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47-590: The following rail lines are known as the Chicago Line : Conrail's Chicago Line, Chicago to Albany, now the following Norfolk Southern and CSX lines: Chicago Line (Norfolk Southern) , Chicago to Cleveland Cleveland Terminal Subdivision (CSX), Cleveland Erie West Subdivision (CSX), Cleveland to Erie Lake Shore Subdivision (CSX), Erie to Buffalo Rochester Subdivision (CSX), Buffalo to Syracuse Mohawk Subdivision (CSX), Syracuse to Amsterdam part of

94-409: A 71 percent grade instead of a 100 percent. But in practice the usual way to calculate slope is to measure the distance along the slope and the vertical rise, and calculate the horizontal run from that, in order to calculate the grade (100% × rise/run) or standard slope (rise/run). When the angle of inclination is small, using the slope length rather than the horizontal displacement (i.e., using

141-638: A branch off that alternate to Monroe. Also included was the Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad , leased July 1, 1856, and providing a branch from Toledo, past Monroe, to Detroit , Michigan. The Franklin Canal Company was chartered on May 21, 1844, and built a railroad from Erie , Pennsylvania, southwest to the Ohio border. The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad was incorporated February 18, 1848, to build northeast from Cleveland, to join

188-664: A branch to Toledo, and a connection to planned railroads to the east. Due to lobbying by the Michigan Central Railroad , a competitor of the Michigan Southern, the latter's charter prevented it from going within two miles (3.2 km) of the Indiana state line east of Constantine , Michigan. However, the most practical route went closer than two miles, west of White Pigeon , Michigan. To allow for this, Judge Stanfield, of South Bend , Indiana, bought

235-415: A physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal . It is a special case of the slope , where zero indicates horizontality . A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". Often slope is calculated as a ratio of "rise" to "run", or as a fraction ("rise over run") in which run is the horizontal distance (not the distance along

282-687: A vehicle can ascend while maintaining a particular speed is sometimes termed that vehicle's "gradeability" (or, less often, "grade ability"). The lateral slopes of a highway geometry are sometimes called fills or cuts where these techniques have been used to create them. In the United States, the maximum grade for federally funded highways is specified in a design table based on terrain and design speeds, with up to 6% generally allowed in mountainous areas and hilly urban areas with exceptions for up to 7% grades on mountainous roads with speed limits below 60 mph (95 km/h). The steepest roads in

329-739: Is 23.1% by the 67-Bernal Heights on Alabama Street between Ripley and Esmeralda Streets. Likewise, the Pittsburgh Department of Engineering and Construction recorded a grade of 37% (20°) for Canton Avenue. The street has formed part of a bicycle race since 1983. Grade, pitch, and slope are important components in landscape design , garden design , landscape architecture , and architecture ; for engineering and aesthetic design factors. Drainage, slope stability, circulation of people and vehicles, complying with building codes, and design integration are all aspects of slope considerations in environmental design . Ruling gradients limit

376-596: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Chicago Line (Norfolk Southern) On April 22, 1833, the Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad was chartered in the Territory of Michigan , to run from the former Port Lawrence, Michigan, now Toledo , Ohio, near Lake Erie , northwest to Adrian , Michigan, on the River Raisin . The Toledo War soon gave about one-third of

423-654: Is expressed as a percentage, the angle can be determined as: If the angle is expressed as a ratio (1 in n) then: For degrees, percentage (%) and per-mille (‰) notations, larger numbers are steeper slopes. For ratios, larger numbers n of 1 in n are shallower, easier slopes. The examples show round numbers in one or more of the notations and some documented and reasonably well known instances. In vehicular engineering , various land -based designs ( automobiles , sport utility vehicles , trucks , trains , etc.) are rated for their ability to ascend terrain . Trains typically rate much lower than automobiles. The highest grade

470-530: The Buffalo and Erie Railroad . The Junction Railroad was chartered March 2, 1846, to build from Cleveland, west to Toledo. The Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland Railroad was chartered March 7, 1850, to build from Toledo, east to Grafton , Ohio, on the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad . The latter company opened on January 24, 1853, finally forming a continuous Buffalo-Chicago line. On September 1,

517-634: The Erie West Subdivision , from Erie, to east of Cleveland, and the Cleveland Terminal Subdivision , into downtown Cleveland. From the former Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad junction in Cleveland, west to Chicago, the line is now Norfolk Southern's Chicago Line . Amtrak 's New York City–Chicago Lake Shore Limited runs along the full route from Buffalo west. The Capitol Limited joins in Cleveland, at

