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61-505: Before their contact with the Khmer rulers, oral tradition provides us with the following outline of the Pearic peoples’ life: in the past, Pearic peoples did not cultivate the land and lived a nomadic and collecting life in the forests; they subsisted on tubers, leaves, flowers, and fruits, as well as palm hearts provided by various palm trees. Using crossbows and arrows poisoned with the sap of

122-485: A kru khmae (shaman/healer), whom they believe can diagnose which of the many spirits has caused the illness and recommend a course of action to propitiate the offended spirit, thereby curing the illness. The kru khmae is also learned in herb lore and is often sought to prepare various "medicines" and potions or for a magical tattoo , all believed to endow one with special prowess and ward off evil spirits or general bad luck. Khmer beliefs also rely heavily on astrology ,

183-731: A 2009 study. The study found that the Gm afb1b3 is a southern marker gene possibly originating in southern China and found at high frequencies across southern China, Southeast Asia , Taiwan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , Nepal , Assam and parts of the Pacific Islands . The study found that the average frequency of Gm afb1b3 was 76.7% for the Khmer population. Chanthaburi province Chanthaburi ( Thai : จันทบุรี , pronounced [tɕān.tʰá(ʔ).bū.rīː] ; Chong : จันกะบูย chankabui , lit.   ' Lady Chan, who wears

244-563: A Buddha Raja being substituted for the former Shiva Raja or Vishnu Raja. The rise of the Tai kingdoms of Sukhothai (1238) and Ayutthaya (1350) resulted in almost ceaseless wars with the Khmers and led to the destruction of Angkor in 1431. They are said to have carried off 90,000 prisoners, many of whom were likely dancers and musicians. The period following 1432, with the Khmer people bereft of their treasures, documents, and human culture bearers,

305-611: A century, the French exploited Cambodia commercially, and demanded power over politics, economics, and social life. During the second half of the twentieth century, the political situation in Cambodia became chaotic. King Norodom Sihanouk (later, Prince, then again King), proclaimed Cambodia's independence in 1949 (granted in full in 1953) and ruled the country until March 18, 1970, when he was overthrown by General Lon Nol , who established

366-720: A combination of these and other factors. The Khmer are considered a part of the Indian cultural sphere , owing to them adopting Indian culture, traditions and religious identities. The first powerful trading kingdom in Southeast Asia, the Kingdom of Funan , was established in southeastern Cambodia and the Mekong Delta in the first century, although extensive archaeological work in Angkor Borei District near

427-611: A dowry, the father of princess Soma drank the waters around the island, which was revealed to be the top of a mountain, and the land below that was uncovered became Cambodia. Kaundinya and Soma and their descendants became known as the Khmers and are said to have been the rulers of Funan , Chenla and the Khmer Empire . This myth further explains why the oldest Khmer wats , or temples, were always built on mountaintops, and why today mountains themselves are still revered as holy places. The Khmers, an Austroasiatic people , are one of

488-550: A million Khmer native to Northeast Thailand ; and Khmer Krom spoken by the millions of Khmer native to the Mekong Delta regions of Vietnam adjacent to Cambodia and their descendants abroad. A little-studied dialect known as Western Khmer , or Cardamom Khmer, is spoken by a small, isolated population in the Cardamom Mountain range extending from Cambodia into eastern Central Thailand. Although little studied, it

549-553: A minor genetic influence from Indian people . Cambodians trace about 16% of their ancestry to a Eurasian population that is equally related to both Europeans and East Asians , while the remaining 84% of their ancestry is related to other Southeast Asians, particularly to a source similar to the Dai people . Another study suggests that Cambodians trace about 19% of their ancestry to a similar Eurasian population related to modern-day Central Asians , South Asians , and East Asians , while

610-567: A pan on her head ' ) is one of seven provinces ( changwat ) in eastern Thailand , on the border with Battambang and Pailin of Cambodia , on the shore of the Gulf of Thailand . Neighbouring provinces are Trat in the east and Rayong , Chonburi , Chachoengsao , and Sa Kaeo to the west and north. The indigenous people of the Chanthaburi region are the Chong . The Chong have lived in

