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89-602: The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve has an area of 931,537.14 hectares (2,301,878.4 acres). It is in the Amazon biome . The reserve covers parts of the municipalities of Assis Brasil , Brasiléia , Capixaba , Epitaciolândia , Rio Branco , Sena Madureira and Xapuri in the state of Acre. The Chico Mendes Extratice Reserve is the largest reserve within the Amazon. The reserve lies in the Acre River Depression and

178-575: A sink of greenhouse gases . The REDD+ mechanism addresses both issues of emission reduction and enhanced removal of greenhouse gases. Emissions of greenhouse gases from forest land can be reduced by slowing down the rates of deforestation and forest degradation, covered by REDD+ eligible activities . Another option would be some form of reduced impact logging in commercial logging, under the REDD+ eligible activity of sustainable management of forests. Removals of greenhouse gases (specifically CO 2 ) from

267-409: A certain format and open for review by the convention. There are certain aspects that go beyond this basic philosophy – such as the 'safeguards', explained in more detail below – but in essence, REDD+ is no more than a set of guidelines on how to report on forest resources and forest management strategies and their results in terms of reducing emissions and enhancing removals of greenhouse gases. However,

356-614: A clear distinction is no accident. FAO forest definitions date from 1948 and define forest only by the number, height, and canopy cover of trees in an area. Similarly, there is a lack of a consistent definition for forest degradation. A national REDD+ strategy need not refer solely to the establishment of national parks or protected areas; by the careful design of rules and guidelines, REDD+ could include land use practices such as shifting cultivation by Indigenous communities and reduced-impact-logging, provided sustainable rotation and harvesting cycles can be demonstrated. Some argue that this

445-688: A combination of remote sensing and ground-based observations. Remote sensing is particularly suited to the assessment of areas of forest and stratification of different forest types. Ground-based observations involve forest surveys to measure the carbon pools used by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change, as well as other parameters of interest such as those related to safeguards and eligible activity implementation. The reporting has to follow

534-487: A key component for any national REDD+ program. They serve as a baseline for measuring the success of REDD+ programs in reducing greenhouse gas emissions from forests. They are available for examination by the international community to assess the reported emission reductions or enhanced removals. It establishes the confidence of the international community in the national REDD+ program. The results measured against these baselines may be eligible for results-based payments. Setting

623-909: A large area of this habitat. Of the 1,149 federal and state protected areas in Brazil in 2014, 247 covering 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000 sq mi) were in the Amazon biome and accounted for 73% of the total area protected at the federal and state levels in Brazil. Federal units covered 587,000 square kilometres (227,000 sq mi) and state units covered 523,000 square kilometres (202,000 sq mi). These included fully protected national and state parks (22%), ecological stations (9%), biological reserves (4%) and wildlife refuges as well as sustainable use national and state forests (26%), environmental protection areas (17%), extractive reserves (12%), sustainable development reserves (10%),and areas of ecological interest . More than 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) of

712-601: A reduction in deforestation. This Technical Annex was reviewed through the International Consultation and Analysis process and on 22 September 2015 a technical report was issued by the UNFCCC which states that "the LULUCF experts consider that the data and information provided in the technical annex are transparent, consistent, complete and accurate" (paragraph 38). (a) Continuation in updating and improving

801-526: A reference level for plantation timber species and one for natural regeneration , possibly stratified by ecological region or forest type. Details on the reporting and technical assessment of reference levels are given in Decision 13/CP.19. In Decision 2/CP.15 of the UNFCCC countries are requested to develop national forest monitoring systems (NFMS) that support the functions of measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) of actions and achievements of

890-409: A set of requirements has been elaborated to ensure that REDD+ programs contain key elements that reports from Parties are consistent and comparable and that their content is open to review and function of the objectives of the convention. Decision 1/CP.16 requests all developing countries aiming to undertake REDD+ to develop the following elements: It further requests developing countries to address

979-666: A similar scope, where the Amazon biome includes the Guiana Shield rain forests in the north and the Chiquitano dry forests of Bolivia. The biome covers parts of Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. In Brazil the biome covers more than 4,100,000 square kilometres (1,600,000 sq mi) and covers all or parts of the states of Acre , Amazonas , Roraima , Rondônia , Pará , Amapá , Maranhão , Tocantins and Mato Grosso . The Amazon biome covers 49.29% of Brazil. 16% of

