and capturing the fort. British installed Gopal Rai as King on the agreeing to pay an annual tribute of Rs. 12,000. The Dewan of Palamu, Raj Jainath Singh returned from Ramgarh and reorganized the Cheros. In April 1772, they renewed their attack on the British force. To contain the determined onslaught of the Cheros, Leutinant Thomas Scot was sent with a strong additional force. Nevertheless,

1428-577: The south. They survived and remained independent of the Turkic and Mughal rule and at worst were their tributaries. They established principalities in the Shahabad , Saran , Champaran , Muzzafarpur and Palamu . Bihea was capital of Chero Raja Ghughulia. Tirawan in Bhojpur region was second capital where Raja Sitaram Rai, the son of Raja Ram Rai was ruling chief. Chainpur was capital of third principalities where Raja Salabahim as its ruler. In Sasaram ,

1470-498: The state capital of Patna. Bhojpuri is the widely spoken language in Buxar. According to local traditions, the name Buxar is derived from a lake in the town named Aghsar (effacer of Sin), which in course of time became Baghsar and took the present form that is Buxar. Another vedic legend states that, a sage or rishi named Besira transformed himself to take the look of a Tiger to frighten Durvasa rishi, and doomed by him to retain

1512-407: The third brother of Gopal Rai and not Gajraj or Sugandh, was the successor. Since this order was resisted Major Grawford was sent to Palamu with military force to restore peace. Major Crawford managed to capture Gajraj and Sugandha. Raja Bishwanath Rai died in 1783. he was followed by Churaman Rai. His action provoked the tenantry, and led to the Chero insurrection in 1800. The leader was Bhukhan Singh,

1554-614: The trenches around the Tirawan forts, and reinforced it with war materials. The rival armies faced each other for twenty-one days. On twenty-second day Cheros made determined attacks on the Ujjaniyas. The Ujjaniyas move cautiously firmly behind their shield and succeeded in repulsing Cheros from their position. They move further and launched surprise attacks on the fort of Tirawan. The besieged were under tremendous pressure because of shortage of foods and war materials. The morals of besieged

1596-420: The winter dry season. sal (Shorea robusta) is predominant tree . Mature trees form a canopy 25 to 35 metres. Other trees include Terminalia tomentosa , Terminalia belerica , Lagerstroemia parviflora , Adina cordifolia , Dillenia pentagyna , Stereospermum suaveolens , and Ficus spp. Where the land has been disturbed by flood, fire, or livestock grazing there are areas of grassland or savanna, with

1638-468: Was attacked. In 1812, the sale of Palamu estate was authorized and it was accordingly sold for Rs. 51,000. The assessment of the estate was reduced to Rs. 9,000 in 1814 when it was granted to Ghanshyam Singh of Deo as a reward to his help to the British in suppressing the Cheros and the Kharwars. Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests The Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests

1680-481: Was rebuilding the old fort, he had built a corner outer wall using mud mortar, so that in an emergency his people could escape breaking through this part of the wall. The secret entrance to the fort was divulged to the Captain Camac, who immediately stationed his 12-pound cannon there and shelled continuously. Finally breaking through the advance into the fort. On 21 March 1771, Camec led his soldiers in defeating

1722-437: Was so low that they contemplating vacating the fort. Fortunately, Raja Madha Mundra of Lohardaga came to help them. Then Cheros fought bravely and foiled the attempt of Ujjaniyas to capture the fort. A large number of Ujjaniyas killed or force to retreat. Pratap Singh, the brother of Narayan Mal was in front of retreating Ujjaniya army. Chero mistook him for Narayan Mal and surround him. At that time, Thakur Rai Kalyan Singh,

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1764-411: Was then shelled by British force but outer wall was so strong and well fortified that they failed to demolish it in order to gain entry. At this point, the captain Camac cleverly sought the help of Akhauri Udwant Rai, promising to establish him as future king with plenty of wealth. Akhauri Rai helped Camec contact a man called Sugandh Rai, who knew a secret point to entry into the fort. When Raja Medini Rai

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