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72-624: Used by the Montagnais of the Saguenay River before the arrival of Europeans , it was at that time the first portage from the main access road to Lac Saint-Jean . In the 20th century, it was developed from its source to its mouth for hydropower purposes. In addition to being the source of drinking water for the Chicoutimi and Jonquière boroughs, this river has six dams (including 2 hydroelectric power plants in operation). During

144-765: A comprehensive land claims settlement, the Northeastern Quebec Agreement ; they did so in 1978. As a consequence, the Naskapi of Kawawachikamach are no longer subject to certain provisions of the Indian Act . All the Innu communities of Quebec are still subject to the Act. The New York Power Authority 's proposed contract in 2009 with the province of Quebec to buy power from its extensive hydroelectric dam facilities has generated controversy, because it

216-531: A disadvantage in numbers and weaponry, and eventually began to avoid the area rather than risk further defeat. During this conflict, the French colonists took many Innu women as wives. French women did not immigrate to New France in the early period. French explorer Samuel de Champlain eventually became involved in the Innu's conflict with the Iroquois, who were ranging north from their traditional territory around

288-414: A few moments later, (maximum capacity of 710 m (2,329.396 ft)/s) where a trench of 12 m (39 ft) is dug. The drinking water intake of the city of Chicoutimi is uprooted and the municipality will install a pump nearby to provide service. The Chute-Blanchette dam manages to resist the flood by opening its valves to the maximum (1,080 m (3,543.307 ft)/s) which let water pass through

360-910: A man killed a bear, it was a sign of joy and initiation into adulthood and the man would wear a necklace made from the bear's claws. The houses of the Montagnais were cone shaped. The Naskapi made long, domed houses covered in caribou hides. These days the hearth is a metal stove in the centre of the house. Animals traditionally eaten included moose , caribou, porcupine , rabbits, marten , woodchuck , squirrel; Canada goose , snow goose , brants , ducks, teal , loons , spruce grouse , woodcock , snipe , passenger pigeons , ptarmigan ; whitefish , lake trout , salmon, Arctic char , seal ( naskapi ) pike , walleye , suckerfish ( Catostomidae ), sturgeon , catfish , lamprey , and smelt . Fish were eaten roasted or smoke-dried. Moose meat and several types of fish were also smoked. Oat bannock , introduced by

432-533: A maximum capacity of 1,820 m (5,971.129 ft)/s) to prevent it from yielding. At this instant, the flow of the Chicoutimi river suddenly goes from 100 m (328.084 ft)/s to 1,200 m (3,937.008 ft)/s. The huge spill of water alters the river bed and several dwellings (notably in Rang Saint-Pierre) are completely surrounded by this immense flood which sweeps away several dwellings completely uprooting them from their foundations. Most of

504-596: A means of transport of wood and a sufficient source of energy so that Chicoutimi becomes the world capital of the pulp which will supply England during the First World War . The company experienced its fall following the War , in the 1920s, and the Pulperie de Chicoutimi closed in 1930. Today it is the regional museum of Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean . By its jerky drop, its large current and its immense source of water,

576-494: A native guide pointed out the three enemy chiefs to the French. According to legend, Champlain fired his arquebus and killed two of the Mohawk chiefs with one shot; one of his men shot and killed the third. The Mohawk reportedly fled the scene. Although the French also traded extensively with the Mohawk and other Iroquois, and converted some to Catholicism, they also continued to have armed conflicts with them. The southern bands of

648-827: A press conference in Albany, New York were translated, but whether from French or Innu-aimun is not clear. Innu have only been in Sheshatshiu since fur trading posts were established by the Hudson's Bay Company in North West River in the mid-1700s and only in Davis Inlet / Natuashish since 1771, when the Moravian Church set up the first mission at Nuneingoak on the Labrador coast. Danny Williams ,

720-584: Is also a sub-basin of the Saguenay River , which in turn flows into the St. Lawrence River and ends up in the Atlantic Ocean which drains most of the eastern Quebec rivers. The Chicoutimi River, during the 20th century, saw its level rise significantly following the construction of numerous dams which made it pass from the stage of river to that of a succession of basins between Kénogami Lake and

