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50-722: Chhapra ( ISO : Chaparā ) is a city and headquarters of the Saran District in the Indian state of Bihar . It is situated near the junction of the Ghaghara River and the Ganges River . Chhapra grew in importance as a river-based market in the 18th century when the Dutch, French, Portuguese, and English established saltpeter refineries in the area. It was recognised as a municipality in 1864. The major railway station

100-485: A type foundry . The spelling font is mainly used in the United States, whereas fount was historically used in most Commonwealth countries. In a manual printing ( letterpress ) house the word "font" would refer to a complete set of metal type that would be used to typeset an entire page. Upper- and lowercase letters get their names because of which case the metal type was located in for manual typesetting:

150-463: A 700 weight and 600 as Semibold or Demibold, the Go numerical weights match the actual progression of the ratios of stem thicknesses: Normal:Medium = 400:500; Normal:Bold = 400:600". The terms normal , regular and plain (sometimes book ) are used for the standard-weight font of a typeface. Where both appear and differ, book is often lighter than regular , but in some typefaces it is bolder. Before

200-464: A Roman alphabet) 12pt 14A 34a, meaning that it would be a size 12- point font containing 14 uppercase "A"s, and 34 lowercase "a". The rest of the characters would be provided in quantities appropriate for the distribution of letters in that language. Some metal type characters required in typesetting, such as dashes , spaces and line-height spacers, were not part of a specific font, but were generic pieces that could be used with any font. Line spacing

250-455: A bolder font by rendering the outline a second time at an offset, or smearing it slightly at a diagonal angle. The base weight differs among typefaces; that means one font may appear bolder than another font. For example, fonts intended to be used in posters are often bold by default while fonts for long runs of text are rather light. Weight designations in font names may differ in regard to the actual absolute stroke weight or density of glyphs in

300-490: A different region with different ambient temperature and humidity. For example, a thin design printed on book paper and a thicker design printed on high-gloss magazine paper may come out looking identical, since in the former case the ink will soak and spread out more. Grades are offered with characters having the same width on all grades, so that a change of printing materials does not affect copy-fit. Grades are common on serif fonts with their finer details. Fonts in which

350-528: A few of the characters have separate kanji origins and the scripts are used for different purposes. The gothic style of the roman script with broken letter forms, on the other hand, is usually considered a mere typographic variant. Cursive-only scripts such as Arabic also have different styles, in this case for example Naskh and Kufic , although these often depend on application, area or era. There are other aspects that can differ among font styles, but more often these are considered intrinsic features of

400-424: A font style is intended for large-size display use , or ink traps might be added to the design if it is to be printed at small size on poor-quality paper. This was a natural feature in the metal type period for most typefaces, since each size would be cut separately and made to its own slightly different design. As an example of this, experienced Linotype designer Chauncey H. Griffith commented in 1947 that for

450-405: A large range of weights which offer a smooth and continuous transition from one weight to the next, although some digital fonts are created with extensive manual corrections. As digital font design allows more variants to be created faster, a common development in professional font design is the use of "grades": slightly different weights intended for different types of paper and ink, or printing in

500-444: A newspaper. On the other hand, Palatino has large width to increase readability. The " billing block " on a movie poster often uses extremely condensed type in order to meet union requirements on the people who must be credited and the font height relative to the rest of the poster. Optical sizes refer to different versions of the same typefaces optimised for specific font sizes. For instance, thinner stroke weight might be used if

550-485: A particular font is the thickness of the character outlines relative to their height. A typeface may come in fonts of many weights, from ultra-light to extra-bold or black; four to six weights are not unusual, and a few typefaces have as many as a dozen. Many typefaces for office, web and non-professional use come with a normal and a bold weight which are linked together. If no bold weight is provided, many renderers (browsers, word processors, graphic and DTP programs) support

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600-458: A population of 212,955. Chapra Urban Agglomeration includes Chapra (Nagar Panchayat) and Sandha (Census Town). Chapra Nagar Panchayat had a total population of 201,597, out of which 106,250 were males and 95,347 were females. It had a sex ratio of 897 females to 1000 males. The population in the age range of 0–6 years was 27,668. The effective literacy rate of those aged 7 years and older in Chhapra