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564-758: The Lake Shore Railway on March 31, 1868, and on February 11, 1869, the Lake Shore absorbed the Cleveland and Toledo. On April 6, the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad and Lake Shore merged to form the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway , which absorbed the Buffalo and Erie Railroad on June 22, giving one company the whole route from Buffalo to Chicago. The main route passed through Dunkirk; Erie; Ashtabula , Ohio; Cleveland; Toledo; Waterloo , Indiana; and South Bend. An alternate route,

611-701: The Selkirk Subdivision (CSX), Amsterdam to Hoffmans part of the Hudson Subdivision (CSX), Hoffmans to Albany Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chicago Line . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_Line&oldid=729935478 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

658-424: The perpendicular cross slope . There are several ways to express slope: Any of these may be used. Grade is usually expressed as a percentage, but this is easily converted to the angle α by taking the inverse tangent of the standard mathematical slope, which is rise / run or the grade / 100. If one looks at red numbers on the chart specifying grade, one can see the quirkiness of using the grade to specify slope;

705-547: The right-of-way from White Pigeon to the state line, and leased it to the railroad company for about 10 years, until the charter was modified to allow the company to own it. The Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad was chartered on November 30, 1850. Its initial tracks, from the Michigan Southern at the state line running west-southwest to Elkhart , Indiana, then west through Osceola , Indiana, and Mishawaka , Indiana, to South Bend, opened on October 4, 1851. The full line west to Chicago, opened on February 20, 1852, (running to

752-644: The "Amtrak Connection" from the former Pennsylvania Railroad, C&P line, just east of the present Cleveland Station (MP 181), on its way from Washington, D.C. , to Chicago. Passenger trains along the route originally terminated at LaSalle Street Station , but now run to Union Station , switching to the parallel former Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway , Pennsylvania Railroad, at a crossover in Whiting, Indiana , Indiana, ( 41°41′05″N 87°29′43″W  /  41.68480°N 87.49534°W  / 41.68480; -87.49534 ) to get there. A major branch of

799-526: The 1800s and early 1900s until employment reached about 1,500. A second shop site was established in 1874 in Collinwood on the northeast side of Cleveland, Ohio . In 1901, the railroad bought a new property in Collinwood for $ 2 million to build a much larger repair center that by the 1920s employed more than 2,000 people. In 1913, a freight car repair shop was established in Ashtabula, Ohio , to maintain

846-561: The Allegheny River crossing on the new extension. This line included perhaps the most impressive engineering structures on the LS&;MS, as well as the later NYC, with several large trestles, bridges, and tunnels, near Brookville, including a bridge-tunnel-bridge-tunnel-fill combination near Piney , Pennsylvania, and two magnificent trestles west of Brookville, near Corsica , Pennsylvania. The New York Central used trackage rights over

893-538: The Canal Company's railroad at the state line, and the full line from Erie to Cleveland, opened November 20, 1852. The Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula bought the Franklin Canal Company on June 20, 1854. The Buffalo and State Line Railroad was incorporated October 13, 1849, and opened January 1, 1852, from Dunkirk ,New York, west to Pennsylvania . The rest of the line from Dunkirk to Buffalo, opened on February 22. The Erie and North East Railroad

940-466: The Great Western main line, nicknamed Brunel's Billiard Table, because the early locomotives (and their brakes) were feeble. Steep gradients were concentrated in short sections of lines where it was convenient to employ assistant engines or cable haulage , such as the 1.2 kilometres (0.75 miles) section from Euston to Camden Town . Extremely steep gradients require the use of cables (such as

987-639: The Guinness Book. Drawing on the U.S. National Elevation Dataset, 7x7 (magazine) identified ten blocks of public streets in San Francisco open to vehicular traffic in the city with grades over 30 percent. The steepest at 41 percent is the block of Bradford Street above Tompkins Avenue in the Bernal Heights neighborhood. The San Francisco Municipal Railway operates bus service among the city's hills . The steepest grade for bus operations

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1034-498: The LS&MS extended from Northeastern Ohio, to the coal and oil fields of northwestern Pennsylvania, terminating near Brookville. Originally the line extended to the oil fields and refineries on the Allegheny River , at Franklin , and Oil City , Pennsylvania. The line was later extended from Polk Junction, west of Franklin, to Rose , Pennsylvania, just west of Brookville. Also added was a connector south from Franklin, to