792-571: Is located at confluence between Chicoutimi River and the eastern end of Kénogami Reservoir . This natural corridor carved out by glaciation is a depression located between the elevation of Lac Jean-Deschênes that of the southern valley of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean or Laurentides Wildlife Reserve . As part of the main portage suite which links the Saguenay to Lac Saint-Jean, by Kenogami Lake and Chicoutimi River , Portage-des-Roches

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864-477: Is that construction of required electric transmission lines would hinder the Innu's hunting-gathering-fishing lifestyle : Chief Georges-Ernest Grégoire of the Innu community in Eastern Quebec urged the governor not to proceed with a plan to buy hydroelectric power from Canada, saying the dam complex that would be built would affect the traditional way of life for his people. Chief Grégoire's comments at

936-402: Is used for the Innu, members of the large Cree-language family. The plural form of "Innut / Innuat / Ilnuatsh" has been abandoned. The people are frequently classified by the geography of their primary locations: The word Naskapi was first recorded by French colonists in the 17th century. They applied it to distant Innu groups who were beyond the reach of Catholic missionary influence. It

1008-542: The Catholic , Moravian , and Anglican churches, all encouraged the Innu to settle in more permanent, majority-style communities, in the belief that their lives would improve with this adaptation. This coercive assimilation resulted in the Innue giving up some traditional activities (hunting, trapping , fishing). Because of these social disruptions and the systemic disadvantages faced by Indigenous peoples, community life in

1080-536: The French colonial period (French for " mountain people ", English pronunciation: / ˌ m ɔː n t ə n ˈ j ɛ / ), are the Indigenous Canadians who inhabit the territory in the northeastern portion of the present-day province of Labrador and some portions of Quebec . They refer to their traditional homeland as Nitassinan ("Our Land", ᓂᑕᔅᓯᓇᓐ) or Innu-assi ("Innu Land"). The ancestors of

1152-595: The Iroquois Confederacy (known as Haudenosaunee . During the Beaver Wars (1609–1701), the Iroquois repeatedly invaded the Innu territories from their homelands south of the Great Lakes . They took women and young males as captive slaves, and plundered their hunting grounds in search of more furs. Since these raids were made by the Iroquois with unprecedented brutality, the Innu themselves adopted

1224-694: The Rivière aux Sables . The daily contributions of spills from Kenogami Lake into these rivers according to the following proportions: 2/3 go to the Chicoutimi river and 1/3 to the Sables river. The watershed of the Chicoutimi River, with an area of 3,390 km (1,310 sq mi), holds, with those neighboring it, the Quebec record of precipitation on its territory (approximately 1.2 m (3 ft 11 in) of water per year). Located mainly in

1296-534: The Saguenay region were built at the confluence of the Chicoutimi and Saguenay rivers. Built in 1676 on the remains of a prehistoric Amerindian encampment, the Chicoutimi trading post, which included a commercial warehouse and a chapel, reached its peak at the end of the 17th century. It closed its doors in 1856.) In 1847, Peter McLoed (son) , founder of the town of Chicoutimi , built his second mill in

1368-524: The Saguenay . In terms of flow control, four entities are involved in the management of dams: Since the beginning of the 20th century, several works on the Kenogami Lake made it possible to regulate the flow of the Chicoutimi river and the Sables river which shared this same source. In order to ensure a constant supply to industries downstream from the rivers, water shares were supplied according to

1440-611: The Saguenay flood in 1996, its surge caused significant damage to Laterrière and Chicoutimi . The Chicoutimi River rises at Portage-des-Roches , in the Laterrière sector of the Chicoutimi borough at 150 m (490 ft) altitude and flows northeast towards Laterrière-Bassin where it is spanned by the Père-Honorat bridge. Leaving the rocky base and the steep relief of Portage-de-Roches, it then enters an alluvial and semi-alluvial plain up to dam de la Chute-Garneau where