650-471: A scale from 100 through 900, which is also used in CSS and OpenType , where 400 is regular (roman or plain). The Mozilla Developer Network provides the following rough mapping to typical font weight names: Font mapping varies by font designer. A good example is Bigelow and Holmes's Go Go font family. In this family, the "fonts have CSS numerical weights of 400, 500, and 600. Although CSS specifies 'Bold' as

700-506: A smaller form of its majuscule "Т" or more like a roman small "m" as in its standard italic appearance; in this case, the distinction between styles is also a matter of local preference. In Frutiger's nomenclature the second digit for upright fonts is a 5, for italic fonts a 6 and for condensed italic fonts an 8. The two Japanese syllabaries , katakana and hiragana , are sometimes seen as two styles or typographic variants of each other, but usually are considered separate character sets as

750-496: A type he was working on intended for newspaper use, the 6 point size was not 50% as wide as the 12 point size, but about 71%. Optical sizing declined in use as pantograph engraving emerged, while phototypesetting and digital fonts further made printing the same font at any size simpler. A mild revival has taken place in recent years, although typefaces with optical sizes remain rare. The recent variable font technology further allows designers to include an optical size axis for

800-404: A typeface, which means end users can manually adjust optical sizing on a continuous scale. Examples of variable fonts with such an axis are Roboto Flex and Helvetica Now Variable . Optical sizes are more common for serif fonts, since their typically finer detail and higher contrast benefits more from being bulked up for smaller sizes and made less overpowering at larger ones. Furthermore, it

850-445: Is Chhapra Junction . There is a well known Shaktipeeth temple in Chhapra named Ambika Bhavani. Chhapra is located at 25°47′05″N 84°43′39″E  /  25.7848°N 84.7274°E  / 25.7848; 84.7274 . It has an average elevation of 36 metres (118 ft). India's biggest double-decker flyover is being constructed in Chhapra. This 3.5 km long double-decker flyover from Bhikhari Chowk to Bus Stand,

900-601: Is being constructed at the cost of ₹ 411.31 crore from the central road fund (CRF) under engineering procurement construction (EPC) mode by Bihar Rajya Pul Nirman Nigam Limited (BRPNNL). It is longer than 1.8 km double-decker flyover in Santa Cruz–Chembur Link Road . Chief Minister Nitish Kumar laid the foundation stone of this double-decker flyover in July 2018, which is set to be completed by June 2022. As per 2011 census, Chapra Urban Agglomeration had

950-435: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Font In metal typesetting , a font ( American English ) or fount ( Commonwealth English ) is a particular size, weight and style of a typeface , defined as the set of fonts that share an overall design. For instance,

1000-417: Is often desirable for mathematical fonts (i.e., typefaces designed for typesetting mathematical equations) to have two optical sizes below "Regular", typically for higher-order superscripts and subscripts which are very small in sizes. Examples of such mathematical fonts include Minion Math and MathTime 2 . Naming schemes for optical sizes vary. One such scheme, invented and popularised by Adobe, labels

1050-456: Is often omitted for variants and never repeated, otherwise it would be Bulmer regular italic , Bulmer bold regular and even Bulmer regular regular . Roman can also refer to the language coverage of a font, acting as a shorthand for "Western European". Different fonts of the same typeface may be used in the same work for various degrees of readability and emphasis , or in a specific design to make it be of more visual interest. The weight of

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1100-482: Is possible to have "upright italic" designs that take a more cursive form but remain upright; Computer Modern is an example of a font that offers this style. In Latin-script countries, upright italics are rare but are sometimes used in mathematics or in complex documents where a section of text already in italics needs a "double italic" style to add emphasis to it. For example, the Cyrillic minuscule "т" may look like

1150-440: Is relatively practical to modify their structure to a condensed weight. Serif text faces are often only issued in the regular width. These separate fonts have to be distinguished from techniques that alter the letter-spacing to achieve narrower or smaller words, especially for justified text alignment . Most typefaces either have proportional or monospaced (for example, those resembling typewriter output) letter widths, if