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1068-407: A similar, more focused set of policies and measures. Forest sector laws and procedures are typically in place in most countries. In addition, countries have to develop specific national strategies and/or action plans for REDD+. Of specific interest to REDD+ are the drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. The UNFCCC decisions call on countries to make an assessment of these drivers and to base

1157-576: A voluntary basis, the summary of information may be posted on the UNFCCC REDD+ web platform. All pertinent issues that comprise REDD+ are exclusively those that are included in the decisions of the COP, as indicated in the above sections. There is, however, a large variety of concepts and approaches that are labelled (as being part of) REDD+ by their proponents, either being a substitute for UNFCCC decisions or complementary to those decisions. Below follows

1246-416: A – no doubt incomplete – list of such concepts and approaches. Deforestation and forest degradation account for 17–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions, the reduction of which is estimated to be one of the most cost-efficient climate change mitigation strategies. Regeneration of forest on degraded or deforested lands can remove CO₂ from the atmosphere through the build-up of biomass, making forest lands

1335-484: Is a framework to encourage developing countries to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases through a variety of forest management options, and to provide technical and financial support for these efforts. The acronym refers to "reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries, and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries". REDD+

1424-436: Is a safeguard against the conversion of natural forest, developing country Parties are free to include plantations of commercial tree species (including exotics like Eucalyptus spp., Pinus spp., Acacia spp.), agricultural tree crops (e.g. rubber , mango , cocoa , citrus ), or even non-tree species such as palms ( oil palm , coconut , dates ) and bamboo (a grass). Some opponents of REDD+ argue that this lack of

1513-709: Is a voluntary climate change mitigation framework developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). REDD originally referred to "reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries", which was the title of the original document on REDD. It was superseded by REDD+ in the Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus negotiations. Since 2000, various studies estimate that land use change , including deforestation and forest degradation, accounts for 12–29% of global greenhouse gas emissions . For this reason

1602-464: Is affecting them, helping strengthen the management of the reserve. Tappers in the reserve collect latex that is sold to the Natex condom factory in the municipality of Xapuri , earning about R$ 800 per month. Almost all the residents today also raise cattle, which can be sold as needed and provide more income for less effort. Land is sometimes sold to people who are unaware that it is a reservation. Under

1691-506: Is based on extraction, subsistence agriculture and small-scale animal raising. Its basic objectives are to protect the livelihoods and culture of these people and to ensure sustainable use of natural resources. The reserve is supported by the Amazon Region Protected Areas Program . The reserve would be included in the proposed Western Amazon Ecological Corridor . Approximately 10,000 people live within

1780-517: Is carried by winds from the Atlantic, and the other half from evapotranspiration within the biome. There are wide variations in total rainfall and distribution of rainfall throughout the year. The Amazon watershed covers about 5,846,100 square kilometres (2,257,200 sq mi). The Amazon River accounts for 15–16% of the total water discharged by rivers into the oceans of the world. Rivers may be blackwater , whitewater or clearwater. Thus

1869-518: Is considered and centre of endemism for birds and amphibians and a haven for butterflies and birds. The traditional population hunt the collared peccary , white-lipped peccary , pampas deer , robust capuchin monkey and tapir , their main sources of protein. The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve was created by decree 99.144 of 12 March 1990, and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation . The reserve

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1958-567: Is currently finalizing an approach to REDD+ results-based payments. REDD+ is also eligible for inclusion under CORSIA , the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)'s market-based greenhouse gas offset mechanism. Decision 1/CP.16, paragraph 73, suggests that national capacity for implementing REDD+ is built up in phases, "beginning with the development of national strategies or action plans, policies and measures, and capacity-building, followed by

2047-536: Is distinguished as being completely treeless. The term "campinarana" is used for the transition between campina and the rainforest. Campinarana is found in isolated areas of the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the north of Brazil. Patches of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Campinarana