671-652: A remnant of Hinduism. A fortune teller, called hao-ra (astrologists) or kru teay in Khmer, is often consulted before major events, like choosing a spouse, beginning an important journey or business venture, setting the date for a wedding and determining the proper location for building new structures. Throughout the year, the Cambodian celebrate many holidays, most of a religious or spiritual nature, some of which are also observed as public holidays . The two most important are Chol Chhnam ( Cambodian New Year ) and Pchum Ben ("Ancestor Day"). The Cambodian Buddhist calendar

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732-800: A rich supernatural world. Several types of supernatural entities are believed to exist; they make themselves known by means of inexplicable sounds or happenings. Among these phenomena are kmaoch ខ្មោច (ghosts), pret ប្រែត (comes in many forms depending on their punishments) and beisach បិសាច(monsters) [these are usually the spirits of people who have died a violently, untimely, or unnatural deaths]; arak អារក្ស (evil spirits, devils), ahp krasue , neak ta អ្នកតា (tutelary spirit or entity residing in inanimate objects; land, water, trees etc.), chomneang/mneang phteah ជំនាងផ្ទះ/ម្នាងផ្ទះ(house guardians), meba មេបា (ancestral spirits), and mrenh kongveal ម្រេញគង្វាល (little mischief spirit guardians dressed in red). All spirits must be shown proper respect, and, with

793-650: Is based on the dialect spoken throughout the Central Plain , a region encompassed by the northwest and central provinces. The varieties of Khmer spoken in this region are representative of the speech of the majority of the population. A unique and immediately recognizable dialect has developed in Phnom Penh that, due to the city's status as the national capital, has been modestly affected by recent French and Vietnamese influence. Other dialects are Northern Khmer dialect , called Khmer Surin by Khmers, spoken by over

854-421: Is divided into 12 months with the traditional new year beginning on the first day of khae chaet , which coincides with the first new moon of April in the western calendar. The modern celebration has been standardized to coincide with April 13. Dance occupies a central place for the Khmer people, one of its earliest records dates back to the 7th century, where performances were used as a funeral rite for kings. In

915-409: Is doubtful that it was planted then: it could only have been mountain rice sown in fields obtained by clearing the forest, a predominantly male task that men busy with gathering could not ensure. Unless women brought back from the plains the technique of using marshes for rice growth. Some old Samre claim that in the past, cardamom grew wild in rare places in the massif which, was once called "the land of

976-665: Is the type locality . The provincial slogan is "Renowned waterfalls. Town of fruit. Good pepper. Bountiful jewels. Chanthaboon Mats. Rich in nature. King Taksin the Great reunited the people and reclaimed our independence at Chanthaburi". The province is divided into 10 districts ( amphoes ). These are further subdivided into 76 subdistricts ( tambons ) and 690 villages ( mubans ). As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Chanthaburi Provincial Administration Organisation ( transl.  th  – transl.  ongkan borihan suan changwat ) and 47 municipal ( thesaban ) areas in

1037-448: Is unique in that it maintains a definite system of vocal register that has all but disappeared in other dialects of modern Khmer. The modern Khmer strongly identify their ethnic identity with their religious beliefs and practices, which combine the tenets of Theravada Buddhism with elements of indigenous ancestor-spirit worship, animism and shamanism. Most Cambodians, whether or not they profess to be Buddhists or other faiths, believe in

1098-636: The Cambodian Civil War and Cambodian Genocide , there is a large Khmer diaspora residing in the United States, Canada, Australia and France. According to one Khmer legend attributed by George Coedes to a tenth century inscription, the Khmers arose from the union of the Brahmana Kambu Swayambhuva and the apsara ("celestial nymph") Mera. Their marriage is said to have given rise to the name Khmer and founded

1159-479: The Khmer language , which is part of the larger Austroasiatic language family alongside Mon and Vietnamese . The majority of Khmer people follow Theravada Buddhism . Significant populations of Khmers reside in adjacent areas of Thailand ( Northern Khmer ) and the Mekong Delta region of neighboring Vietnam ( Khmer Krom ), while there are over one million Khmers in the Khmer diaspora living mainly in France ,