1512-430: The buckskin shirts with ones made of cloth. Most still wore boots and pants made from caribou hide. Women wore long dresses of buckskin. Contemporary Innu women have often replaced these with manufactured pants and jackets. Women traditionally wore their hair long or in two coils. Men wore theirs long. Both genders wore necklaces made of bone and bead. Smoke pipes were used by both genders, marked for women as shorter. If

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1584-629: The Bassin district, near the Chicoutimi River. On the latter's death, William Price , his only partner, took possession of all the mills in the region on behalf of the William Price and Company and bequeathed all to his sons who founded the Price Brothers and Company which became Abitibi-Price (now Abitibi-Consolidated , then AbitibiBowater ). According to the surveyor LM Deschênes (1888): This river, from its point of departure to

1656-534: The Black river, is in dead waters bordered by steep and very high mountains, and completely deforested by fire, although some of them are taken in young birch and poplar trees. From the confluence of the Noire river with the Chicoutimi river we meet rapids fairly close to each other and the river flows in a narrow channel encased in very high rocks, creating suitable sites for building mills in different places. In this part,

1728-538: The Chicoutimi river became, with the arrival of industries, a place of choice for establishing electrical installations. Over time, several dams have regulated the flow of the river and today it is largely controlled artificially. In all, four hydroelectric plants are located on the Chicoutimi River. Those of Pont-Arnaud and Chute-Garneau , put into service in 1912 and 1925, are no longer active today. The Chicoutimi power station and Elkem Métal, commissioned in 1923 and 1957, are still in use. Between 19 and July 20, 1996,

1800-770: The French colonial era as Montagnais ), is spoken throughout Nitassinan, with certain dialect differences. It is part of the Cree –Montagnais– Naskapi dialect continuum , and is unrelated to the Inuit languages of other nearby peoples. The "Innu / Ilnu" consist of two regional tribal groups, with the Innus of Nutashkuan being the southernmost group and the Naskapi being the northernmost group. Both groups differ in dialect and partly also in their way of life and culture. These differences include: Both groups are still called "Montagnais" in

1872-435: The French in the 16th century, became a staple and Indigenous bannock is still eaten today. Meat was eaten frozen, raw or roasted, and caribou was sometimes boiled in a stew. Pemmican was made with moose or caribou. Plants traditionally eaten included raspberries, blueberries, strawberries, cherries, wild grapes , hazelnuts , crab apples, red martagon bulbs, Indian potato , and maple-tree sap for sweetening. Cornmeal

1944-609: The Great Lakes in present-day New York and Pennsylvania. On July 29, 1609, at Ticonderoga or Crown Point, New York , (historians are not sure which of these two places), Champlain and his party encountered a group of Iroquois, likely Mohawk , who were the easternmost tribe of the Five Nations of the Iroquois Confederacy. A battle began the next day. As two hundred Iroquois advanced on Champlain's position,

2016-706: The Haut-Saguenay industrial park. The river then crosses the Pont-Arnaud dam and begins its increasingly rapid descent towards the Saguenay as the relief becomes increasingly steep. After passing under the Ulric Blackburn bridge (boulevard Barette) it flows into Lac Dubuc; the reservoir of the Chute-Blanchette dam. This retaining structure dries up the original rock bed of the river to divert it towards an underground water intake which supplies

2088-484: The Innu accepted. Two distinct versions of the oral history describe the outcome. In the first, the French used gifts of farmed food and manufactured goods to encourage the Innu to become dependent on them. Then, the French changed it to a mercantile relationship: trading these items to the Innu in exchange for furs. When the nomadic Innu went inland for the winter, the French increased the size and population of their settlement considerably, eventually completely displacing

2160-405: The Innu. The second, and more widespread, version of the oral history describes a more immediate conflict. In this version, the Innu taught the French how to survive in their traditional lands. Once the French had learned enough to survive on their own, they began to resent the Innu. The French began to attack the Innu, who retaliated in an attempt to reclaim their ancestral territory. The Innu had