2136-418: Is effectively a peer-review by a team composed of an expert from an Annex I Party and an expert from a non-Annex I Party which "will be conducted in a manner that is nonintrusive, non-punitive and respectful of national sovereignty". This "technical team of experts shall analyse the extent to which: However, unlike a true verification the technical assessment cannot "approve" or "reject" the reference level, or

2225-401: Is named after the assassinated rubber tapper and environmentalist Chico Mendes , and was meant to be maintained by families of traditional rubber tapper families who would harvest latex and nuts. It is classed as IUCN protected area category VI (protected area with sustainable use of natural resources). An extractive reserve is an area used by traditional extractive populations whose livelihood

2314-701: Is not surprising given that REDD+ and its requirements were completely new to all developing countries. Some countries are already implementing aspects of a national forest monitoring system and activities aimed at reducing emissions and enhancing removals that go beyond REDD+ readiness. For example, the Forest Carbon Partnership Facility has 19 countries in the pipeline of the Carbon Fund, which will provide payments to these countries based on verified REDD+ emissions reductions achieved under national or subnational programs. Following

2403-413: Is open forest on sandy soil where sunlight can reach the ground. More than half the species of orchid in the Amazon lowlands are found in this type of forest. The terms campina and campinarana both describe white sand savannas that are very poor in nutrients. They may be flooded periodically or seasonally, in which case the roots suffer from lack of aeration. The vegetation is stunted. For some, campina

2492-572: Is prospective. Reference levels have to eventually have national coverage, but they may be composed from a number of sub-national reference levels. As an example, forest degradation may have a reference emission level for commercial selective logging and one for extraction of minor timber and firewood for subsistence use by rural communities. Effectively, every identified driver of deforestation or forest degradation has to be represented in one or more reference emission level(s). Similarly for reference levels for enhancement of carbon stocks, there may be

2581-917: Is similar to the Rio Negro Campinarana. The Northeastern Brazil restingas are coastal dune habitats that extend along the coast of northeastern Brazil, interspersed with lagoons, mangroves and patches of caatinga savanna. The land behind the dunes may include dwarf palms, bromeliads, ferns, shrubs, grasses and scrub trees. The more exposed areas mainly hold medium-tall grasses and scrub trees, while sheltered areas hold patches of cactus and low dry thicket. Fauna include marmosets and jaguarundis , proboscis bats , lesser sac-winged bats , bulldog bats , and Davy's naked-backed bats , wood stork , roseate spoonbill , white-necked heron , great egret , cattle egret , black-crowned night heron , and Neotropic cormorant . The ecoregion has various endemic species. The Lençóis Maranhenses National Park protects

2670-479: Is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus. Campinarana includes savannah, scrub and forests. The savannah is mainly composed of grasses and lichens, found in the wet plains beside lakes and rivers. The scrub has bare sand, herbaceous plants, shrubs and trees less than 7 metres (23 ft) high. The nutrient-poor Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forest

2759-560: Is typically referred to as the "Readiness phase" (a term like Reddiness is also encountered). There is a very substantial number of REDD+ projects globally and this section lists only a selection. One of the more comprehensive online tools with up-to-date information on REDD+ projects is the Voluntary REDD+ Database . Most REDD+ activities or projects implemented since the call for demonstration activities in Decision 2/CP.13 December 2007 are focused on readiness, which

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2848-479: The Amazon basin and some adjacent areas to the north and east. The biome contains blackwater and whitewater flooded forest, lowland and montane terra firma forest , bamboo and palm forest, savanna, sandy heath and alpine tundra. Some areas of the biome are threatened by deforestation for timber and to make way for pasture or soybean plantations. The Amazon biome has an area of 6,700,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 sq mi). The biome roughly corresponds to

2937-513: The Rio Negro ("Black River") has clear, jet-black water caused by decomposition of organic matter in swamps along its margins, combined with low levels of silt. The Rio Branco ("White River") and the Amazon itself have yellowish waters loaded with silt. The Tahuayo River in the Tamshiyacu Tahuayo Regional Conservation Area of Peru is classed as a blackwater river, but often has similar chemistry to