1220-1001: The Pear Samray people of Kranhung, the Kulen hill region's Samray survived because of emigration in the days of the Angkor kingdom. After the 1967 revolt of Samlaut , Pear of the Stung Kranhung area moved to Ta Sanh . While some Sa'och live in Cambodia's coastal area, many Sa'och from the Kampong Som area were taken captive by the Thais in the 1830s and resettled in Kanchanaburi Province , Thailand. The Chong (or Chhong ) are Pearic peoples who live in both Thailand and Cambodia, In Thailand, Chong inhabit Trat Province and Chanthaburi Province . As of 2014,

1281-577: The United States , and Australia . The majority of the world's Khmers live in Cambodia, the population of which is over 95% Khmer. There are also significant Khmer populations native to Thailand and Vietnam . In Thailand, there are over one million Khmers (known as the Khmer Surin ), mainly in Surin ( Sorin ), Buriram ( Borei Rom ) and Sisaket ( Srei Saket ) provinces. Estimates for

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1342-578: The Varman dynasty of ancient Cambodia. A more popular legend, reenacted to this day in the traditional Khmer wedding ceremony and taught in elementary school, holds that Cambodia was created when a merchant named Kaundinya I (commonly referred to as Preah Thong ) married Princess Soma , a Nāga ( Neang Neak ) princess. Kaundinya sailed to Southeast Asia following an arrow he saw in a dream. Upon arrival he found an island called Kok Thlok and, after conquering Soma's Naga army, he fell in love with her. As

1403-463: The moon surrounded by an aura. Inside the moon disc is a rabbit, as in Thai folklore the dark areas on the moon ( maria ) form the shape of a rabbit. The seal symbolizes the peace and tranquility of the province. The moon also refers to the meaning of the province, "City of Moon", from Chantha- ( Thai : จันท- , lit. 'moon') and buri ( Thai : บุรี , lit. 'city'). The flag of the province also shows

1464-627: The 19th century during anti- Catholic persecutions in Cochin China ; a second wave in the 1920s to 1940s fleeing French Indochina ; and a third wave after the communist victory in Vietnam in 1975 . The town of Chanthaburi has been the seat of a Bishop of Chanthaburi since 1944. Chanthaburi once used to be an important source of gemstones, especially rubies and sapphires. While the Chantaboon Waterfront Community

1525-429: The 20th century, the use of dancers is also attested in funerary processions, such as that for King Sisowath Monivong . During the Angkor period, dance was ritually performed at temples. The temple dancers came to be considered as apsaras, who served as entertainers and messengers to divinities. Ancient stone inscriptions describe thousands of apsara dancers assigned to temples and performing divine rites as well as for

1586-670: The Chong in Koh Kong Province , Cambodia are seeking to prevent construction of the Cheay Areng Dam , which would displace local residents. Chong people in Southern Cardamom National Park were displaced by a REDD+ carbon offset project between 2018 and 2023. Pearic peoples traditionally cultivate upland rice by the swidden method. They follow traditional religions. The people speak

1647-514: The Chouang (Chong), he writes: "... this species (of savages) does not dwell in houses; accompanied by their families, they wander in the mountains carrying a clay jar on their heads. If they encounter a wild animal, they kill it with a bow or a spear, make fire from a stone, cook the beast, and eat it communally, then they continue on their way" . The Pear, at least those of the Kulen massif — because

1708-636: The Khmer Republic. On April 17, 1975, Khmer Rouge , who under the leadership of Pol Pot combined Khmer nationalism and extreme Communism , came to power and virtually destroyed the Cambodian people, their health, morality, education, physical environment, and culture in the Cambodian genocide . On January 7, 1979, Vietnamese forces ousted the Khmer Rouge . After more than ten years of painfully slow rebuilding, with only meager outside help,

1769-561: The Mon kingdom of Dvaravati . Consequently, he ruled over the greater part of present-day Thailand and Laos, as well as the northern half of the Malay Peninsula. This period, during which Angkor Wat was constructed, is considered the apex of Khmer civilization. The Khmer kingdom became the Khmer Empire and the great temples of Angkor, considered an archeological treasure replete with detailed stone bas-reliefs showing many aspects of