2232-581: The Montagnais-Naksapi were encountered by Europeans early in the seventeenth century while the northern ones, except for some on James Bay, were not well known until the nineteenth century. The following are bands of the Montagnais-Naksapi in the 17th century: By 1850, the Chisedec, Oumamiwek, and Papinachois had disappeared or been renamed, and many new bands in the north of Nitassinan were discovered: The Innu of Labrador and those living on

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2304-669: The Naskapi Montagnais Innu Association in 1976 to protect their rights, lands, and way of life against industrialization and other outside forces. The organization changed its name to the Innu Nation in 1990 and functions today as the governing body of the Labrador Innu. The group has won recognition for its members as status Indians under Canada's Indian Act in 2002 and is currently involved in land claim and self-governance negotiations with

2376-638: The Naskapi, split off from the tribe in the 1900s. They were subject to a government relocation program at Davis Inlet . Some of the families of the Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach have close relatives in the Cree village of Whapmagoostui , on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay . Since 1990, the Montagnais people have generally chosen to be officially referred to as the Innu , which means human being in Innu-aimun . The Naskapi have continued to use

2448-528: The S.P.C. ( Elkem Métal ). The river then re-emerges in the historic site of the Pulperie de Chicoutimi and continues to descend to the Chicoutimi dam basin. Finally, it flows into the Saguenay River . The Chicoutimi River flows mainly in the Saguenay graben , a vast elevated valley that overlooks the lowlands surrounding the Saguenay River. The soils of this large depression are composed of Quaternary marine sediments, such as silt and clay , deposited at

2520-407: The dams of Portage-des-Roches and Pont-Arnaud , would represent a part in upstream of the river almost 20 km (12 mi) in length. Located in the plain of Laterrière , south of Chicoutimi , this section would have a drop of barely 17.3 m (57 ft) and would form a meander and a reservoir retained by the dams of Pont-Arnaud and Chute-Garneau . Downstream from Pont-Arnaud ,

2592-486: The debris from these houses hit the bridge on Portage-Des-Roches road in Laterrière which could give way under the pressure of debris carried by the current. Further downstream on the river, on July 20 around noon, the huge body of water crosses the Chute-Garneau dam (max capacity of 540 m (1,771.654 ft)/s) and bypasses it by digging a trench 18 m (59 ft) deep. It is the same for Pont-Arnaud ,

2664-457: The demand, which differed between the cities of Chicoutimi and Jonquière . This approach triggered conflicts because the capacity to supply water to Kenogami Lake varied according to the seasons and the levels of the various structures did not allow an equitable sharing of flows. This situation was brought to court in 1911 resulting in the Letellier judgment which shared the contributions of

2736-441: The dolls with tea and gave them to young girls to carry on long journeys. The girls could play with the dolls while also carrying important goods. Every able-bodied person carried something. Men generally carried the heavier bags and women would carry young children. Men wore caribou pants and boots with a buckskin long shirt, all made by women. With the introduction of trade cloth from the French and English, people began replacing

2808-597: The end of the Pleistocene and during the beginning of the Holocene by the Laflamme Sea. During the last three kilometers when approaching the Saguenay river, opposite the landscape of the alluvial plain of Laterière, the river is encased in a series of gullies in which it sinks to 70 m (230 ft). The composition of the soils and the strong acceleration of the runoff caused by unevenness in this sector are

2880-624: The federal and provincial governments. In addition to the Innu Nation, residents at both Natuashish and Sheshatshiu elect Band Councils to represent community concerns. The chiefs of both councils sit on the Innu Nation's board of directors and the three groups work in cooperation with one another. The Innu Nation's efforts to raise awareness about the environmental impacts of a mining project in Voisey's Bay were documented in Marjorie Beaucage 's 1997 film Ntapueu ... i am telling

2952-445: The first company managed by French Canadians working in the pulp and paper , and built a mill on the Chicoutimi River . The immense forest wealth upstream of the river greatly facilitates the growth of the company which becomes, in a short time, an internationally renowned pulp exporter. Under the management of Julien-Édouard-Alfred Dubuc , the Pulperie de Chicoutimi is expanding and, in all, three mills are built. The river becomes