3026-641: The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , as well as the International Mother Earth Day. The UNFCCC does not define what constitutes a forest; it only requires that Parties communicate to the UNFCCC on how they define a forest. The UNFCCC does suggest using a definition in terms of minimal area, minimal crown coverage and minimal height at maturity of perennial vegetation. While there

3115-587: The Xapuri River , and has heights up to 300 metres (980 ft). The BR-317 highway is to the east and south of the reserve, running from Rio Branco to Assis Brasil. The Acre River forms part of south east boundary of the reserve. The Iaco River forms the north west boundary and the border with Peru forms part of the south west boundary. Average annual rainfall is 2,054 millimetres (80.9 in). Temperatures range from 12 to 39 °C (54 to 102 °F) with an average of 28 °C (82 °F). The reserve

3204-548: The phosphorus necessary for life is blown by the wind from Africa; as diatomeous dust from the Bodélé Depression and as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa. There are wide regional variations in soil types. Thus 20% of the Rio Negro basin is covered by podzols and 55% by acrisols and ferralsols , with the remainder covered by alluvial and litholic soils and scattered areas of hydromorphic plinthosols . In

3293-454: The 1,300 bird species 20% are endemic and 8.4% are endangered. A relatively small area may contain a variety of ecoregions. Thus the Pico da Neblina National Park in the north of Amazonas, Brazil contains campinarana , dense rainforest and contact between campinarana and rainforest. The vegetation formations include terra firme forests and igapós . Submontane forests climb the first steps of

3382-421: The 53 ecosystems, of which 19 are forests with 77.5% of the area. The borders of the biome hold ecotones where it blends into other biomes such as the cerrado. Within and across the ecosystems of the biome there is huge biological diversity. One source says there are an estimated 60,000 plant species, of which 30,000 are endemic. Another says there are 30,000 to 50,000 plant species. The Brazilian Ministry of

3471-428: The 6,700,000 to 6,900,000 square kilometres (2,600,000 to 2,700,000 sq mi) Amazon biome. The somewhat vague numbers are because the rainforest merges into similar biomes across its boundaries. The rainforest is Tropical Broadleaf Forest , so-called because most of the trees have broad leaves. The basin also holds flooded riparian forest or várzea , seasonal forest and savanna . Seasonal forest covers much of

3560-601: The Amazon basin, but excludes areas of the Andes to the west and cerrado (savannah) to the south, and includes lands to the northeast extending to the Atlantic ocean with similar vegetation to the Amazon basin. J. J. Morrone (2006) defines the Amazonian subregion in this broader sense, divided into the biogeographical provinces of Guyana, Humid Guyana, Napo, Imeri, Roraima, Amapá, Várzea, Ucayali, Madeira, Tapajós-Xingu, Pará, Yungas and Pantanal. The World Wildlife Fund takes

3649-615: The Biennial Update Reports (BURs), instead of the National Communications of Parties. The technical assessment of these results is an independent, external process that is managed by the Secretariat to the UNFCCC; countries need to facilitate the requirements of this assessment. The technical assessment is included within the broader process of International Consultation and Analysis (ICA), which

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3738-576: The Brazilian Amazon biome was deforested in 2008–12, of which only 6% took place within protected areas. 71% of federal and state protected areas in Brazil suffered no deforestation in this period. Although the World Economic Forum ranks Brazil first in the world in terms of nature tourism potential, the country is 52nd in tourism competitiveness when factors such as infrastructure are considered. Low public use, in part due to

3827-636: The Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve [1] , spread throughout 46 tree tracts. [2] Many of the people living within the reserve participate in a community-based monitoring program that was implemented in 2013. This program was created by the Centre for Amazonian Workers (CTA), a local NGO in the reserve, and is coordinated by the Global Canopy Programme (GCP). This program was established with intent to help balance

3916-546: The Copenhagen Accord was reached, noting in section 6 the recognition of the crucial role of REDD and REDD+ and the need to provide positive incentives for such actions by enabling the mobilization of financial resources from developed countries. The Accord goes on to note in section 8 that the collective commitment by developed countries for new and additional resources, including forestry and investments through international institutions, will approach US$ 30 billion for