1830-557: The Pear moved in groups whose number could not be accurately estimated, and they built shelters wherever they pleased. It is unknown whether these were small groups limited to kinship and under the authority of a family chief, or larger hordes under the leadership of a designated authority. A comparison can be made with the information provided by the account of the Chinese traveler Zhou Daguan during his trip to Cambodia in 1296; regarding

1891-603: The United Nations intervened resulting in the Paris Peace Accord on October 23, 1992, and created conditions for general elections in May 1993, leading to the formation of the current government and the restoration of Prince Sihanouk to power as King in 1993. The culture of the ethnic Khmers is fairly homogeneous throughout their geographic range. Regional dialects exist, but are mutually intelligible. The standard

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1952-706: The area since the Ayutthaya Kingdom , and are thought to have been early inhabitants of Cambodia , possibly pre-dating the Khmer . In Chanthaburi province, the Chong predominantly inhabit the districts of Khao Khitchakut, Pong Nam Ron, and Makham. After the Paknam crisis in 1893, French colonial troops occupied Chanthaburi, returning it in 1905 when Thailand gave up ownership of the western part of Cambodia. A significant minority of Chanthaburi citizens are ethnic Vietnamese , who came there in three waves: first in

2013-658: The author primarily described the Angkor region — would have initially practiced a nomadic lifestyle based on gathering and hunting. This is not dissimilar to the oral tradition of the Pear in the Cardamom Mountains, some of whom are said to have originated from Angkor. It was the establishment of a new state by foreigners to the region, the Khmers from the north, that would have changed their way of life. The status of Pol Kravanh or "cardamom slaves" probably dates back to

2074-415: The chueh tree ( Antiaris toxicaria Lesch.) or various traps, they hunted animals such as deer, elephants, and birds; they also caught small game by hand. Sun-dried or smoked meat, along with fish caught in mountain rivers, provided their protein intake. Condiments and spices came from sour fruits, wild pepper and cardamom seeds . They chewed wild betel leaves and the nuts of the wild areca palm. At that time,

2135-405: The condition of cardamom slaves brought about significant changes in the lives of the Pear of the mountain. They had to, they say, spend two to three months a year gathering cardamom flowers and fruits, and during this period, their food quest became more difficult. But in return, the state provided them with rice; a responsible person was then tasked with collecting the tribute and transmitting it to

2196-472: The culture, including some musical instruments, remain as monuments to the culture of the Cambodia. After the death of Suryavarman II (1113–1150), Cambodia lapsed into chaos until Jayavarman VII (1181–1218) ordered the construction of a new city. He was a Buddhist, and for a time, Buddhism became the dominant religion in Cambodia. As a state religion, however, it was adapted to suit the Deva Raja cult, with

2257-471: The development, through cultivation, of cardamom plants; contact with the Cambodians . It is likely, as it generally the case, that women, grouped in temporary "villages" with children and the elderly, began to cultivate the land. Tubers, which the Pear consumed heavily, must have first appeared around the houses along with some spices and aromatic plants, some of which were introduced later. As for rice, it

2318-570: The end of the first millennium. Zhou Daguan adds: "In the nearest regions, there are also those who devote themselves to the cultivation of cardamom and cotton trees and who weave fabrics" . The author is likely referring to the Sâmré of Mount Kulen who had to pay a cotton tax. At most, the chronicles of the Cambodian kings mention the participation of inhabitants of the Pursat province in military expeditions against Khmers or Siamese. The establishment of

2379-480: The endangered group of Pearic languages . Gérard Diffloth (1992) states that the language and customs of the Pear are radically different from other social groups in Cambodia. Khmer people The Khmer people ( Khmer : ជនជាតិខ្មែរ , UNGEGN : Chônchéatĕ Khmêr , ALA-LC : Janajāti Khmaer [cɔn.ciət kʰmae] ) are an Austroasiatic ethnic group native to Cambodia . They comprise over 95% of Cambodia's population of 17 million. They speak

2440-510: The exception of the mneang phteah and mrenh kongveal , they can cause trouble ranging from mischief to serious life-threatening illnesses. The majority of the Cambodians live in rural villages either as rice farmers or fishermen. Their life revolves around the Wat (temple) and the various Buddhist ceremonies throughout the year. However, if Cambodians become ill, they will frequently see