1200-411: Is still often called " leading ", because the strips used for line spacing were made of lead (rather than the harder alloy used for other pieces). This spacing strip was made from lead because lead was a softer metal than the traditional forged metal type pieces (which was part lead, antimony and tin ) and would compress more easily when "locked up" in the printing "chase" (i.e. a carrier for holding all

1250-408: The script (s) that the typeface supports. In European alphabetic scripts , i.e. Latin , Cyrillic , and Greek , the main such properties are the stroke width, called weight , the style or angle and the character width . The regular or standard font is sometimes labeled roman , both to distinguish it from bold or thin and from italic or oblique . The keyword for the default, regular case

1300-401: The transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which is described in

1350-421: The "8 series" (condensed italics), e.g. 68 Bold Condensed Italics . From this brief numerical system it is easier to determine exactly what a font's characteristics are, for instance "Helvetica 67" (HE67) translates to "Helvetica Bold Condensed". The first algorithmic description of fonts was made by Donald Knuth in his 1986 Metafont description language and interpreter. The TrueType font format introduced

1400-798: The PostScript standard fonts Helvetica and ITC Avant Garde respectively. Some of these sets were created in order to be freely redistributable, for example Red Hat 's Liberation fonts and Google's Croscore fonts , which duplicate the PostScript set and other common fonts used in Microsoft software such as Calibri . It is not a requirement that a metrically compatible design be identical to its origin in appearance apart from width. Although most typefaces are characterised by their use of serifs , there are superfamilies that incorporate serif (antiqua) and sans-serif (grotesque) or even intermediate slab serif (Egyptian) or semi-serif fonts with

1450-476: The arrival of computers, each weight had to be drawn manually. As a result, many older multi-weight families such as Gill Sans and Monotype Grotesque have considerable differences in weights from light to extra-bold. Since the 1980s, it has become common to use automation to construct a range of weights as points along a trend, multiple master or other parameterized font design. This means that many modern digital fonts such as Myriad and TheSans are offered in

1500-415: The bold and non-bold letters have the same width are " duplexed ". In European typefaces, especially Roman ones, a slope or slanted style is used to emphasize important words. This is called italic type or oblique type . These designs normally slant to the right in left-to-right scripts. Oblique styles are often called italic, but differ from "true italic" styles. Italic styles are more flowing than

1550-534: The font bounding box . Glyph-level metrics include the glyph bounding box, the advance width (the proper distance between the glyph's initial pen position and the next glyph's initial pen position), and sidebearings (space that pads the glyph outline on either side). Many digital (and some metal type) fonts are able to be kerned so that characters can be fitted more closely; the pair "Wa" is a common example of this. Some fonts, especially those intended for professional use, are duplexed: made with multiple weights having

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1600-493: The font. Attempts to systematize a range of weights led to a numerical classification first used in 1957 by Adrian Frutiger with the Univers typeface: 35 Extra Light , 45 Light , 55 Medium or Regular , 65 Bold , 75 Extra Bold , 85 Extra Bold , 95 Ultra Bold or Black . Deviants of these were the "6 series" (italics), e.g. 46 Light Italics etc., the "7 series" (condensed versions), e.g. 57 Medium Condensed etc., and

1650-417: The inclusion of an adjustable optical size axis means optical sizes are not released as separate products. Font metrics refers to metadata consisting of numeric values relating to size and space in the font overall, or in its individual glyphs. Font-wide metrics include cap height (the height of the capitals), x-height (the height of the lowercase letters) and ascender height, descender depth, and

1700-435: The italic fonts are only slanted , which is often done algorithmically, without otherwise changing their appearance. Such oblique fonts are not true italics, because lowercase letter shapes do not change, but they are often marketed as such. Fonts normally do not include both oblique and italic styles: the designer chooses to supply one or the other. Since italic styles clearly look different than regular (roman) styles, it

1750-427: The majuscule or the minuscule glyph at a common height for both characters. Titling fonts are designed for headlines and displays, and have stroke widths optimized for large sizes. Some typefaces include fonts that vary the width of the characters ( stretch ), although this feature is usually rarer than weight or slope. Narrower fonts are usually labeled compressed , condensed or narrow . In Frutiger's system,