4005-470: The Environment as of January 2013 listed 2,500 species of trees and 30,000 species of plants. There are 1,400 species of fish, 163 amphibians, 387 reptiles and more than 500 mammals including 90 primates. 87% of the amphibians, 62% of reptiles, 20% of birds and 25% of mammals are endemic to the biome. 109 species of lizards and amphisbaena reptiles are known to be present, and 138 species of snakes. Of

4094-517: The GHG inventory; (d) Continuation of the improvements related to monitoring of forest degradation; (e) Expansion of the forest monitoring system to cover additional biomes. Since the first discussion on REDD+ in 2005, and particularly at COP 13 in 2007 and COP 15 in 2009, many concerns have been voiced on aspects of REDD+. Though it is widely understood that REDD+ will need to undergo full-scale implementation in all non-Annex I countries to meet

4183-745: The Guiana Plateau to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), followed by montane forests. Lichens and bromeliads are found up to 2,000 metres (6,600 ft). There is also alpine tundra in the tabular plateaus. The Amazon basin contains several large areas of moist forest, collectively called the Amazon rainforest. These are the Caquetá , Japurá–Solimões–Negro , Juruá–Purus , Madeira–Tapajós , Napo , Purus–Madeira , Solimões–Japurá , Southwest Amazon , Tapajós–Xingu , Tocantins–Araguaia–Maranhão , Uatuma–Trombetas , Ucayali , and Xingu–Tocantins–Araguaia moist forests. Each has distinctive vegetation. In

4272-622: The Gurupa Arch to the west of Marajó . Under the Paleoarch model, paleobasins between the arches form centers for biological diversification. Thus the Iquitos arch is considered the main reason for the different species of frogs and rodents and different forest types on either side of the ridge. The soil is generally very poor in nutrients, and areas that have been deforested are often unsuitable for agriculture or pasture. A large part of

4361-481: The IPCC guidance, in particular the "Good Practice Guidance for Land use, land-use change, and forestry ". This provides reporting templates to be included in National Communications of Parties to the UNFCCC. Also included in the guidance are standard measurements protocols and analysis procedures that greatly impact the measurement systems that countries need to establish. The actual reporting of REDD+ results goes through

4450-649: The Lower Amazon Plateau. Altitudes range from 200 to 300 metres (660 to 980 ft) above sea level. The portion in the Acre River Depression is in the interfluvial between the Acre River and the Branco River , on the right bank of the Iaco River . The highest points are less than 259 metres (850 ft) in altitude. The Lower Amazon Plateau portion in the centre of the reserve is crossed by

4539-557: The Tapajós, while the white-nosed saki ( Chiropotes albinasus ) is only found east of the river. The World Wildlife Fund divides the biome into ecoregions , often defined as the regions lying between major tributaries of the Amazon. Most of the interior of the Amazon basin is covered by rainforest. The dense tropical Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical rainforest in the world. It covers between 5,500,000 and 6,200,000 square kilometres (2,100,000 and 2,400,000 sq mi) of

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4628-505: The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus, the first country had submitted a Biennial Update Report with a Technical Annex containing the details on emission reductions from REDD+ eligible activities. Brazil submitted its first Biennial Update Report on 31 December 2014. The Technical Annex covers the Amazon biome within Brazil's territory, a little under half of the national territory, reporting emission reductions against Brazil's previously submitted reference emission level of 2,971.02 MtCO 2 e from

4717-444: The [REDD+] actions … are not used for the conversion of natural forests, but are instead used to incentivize the protection and conservation of natural forests and their ecosystem services, and to enhance other social and environmental benefits. Footnote to this safeguard: Taking into account the need for sustainable livelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities and their interdependence on forests in most countries, reflected in

4806-411: The amounts are emissions, the reference level becomes a reference emission level (REL); however, these RELs are seen by some as incomplete as they do not take into account removals. Reference levels are based on a scope ‒ what is included? ‒ a scale ‒ the geographical area from which it is derived or to which it is applied ‒ and a period over which the reference level is calculated. The scope, the scale and

4895-468: The atmosphere can be achieved through various forest management options, such as replanting degraded or deforested areas or enrichment planting , but also by letting forest land regenerate naturally. Care must be taken to differentiate between what is a purely ecological process of regrowth and what is induced or enhanced through some management intervention. In 2009, at COP 15 in Copenhagen,