2501-447: The forest. It was not possible to determine whether the groups formed for cardamom picking remained intact throughout the year or whether they broke up into smaller units to return to nomadism. It is impossible to pinpoint the beginnings of agriculture among the Pear, however, linking this phenomenon to political transformations in their living conditions seems easier. Several factors come into play simultaneously: seasonal sedentarization;

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2562-580: The later Thai and Lao alphabets . The Khmers are considered by archaeologists and ethnologists to be indigenous to the contiguous regions of Isan , southern Laos , Cambodia and South Vietnam . That is to say the Cambodians have historically been a lowland people who lived close to one of the tributaries of the Mekong River . The reason they migrated into Southeast Asia is not well understood, but scholars believe that Austroasiatic speakers were pushed south by invading Tibeto-Burman speakers from

2623-585: The modern Vietnamese border has unearthed brickworks, canals, cemeteries and graves dating to the fifth century BCE. During the Funan period (1st–6th centuries CE) the Khmer also acquired Buddhism, the concept of the Shaiva imperial cult of the devaraja and the great temple as a symbolic world mountain . The rival Khmer Chenla Kingdom emerged in the fifth century and later conquered the Kingdom of Funan. Chenla

2684-665: The neighboring province, Trat, Chanthaburi is a center of gemstone mining, especially rubies and sapphires . Tropical fruits are also among the main products of the province. In 2000, it produced nearly 380,000 tonnes of durian, which was 45.57 percent of Thailand's durian production, approximately 27 percent of the entire world's production. There area four national parks, along with three other national parks, make up region 2 (Si Racha) of Thailand's protected areas. There are three wildlife sanctuaries, along with one other wildlife sanctuary, make up region 2 (Si Racha) of Thailand's protected areas. The provincial seal shows

2745-552: The nine mountains". According to them, the spread of cardamom was done through cultivation. Among the Samray, the cardamom encountered on the surrounding hills would have been planted; the places where it grows are called “Soun Kravanh” or "Cardamom Gardens", unlike the “Prey Kravanh” or "Cardamom Forests" of the Samre. Among the Chong of Chanthaburi province , the plant was also cultivated. The name Cardamom Mountains may also account for

2806-529: The north as evident by Austroasiatic vocabulary in Chinese, because of agricultural purposes as evident by their migration routes along major rivers, or a combination of these and other factors. The reason they migrated into Southeast Asia is not well understood, but scholars believe that Austroasiatic speakers were pushed south by invading Tibeto-Burman speakers from the north as evident by Austroasiatic vocabulary in Chinese, because of agricultural purposes as evident by their migration routes along major rivers, or

2867-523: The northwest and Trat to the southeast. Route 317 connects Chanthaburi to Sa Kaeo . There is no airport in Chanthaburi. The nearest airport is Trat Airport , 66 km from the center of Chanthaburi. Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all

2928-553: The number of the Khmers in Vietnam (known as the Khmer Krom ) vary from the 1.3 million given by government data to 7 million advocated by the Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation . The Khmer population native to Laos is less significant than in Thailand and Vietnam, those communities reside in the southwestern tip of Laos, at the borders of Thailand and Cambodia. Due to migration as a result of

2989-594: The oldest ethnic groups in the area, having filtered into Southeast Asia from southern China , possibly Yunnan , or from Northeast India around the same time as the Mon , who settled further west on the Indochinese Peninsula and to whom the Khmer are ancestrally related. Most archaeologists and linguists, and other specialists like Sinologists and crop experts, believe that they arrived no later than 2000 BCE (over four thousand years ago) bringing with them

3050-413: The practice of agriculture and in particular the cultivation of rice . This region is also one of the first places in the world to use bronze . They were the builders of the later Khmer Empire , which dominated Southeast Asia for six centuries beginning in 802, and now form the mainstream of political, cultural, and economic Cambodia. The Khmers developed the Khmer alphabet , which in turn gave birth to