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3024-401: The granite of fjord , a small valley up to Saguenay River . The river is influenced by the tide only downstream of the Chicoutimi dam where it forms a basin. First, it is important to specify that the Chicoutimi river watershed includes that of Kenogami Lake since the Letellier judgment in 1911. This judgment designated the Chicoutimi River as the main outlet for the lake to the detriment of

3096-416: The hides and many of the products made from it. They scraped the hides to remove all fur, then left them outside to freeze. The next step was to stretch the hide on a frame. They rubbed it with a mixture of animal brain and pine needle tea to soften it. The dampened hide was formed into a ball and left overnight. In the morning, it would be stretched again, then placed over a smoker to smoke and tan it. The hide

3168-521: The inner bark of Abies balsamea (balsam fir) and eat it to benefit the diet. Traditional Innu craft is demonstrated in the Innu tea doll . These children's toys originally served a dual purpose for nomadic Innu tribes. When travelling vast distances over challenging terrain, the people left nothing behind. They believed that "Crow" would take it away. Everyone, including young children, helped to transport essential goods. Innu women made intricate dolls from caribou hides and scraps of cloth. They filled

3240-407: The landscapes on both banks alternate between residences and agricultural land for a little over ten kilometers. The Chute-Garneau dam is a watercourse retaining structure located on a rock base. Half a kilometer further on, route 170 crosses the river which then enters a more urbanized sector of the Chicoutimi borough. After having bypassed Pointe du Chien, it passes under Autoroute 70 and enters

3312-576: The main causes causing the river to cut, through marine clay, an incision from 10 to 20 m (66 ft) until the parent rock giving it the appearance of a torrent . The watershed of the Chicoutimi River occupies an area of 3,390 km (1,310 sq mi), distributed mainly in the Laurentian Wildlife Reserve and shared between two administrative regions: Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean and Capitale-Nationale . The basin territory includes sections of 6 unorganized territories,

3384-439: The modern First Nations were known to have lived on these lands as hunter-gatherers for many thousands of years. To support their seasonal hunting migrations, they created portable tents made of animal skins. Their subsistence activities were historically centred on hunting and trapping caribou , moose , deer , and small game. Their language, which changed over time from Old Montagnais to Innu-aimun (popularly known since

3456-404: The motives of the French explorers. The French asked permission to settle on the Innu's coastal land, which the Innu called Uepishtikueiau . This eventually developed as Quebec City . According to oral tradition, the Innu at first declined their request. The French demonstrated their ability to farm wheat on the land and promised they would share their bounty with the Innu in the future, which

3528-523: The mountainous region (40% of its surface is more than 650 m (2,130 ft) above sea level. Du Laurentides Wildlife Reserve , the basin follows, in several places, steep slopes. The latter would also include three sub-basins (rivers Pikauba , Cyriac and aux-Écorces ), two reservoirs ( Kenogami and Pikauba ) and part of the territory of each of the 5 former cities of Chicoutimi , Laterrière , Lac-Kénogami , Arvida and Jonquière which are now part of city of Saguenay . The Chicoutimi river basin

3600-472: The municipality in four MRCs. Flowing from south to north, the Chicoutimi River rises east of Kenogami Lake via the Portage-des-Roches dam in the old town from Laterrière (today Chicoutimi borough to Saguenay (city) ). This river is artificially controlled over 26.2 km (16.3 mi) in distance and 150 m (490 ft) in elevation for a century. The first section, delimited by

3672-522: The north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the Canadian Shield region have never officially ceded their territory to Canada by way of treaty or other agreement. But, as European-Canadians began widespread forest and mining operations at the turn of the 20th century, the Innu became increasingly settled in coastal communities and in the interior of Quebec. The Canadian and provincial governments,

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3744-484: The official language of Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada . The Naskapi ("people beyond the horizon", ᓇᔅᑲᐱ), who live further north, also identify as Innu or Iyiyiw . Today, about 28,960 people of Innu origin live in various Indian settlements and reserves in Quebec and Labrador. To avoid confusion with the Inuit , who belong to the Eskimoan peoples, today only the singular form "Innu / Ilnu"