4984-430: The biome as a whole podzols cover just 136,000 square kilometres (53,000 sq mi), or 2.7% of the area. In Brazil the average temperature of the biome is 22 to 26 °C (72 to 79 °F) and average rainfall is 2,300 millimetres (91 in), but there are wide variations from one region to another. The biome as a whole has annual rainfall from 1,500 to 3,000 millimetres (59 to 118 in), about half of which

5073-456: The biome is in Peru. As of 2015 about 23.4% of Peru's Amazon biome was protected, but of this less than half was fully protected. Much of the terrain of the Amazon biome, particularly around the rivers, is lowland plains. The Guiana Shield is an area of highlands along the border between Brazil and Venezuela and Guyana. The southern Amazonian highlands cross parts of Rondonia and Mato Grosso and

5162-800: The broad definition favored by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) the Amazon biome would also include the Tepuis , table-top mountains with unique vegetation, the Negro-Branco , Guianan Highlands , Guianan piedmont and lowland and Guianan moist forests and the Guianan savanna . In the southwest Amazon at least 161,500 square kilometres (62,400 sq mi) of forest are dominated by bamboos . These occur in areas where there has been recent tectonic uplift combined with fast mechanical erosion and poor drainage. In each patch of bamboos all

5251-450: The carbon density map, including through the use of improved ground data from Brazil's first national forest inventory, possibly prioritizing geographic areas where deforestation is more likely to occur; (b) Expansion of the coverage of carbon pools, including improving the understanding of soil carbon dynamics after the conversion of forests to non-forests; (c) Consideration of the treatment of non-CO 2 gases to maintain consistency with

5340-471: The data. The lack of social cohesion in the community and disputes over resources handicapped collection of data. The time taken to travel to meetings over large distances also discouraged consistent participation by monitors. However, the program has provided useful information on how the local population is involved in Acre's Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) program, and how it

5429-524: The drivers of deforestation and forest degradation , land tenure issues, forest governance issues, gender considerations and social and environmental safeguards, ensuring the full and effective participation of stakeholders, inter alia Indigenous peoples and local communities. The decisions on REDD+ enumerate five "eligible activities" that developing countries may implement to reduce emissions and enhance removals of greenhouse gases: The first two activities reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and they are

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5518-564: The drivers: specific conditions within the country that impact the forest resources. Hints for typical national circumstances can be found in preambles to various COP decisions, such as " Reaffirming that economic and social development and poverty eradication are global priorities" in the Bali Action Plan, enabling developing countries to prioritize policies like poverty eradication through agricultural expansion or hydropower development over forest protection. Reference levels are

5607-457: The form, for instance, of explaining the legal and regulatory environment with regards to the recognition, inclusion and engagement of Indigenous Peoples, and information on how these requirements have been implemented. Decision 12/CP.19 established that the "summary of information" on the safeguards will be provided in the National Communications to the UNFCCC, which for developing country Parties will be once every four years. Additionally, and on

5696-490: The implementation of REDD+ activities. NFMS is the key component in the management of information for national REDD+ programs. A fully functional monitoring system can go beyond the requirements posted by the UNFCCC to include issues such as a registry of projects and participants, and evaluation of program achievements and policy effectiveness. It may be purpose-built, but it may also be integrated into existing forest monitoring tools. Measurements are suggested to be made using

5785-413: The implementation of national policies and measures and national strategies or action plans that could involve further capacity-building, technology development and transfer and results-based demonstration activities, and evolving into results-based actions that should be fully measured, reported and verified". The initial phase of the development of national strategies and action plans and capacity building

5874-624: The inaccessibility of the Amazon national and federal parks, mean that they fail to support the local economies and therefore lack support from society, especially the local communities. The national and state forests have low levels of formal sustainable logging contracts, the Tapajós National Forest in Pará being an exception. Brazil has strong systems for monitoring land cover and deforestation, but as of 2014 64% of managers of protected areas said they had not monitored biodiversity in