1800-404: The more distant upper case or the closer lower case. The same distinction is also referred to with the terms majuscule and minuscule . Unlike a digital typeface, a metal font would not include a single definition of each character, but commonly used characters (such as vowels and periods) would have more physical type-pieces included. A font when bought new would often be sold as (for example in

1850-412: The normal typeface, approaching a more handwritten , cursive style, possibly using ligatures more commonly or gaining swashes . Although rarely encountered, a typographic face may be accompanied by a matching calligraphic face ( cursive , script ), giving an exaggeratedly italic style. In many sans-serif and some serif typefaces, especially in those with strokes of even thickness, the characters of

1900-525: The same character width so that (for example) changing from regular to bold or italic does not affect word wrap. Sabon as originally designed was a notable example of this. (This was a standard feature of the Linotype hot metal typesetting system with regular and italic being duplexed, requiring awkward design choices as italics normally are narrower than the roman.) A particularly important basic set of fonts that became an early standard in digital printing

1950-438: The script provides the possibility. Some superfamilies include both proportional and monospaced fonts. Some fonts also provide both proportional and fixed-width ( tabular ) digits, where the former usually coincide with lowercase text figures and the latter with uppercase lining figures . The width of a font will depend on its intended use. Times New Roman was designed with the goal of having small width, to fit more text into

2000-449: The second digit of condensed fonts is a 7. Wider fonts may be called wide , extended or expanded . Both can be further classified by prepending extra , ultra or the like. Compressing a font design to a condensed weight is a complex task, requiring the strokes to be slimmed down proportionally and often making the capitals straight-sided. It is particularly common to see condensed fonts for sans-serif and slab-serif families, since it

2050-643: The table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There

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2100-538: The type together). In the 1880s–1890s, "hot lead" typesetting was invented, in which type was cast as it was set, either piece by piece (as in the Monotype technology) or in entire lines of type at one time (as in the Linotype technology). In addition to the character height, when using the mechanical sense of the term, there are several characteristics which may distinguish fonts, though they would also depend on

2150-431: The typeface Bauer Bodoni (shown in the figure) includes fonts " Roman " (or "regular"), " bold " and " italic "; each of these exists in a variety of sizes . In the digital description of fonts ( computer fonts ), the terms "font" and "typeface" are often used interchangeably. For example, when used in computers, each style is stored in a separate digital font file . In both traditional typesetting and computing,

2200-429: The typeface. These include the look of digits ( text figures ) and the minuscules, which may be smaller versions of the capital letters ( small caps ) although the script has developed characteristic shapes for them. Some typefaces do not include separate glyphs for the cases at all, thereby abolishing the bicamerality . While most of these use uppercase characters only, some labeled unicase exist which choose either

2250-544: The variant designs by their typical usages (with the intended point sizes varying slightly by typefaces): Other type designers and publishers might use different naming schemes. For instance, the smaller optical size of Helvetica Now is labelled "Micro", while the display variant of Hoefler Text is called "Titling". Another example is Times , whose variants are labelled by their intended point sizes, such as Times Ten, Times Eighteen, and Times New Roman Seven. Variable fonts typically do not use any naming scheme, because

2300-429: The word "font" refers to the delivery mechanism of the typeface. In traditional typesetting, the font would be made from metal or wood type : to compose a page may require multiple fonts or even multiple typefaces. The word font (US) or fount (traditional UK; in any case pronounced / f ɒ n t / ) derives from Middle French fonte , meaning "cast iron". The term refers to the process of casting metal type at

2350-439: Was 81.30% as of 2011. Hinduism is the largest religion in Chhapra city with 1,64,811 Hindus (81.45%). Islam is the second largest religion in Chhapra city with 36,639 Muslims (18.11%). Other religions includes 219 Christians (0.11%), 100 Jains (0.05%), 55 Sikhs (0.03%), 14 Buddhists (0.01%), 514 did not answer (0.25%). ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which

2400-613: Was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and a United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN),

2450-666: Was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for

2500-541: Was the Core Font Set included in the PostScript printing system developed by Apple and Adobe. To avoid paying licensing fees for this set, many computer companies commissioned "metrically compatible" knock-off fonts with the same spacing, which could be used to display the same document without it seeming clearly different. Arial and Century Gothic are notable examples of this, being functional equivalents to

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