3816-459: The old mill, which has been completely destroyed. At this time, the water is only less than a kilometer from the Saguenay River . Arriving in the city center, in the Bassin district, the flood violently bypasses the last dam (Chicoutimi dam, 720 m (2,362.205 ft)/s) and rages on the Bassin district. Completely flooded in a part of the district and uprooted around the dam, the residences suffered heavy losses in this sector. However, despite

3888-514: The permanent settlements often became associated with high levels of substance abuse , domestic violence , and suicide among the Innu. In 1999, Survival International published a study of the Innu communities of Labrador. It assessed the adverse effects of the Canadian government's relocating the people far from their ancestral lands and preventing them from practising their ancient way of life. The Innu people of Labrador formally organized

3960-583: The rate often observed in isolated northern villages. By 2000, the Innu island community of Davis Inlet asked the Canadian government to assist with a local addiction public health crisis. At their request, the community was relocated to a nearby mainland site, now known as Natuashish . At the same time, the Canadian government created the Natuashish and Sheshatshiu band councils under the Indian Act . Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach, Quebec, signed

4032-458: The second section has a drop of 132.7 m (435 ft) for about 5 km (3.1 mi) of distance. The Chute-Blanchette (Elkem Métal) and Chicoutimi (Abitibi-Consolidated) dams were built respectively on falls of 84.1 m (276 ft) and 21.3 m (70 ft) and largely explain this steep descent to the Saguenay . The erosion of the river, barely visible upstream, becomes very apparent downstream because it has been dug, over time, in

4104-528: The significant material losses during the overflow of the Chicoutimi River, there were no human losses in this sector. However, approximately 6000 residents were evacuated during the 1996 flood (4000 at Chicoutimi and 2000 at Laterrière ). The Chicoutimi River was the second most affected watercourse after the rivière à Mars of La Baie during the deluge . Download coordinates as: Innu The Innu / Ilnu ("man", "person") or Innut / Innuat / Ilnuatsh ("people"), formerly called Montagnais from

4176-434: The soil is generally poor and rocky. The magnificent waterfall that ends this river in the city of Chicoutimi, and whose hydraulic power is estimated at more than 30,000 horsepower, has enabled a French Canadian union to install one of the most large pulp factories in the country. On 24 November 1896, Joseph-Dominique Guay , mayor of Chicoutimi at the time, founded, with a few friends, “ La Compagnie de Pulpe de Chicoutimi ”,

4248-399: The spillway near Pulperie de Chicoutimi . The body of water borrows the spillway and the central Elkem metal and is found, at its exit, around the regional museum. The flood exceeds the water capacity of the spillway and makes its way through two of the old mills of the Pulperie . The installations of the summer theater are completely submerged by the current that comes out of the windows of

4320-482: The then Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador struck a deal on September 26, 2008, with Labrador's Innu to permit construction of Muskrat Falls Generating Station , a hydroelectric megaproject to proceed on the proposed Lower Churchill site. They also negotiated compensation for another project on the Upper Churchill, where large tracts of traditional Innu hunting lands were flooded. The Innu people grate

4392-405: The torment, torture, and cruelty of their enemies. The Naskapi, on the other hand, usually had to confront the southward advancing Inuit in the east of the peninsula. Innu oral tradition describes the original encounters of the Innu and the French explorers led by Samuel de Champlain as fraught with distrust. Neither group understood the language of the other, and the Innu were concerned about

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4464-549: The translation of the Montagnais Ashini Kushnapagan ) or Taschereau Dam (in honor of Louis-Alexandre Taschereau ) is a dam located in the Laterrière sector of borough Chicoutimi , at Saguenay, Quebec , Canada. The largest water retaining structure in Kenogami Lake , this dam constitutes the source of the Chicoutimi River , whose flow is totally dependent on it. Portage-des-Roches