5963-443: The inclusion of reducing emissions from land use change is considered essential to achieve the objectives of the UNFCCC. As with other approaches under the UNFCCC, there are few prescriptions that specifically mandate how to implement the mechanism at the national level; the principles of national sovereignty and subsidiarity imply that the UNFCCC can only provide guidelines for implementation, and require that reports are submitted in

6052-474: The local people and many scientists called the permanently waterlogged swamp on the lower Amazon " igapó " and all types of periodically flooded land " várzea ". A more recent definition, from Prance, is: Major flooded areas include the Iquitos , Purus , Monte Alegre , Gurupa and Marajó várzeas. The Majaró várzea is at the mouth of the Amazon and is affected by both freshwater and tidal flows. Campina

6141-435: The monitoring needs of federal and state institutions with the needs of the reserve residents. 40 community monitors living within the reserve were to be selected and trained to gather data and interview others living within the reserve. GCP would then feed back overall monitoring results to the monitors, who would in turn, share the information with their fellow residents. There have been several hurdles in regards to gathering

6230-493: The objectives of the Paris Agreement, many challenges need resolving before this can happen. One of the largest issues is how reduction of emissions and the removal of greenhouse gases will be monitored consistently on a large scale, across a number of countries, each with separate environmental agencies and laws. Other issues relate to the conflict between the REDD+ approach and existing national development strategies,

6319-435: The participation of forest communities and Indigenous peoples in the design and maintenance of REDD+, funding for the countries implementing REDD+, and the consistent monitoring of forest resources to detect permanence of the forest resources that have been reported by countries under the REDD+ mechanism. Safeguard (e): That actions are consistent with the conservation of natural forests and biological diversity, ensuring that

6408-598: The period 2010–2012. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established at COP 17 to function as the financial mechanism for the UNFCCC, thereby including REDD+ finance. The Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus makes various references to the GCF, instructing developing country Parties to apply to the GCF for result-based finance . The GCF currently finances REDD+ programs in phase 1 (design of national strategies or action plans, capacity building) and phase 2 (implementation of national strategies or action plans, demonstration programs). It

6497-406: The period can be modified in reference to national circumstances: specific conditions in the country that would call for an adjustment of the basis from which the reference levels are constructed. A reference level can be based on observations or measurements of amounts in the past, in which case it is retrospective, or it can be an expectation or projection of amounts into the future, in which case it

6586-462: The plants flower every 27–28 years, producing huge numbers of seeds, before dying. The Chandless State Park is in the centre of the bamboo forest region of the south western Amazon biome, and has three endemic species of the Guadua genus of bamboo. Vegetation is classified as forest with palms, forest with bamboo, alluvial forest with bamboo and dense forest. Before Ghillean Prance 's 1979 study,

6675-418: The policies and measures on this assessment, such that the policies and measures can be directed to where the impact is greatest. Some of the drivers will be generic – in the sense that they are prevalent in many countries, such as increasing population pressure – while others will be very specific to countries or regions within countries. Countries are encouraged to identify "national circumstances" that impact

6764-448: The potential for negative consequences resulting from the implementation of REDD+ the UNFCCC established a list of safeguards that countries need to "address and respect" and "promote and support" in order to guarantee the correct and lasting generation of results from the REDD+ mechanism. These safeguards are: Countries have to regularly provide a summary of information on how these safeguards are addressed and respected. This could come in

6853-472: The previous five years, and more than half said they did not have tools to monitor social and environmental development. The " Arc of Deforestation " is in the eastern and southern borders of the biome. As of 2006 about 16% of the Amazon biome in Brazil had been deforested. Satellite images show that in the 2006–11 period total deforestation in the Amazon biome was 45,100 square kilometres (17,400 sq mi), of which 34,700 hectares (86,000 acres) were in

6942-593: The properties produced 78.09% of the crop in the cerrado biome, while 37.45% produced 21.91% of the crop in the Amazon biome. In 2000 the Brazilian government banned creation of sugarcane plantations in the Amazon biome. In 2010 a presidential decree made low-interest credit available to oil palm development, but only on land that had been deforested before 2008. This may prove an environmentally sustainable economic solution. Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation REDD+ (or REDD-plus )