3111-425: The province. Chanthaburi, Chanthanimit, Khlung, Tha Chang and Tha Mai have town ( thesaban mueang ) status. Further 42 subdistrict municipalities ( thesaban tambon ). The non-municipal areas are administered by 34 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ( ongkan borihan suan tambon ). Highway 3 ( Sukhumvit Road ) passes near Chanthaburi and connects to Rayong , Pattaya , Chonburi , and Bangkok to

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3172-431: The provincial mandarin. This led to the grouping of a larger number of individuals under the authority, at least seasonally, of a leader apparently chosen by themselves. It seems that women, children, and the elderly did not participate in the gathering; settled in a base camp, they would have waited for the men to return. This was the beginning of sedentarization. When the work was done, the groups resumed their march through

3233-695: The public. The Khmer classical dance was placed in 2003 on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Cambodian culture has influenced Thai and Lao cultures and vice versa. Many Khmer loanwords are found in Thai and Lao , while many Lao and Thai loanwords are found in Khmer. The Thai and Lao alphabets are also derived from the Khmer script . The Khmer people are genetically closely related to other Southeast Asian populations. They show strong genetic relation to other Austroasiatic people in Southeast Asia and East Asia and have

3294-510: The remaining 81% of their ancestry is related specifically to modern-day Dai and Han people . The genetic testing website 23andMe groups Khmer people under the "Indonesian, Khmer, Thai & Myanmar" reference population. This reference population contains people who have had recent ancestors from Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar and Thailand. Hideo Matsumoto, professor emeritus at Osaka Medical College tested Gm types, genetic markers of immunoglobulin G , of Khmer people for

3355-416: The seal in the middle, a white rabbit on a yellow moon disc, on a blue disc. The background of the flag is red, with the name of province in yellow written below the seal. The provincial tree is Diospyros decandra . The provincial flower is an orchid ( Dendrobium friedericksianum ). The brackish fish flagfin prawn goby ( Mahidolia mystacina ) is the provincial aquatic animal, what with Chanthaburi

3416-580: The southern part of the province is on the shore of the Gulf of Thailand and thus is mostly coastal alluvial plains, the interior of the province is mountainous. The Chanthaburi Mountains in the north has the highest elevation in the province, the 1,675 m high Khao Soi Dao Tai peak. The main river of the province is the Chanthaburi River . The total forest area is 2,076 km (802 sq mi) or 32.4 percent of provincial area. Together with

3477-779: The spread of cardamom by humans and for the importance attached to this wild plant. Pearic peoples include: Samré in Pursat Province; Samray in Battambang ; Chong and Chong-Samré in Trat Province of eastern Thailand ; and Chong la and Chong heap , in Chanthaburi Province , Thailand. In the Pear communities in Preah Vihear Province , the Pear population was estimated to be 299 households (1,674 persons) in 2002. According to

3538-542: Was an upland state whose economy was reliant on agriculture whereas Funan was a lowland state with an economy dependent on maritime trade. These two states, even after conquest by Chenla in the sixth century, were constantly at war with each other and smaller principalities. During the Chenla period (5th–8th centuries), Khmers left the world's earliest known zero in one of their temple inscriptions. Only when King Jayavarman II declared an independent and united Cambodia in 802

3599-478: Was developed over three centuries ago during the reign of King Narai along the banks of the River Mae Nam Chantaburi. It was an essential transportation and trade hub. Over the years, the Chantaboon Waterfront Community had lost its sheen. However, in the recent decade, the locals with the help of Thai officials have contributed to its revival as a major destination for cultural tourism. While

3660-500: Was one of precipitous decline. In 1434, King Ponhea Yat made Phnom Penh his capital, and Angkor was abandoned to the jungle. Due to continued Siamese and Vietnamese aggression, Cambodia appealed to France for protection in 1863 and became a French protectorate in 1864. During the 1880s, along with southern Vietnam and Laos, Cambodia was drawn into the French-controlled Indochinese Union. For nearly

3721-480: Was there relative peace between the two lands, upper and lowland Cambodia. Jayavarman II (802–830) revived Khmer power and built the foundation for the Khmer Empire, founding three capitals— Indrapura , Hariharalaya , and Mahendraparvata —the archeological remains of which reveal much about his times. After winning a long civil war, Suryavarman I (reigned 1002–1050) turned his forces eastward and subjugated

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