4536-494: The truth. In the 1999 study of Innu communities in Labrador, Survival International concluded that government policies violated contemporary international law in human rights, and drew parallels with the treatment of Tibetans by the People's Republic of China. According to the study, from 1990 to 1997, the Innu community of Davis Inlet had a suicide rate more than twelve times the Canadian average , and well over three times

4608-472: The two main outlets from Kenogami Lake at 2/3 at the Chicoutimi river and 1/3 at the rivière-aux-Sables . Despite the changes in management, this rule is still in force today. The following year, in 1912, the construction of the Pont-Arnaud power station was completed. The major enhancement of the waters of Kenogami Lake and the construction of retaining structures was envisaged in 1918. This mandate

4680-449: The watershed of Kenogami Lake receives 245 mm (9.6 in) of rain (equivalent about one and a half times the lake at full capacity). The quantity of water retained by the Portage-des-Roches dam (which usually retains 380,000,000 m (1.246719160105 × 10 ft) of water), in Laterrière , becomes dangerously high and forces Hydro-Québec to fully open the dam gates (more than 1,200 m (3,937.008 ft)/s are discharged for

4752-569: The word Naskapi . About 3,700 members Over 23,000 members The Innu were possibly the group identified in Greenlandic Norse by Norsemen as Skrælings . They referred to Nitassinan as Markland . The Innu were historically allied with neighbouring Atikamekw , Wolastoqiyik (Maliseet) and Algonquin peoples against their enemies, the Algonquian-speaking Mi'kmaq and Iroquoian-speaking Five Nations of

4824-522: Was borrowed by Father Jean Dequen in 1652. In 1732, it was the surveyor Joseph-Laurent Normandin, who translated the Montagnais term Ashini Kushnapagan into Portage-des-Roches . In 2010, the Government of Quebec issued a call for tenders to improve the evacuation capacity of the spillway , raise the crest of the dam and replace wooden valves with steel valves with an independent system that can be controlled remotely. The various works take account of

4896-760: Was dependent on construction of a new dam complex and transmission lines that would have interfered with the traditional ways of the Innu. According to the Sierra Club : [t]he "New York Power Authority is in preliminary discussions and considering the liability of a new contract with Hydro Quebec ," a Canadian supplier of hydroelectricity. The Innu community, the Sierra Club, and the National Lawyers Guild are fighting to prevent this proposed contract, which would have to be approved by New York's Governor, under his regulatory authority. The problem

4968-565: Was given to the Commission des eaux running du Québec which plans to build the Portage-des-Roches dam which will be built with the Pibrac East and Pibrac West dams between 1923 and 1924. The flow management of the Chicoutimi River is dependent on two factors: Length of the structure Length of the structure Length of the structure Length of the structure Length of the structure The first permanent European installations in

5040-710: Was left overnight. The finished hide was called buckskin. The oral traditions of the Innu are noted as similar to those of other Cree-speaking cultures. Of particular relevance is Tshakapesh , a lunar folk hero. The spirits they believed in are Caribou Master , Atshen , and Matshishkapeu . In traditional Innu communities, people walked or used snowshoes . While people still walk and use snowshoes where necessary for hunting or trapping, many Innu communities rely heavily on trucks, SUVs, and cars; in northern Innu communities, people use snowmobiles for hunting and general transportation. Barrage de Portage-des-Roches The Portage-des-Roches dam ( Portage-des-Roches being

5112-531: Was particularly applied to those people living in the lands that bordered Ungava Bay and the northern Labrador coast, near the Inuit communities of northern Quebec and northern Labrador. Gradually it came to refer to the people known today as the Naskapi First Nation. The Naskapi are traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the more sedentary Montagnais , who establish settled territories. The Mushuau Innuat (plural), while related to

5184-441: Was traded with other First Nations peoples , such as the Iroquois, Algonquin, and Abenaki , and made into apon ( cornbread ), which sometimes also included oat or wheat flour when it became available. Pine needle tea was meant to keep away infections and colds resulting from the harsh weather. Traditionally, buckskin leather was a most important material used for clothing, boots, moccasins, house covers and storage. Women prepared

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