7031-400: The reference levels too lax will erode the confidence in the national REDD+ program, while setting them too strict will erode the potential to earn the benefits with which to operate the national REDD+ program. Careful consideration of all relevant information is therefore of crucial importance. The requirements and characteristics of reference levels are under the purview of the UNFCCC. Given

7120-404: The reported results measured against this reference level. It does provide clarity on potential areas for improvement. Financing entities that seek to provide results-based payments (payments per tonne of mitigation achieved) typically seek a true verification of results by external experts, to provide assurance that the results for which they are paying are credible. In response to concerns over

7209-433: The set of legal, regulatory and administrative instruments that parties develop and implement to achieve the objective of the convention. These policies can be specific to climate change mitigation or adaptation , or of a more generic nature but with an impact on greenhouse gas emissions. Many of the signatory parties to the UNFCCC have by now established climate change strategies and response measures. The REDD+ approach has

7298-524: The southeast border, with marked dry seasons when there are frequent fires. The Amazon biome contains areas of other types of vegetation including grasslands, swamps, bamboos, and palm forests. There are 53 major ecosystems and more than 600 types of land and freshwater habitat . Of the ecosystems, 34 are forest areas covering 78% of the biome, 6 are Andean covering 1.5%, 5 are floodplains covering 5.83%, 5 are savanna covering 12.75% and two are tropical steppes covering 1.89%. The Brazilian Amazon holds 30 of

7387-698: The southern parts of Amazonas and Para. The Amazon basin is crossed by ridges or "paleoarches" that connect the Guiana and Central Brazil shields and divide it into geological sub-basins. They are the Iquitos or Jutai Arch in Peru and Acre , the Carauari Arch across the Rio Negro and Solimões , the Purus Arch to the west of Manaus , the Monte Alegre Arch to the west of the Tapajós and

7476-617: The soybean farms in the Amazonia Legal mostly occupy cerrado areas, not the Amazon biome. A statement by Cargill in 2006 said, "Soy occupies less than 0.6 percent of the land in the Amazon biome today, and most of that soy is grown on the fringes of the Amazon biome in the transitional area between the Cerrado and the forest. A 2010 assessment of soybean farmers associated with the Grupo André Maggi found that 62.55% of

7565-581: The three soy-producing states of Mato Grosso, Para and Rondonia. A 2009 survey showed that of 620 recently deforested areas 203, or 32%, had been converted to pasture while 12, or less than 1%, were being used for soybeans. The biome is not the same as the Amazônia Legal , which covers a larger area of Brazil. The Amazon biome covers about 82% of the Legal Amazon if cerrado and campinarana are excluded. Defenders of soybean farming point out that

7654-483: The two activities listed in the original submission on REDD in 2005 by the Coalition for Rainforest Nations. The three remaining activities constitute the "+" in REDD+. The last one enhances the removal of greenhouse gases, while the effect of the other two on emissions or removals is indeterminate but expected to be minimal. In the text of the convention repeated reference is made to national "policies and measures",

7743-484: The utilisation plan each resident can use up to 15 hectares (37 acres) for pasture, but may be fined if they exceed this amount. The 2009 census showed that some families had indeed gone over this limit. A community leader said in 2013 that the son of a tapper born today wants to raise cattle. Amazon biome The Amazon biome ( Portuguese : Bioma Amazônia ) contains the Amazon rainforest , an area of tropical rainforest , and other ecoregions that cover most of

7832-517: The whitewater rivers of the region since it is in the Amazon River floodplain, and receives water from the Amazon. The Amazon and its major tributaries such as the Xingu , Tapajós , Madeira , Purus and Rio Negro form barriers to the geodispersal of plants, animals and even insects. Thus the white-fronted capuchin ( Cebus albifrons ) and hairy saki ( Pithecia hirsuta ) are found west of

7921-550: The wide variety of ecological conditions and country-specific circumstances, these requirements are rather global and every country will have a range of options in its definition of reference levels within its territory. A reference level (RL) is expressed as an amount, derived by differencing a sequence of amounts over a period of time. For REDD+ purposes the amount is expressed in CO 2 -equivalents (CO 2 e) (see article on global warming potential ) of emissions or removals per year. If

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