1081-733: The New York Central main line from Buffalo, west to Chicago, along with the route across southern Ontario , the Canada Southern Railway and the Michigan Central Railroad. On December 22, 1914, the New York Central and Hudson River Railroad merged with the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway to form the New York Central Railroad. While the original main line was to the south of Sandusky Bay , between Toledo and Elyria,

1128-717: The Northern Indiana Railroad. On April 25, 1855, that company in turn merged with the Michigan Southern Rail Road to form the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad . In 1858, [1] the new alignment ( Northern Indiana Air Line ) from Elkhart, east to Air Line Junction, in Toledo, was completed. The company now owned a main line from Chicago to Toledo, with an alternate route through southern Michigan, east of Elkhart, and

1175-715: The Pennsylvania Railroad and the B&;O Railroad to connect from Rose to NYC lines at Clearfield , Pennsylvania. There were several mines on this line near Brookville, as well as a connection to the Lake Erie, Franklin and Clarion (LEF&C) at Sutton , Pennsylvania, and connections to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and via the Pennsy, to the Pittsburgh & Shawmut, at Brookville. Once coal traffic dried up in

1222-689: The Sandusky Division, in Ohio, ran north of the main line between Elyria, and Millbury, Ohio, not all track was laid until 1872. From Toledo to Elkhart, the Old Road ran to the north, through southern Michigan, and the through route was called the Air Line Division or Northern Indiana Air Line. Along with various branches that had been acquired (see below ), the Monroe Branch ran east from Adrian, to Monroe, where it intersected

1269-684: The Scenic Railway at Katoomba Scenic World , Australia, with a maximum grade of 122% (52°), claimed to be the world's steepest passenger-carrying funicular ) or some kind of rack railway (such as the Pilatus railway in Switzerland, with a maximum grade of 48% (26°), claimed to be the world's steepest rack railway ) to help the train ascend or descend. Gradients can be expressed as an angle, as feet per mile, feet per chain, 1 in n , x % or y per mille. Since designers like round figures,

1316-598: The eastern border of Indiana, west to Michigan City , Indiana, on Lake Michigan . Some grading between Michigan City, and La Porte , Indiana, was done in 1838, but money ran out. Around 1838, the state of Michigan started to build the Southern Railroad , running from Monroe , Michigan, on Lake Erie, west to New Buffalo , Michigan, on Lake Michigan. The first section, from Monroe, west to Petersburg , Michigan, opened in 1839. Extensions opened in 1840, to Adrian, and 1843, to Hillsdale , Michigan. On May 9, 1846,

1363-463: The horizontal run by using the Pythagorean theorem, after which it is trivial to calculate the (standard math) slope or the grade (percentage). In Europe, road gradients are signed as a percentage. Grades are related using the following equations with symbols from the figure at top. The slope expressed as a percentage can similarly be determined from the tangent of the angle: If the tangent

1410-405: The large roster of ore and coal cars operating at the nearby port. In 1952, as the railroad was converting its motive power from steam to diesel, the repair shops were consolidated at Collinwood. Around 1877, Cornelius Vanderbilt , and his New York Central and Hudson River Railroad , gained a majority of stock of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway. The line provided an ideal extension of

1457-582: The late 1990s, this line was severed and cut back to the mine at Piney. Many of the larger trestles were taken out in the late 2000s, reportedly on orders of the Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission (PUC), although the bridge across the Clarion River survived, as of 2015. Grade (slope) The grade (US) or gradient (UK) (also called stepth , slope , incline , mainfall , pitch or rise ) of

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1504-564: The leased Detroit, Monroe and Toledo Railroad. At some point the original line to Toledo was abandoned west of the branch to Jackson , Michigan, the Palmyra and Jacksonburgh Railroad , with the new connection at Lenawee Junction, the crossing between that branch and the line to Monroe. The railroad established its first significant repair shop in 1851 along Mason Street in Elkhart, Indiana . These shops were occasionally expanded and upgraded in

1551-546: The load that a locomotive can haul, including the weight of the locomotive itself. On a 1% gradient (1 in 100) a locomotive can pull half (or less) of the load that it can pull on level track. (A heavily loaded train rolling at 20 km/h on heavy rail may require ten times the pull on a 1% upgrade that it does on the level at that speed.) Early railways in the United Kingdom were laid out with very gentle gradients, such as 0.07575% (1 in 1320) and 0.1515% (1 in 660) on

1598-753: The method of expression can affect the gradients selected. The steepest railway lines that do not use a rack system include: Gradients on sharp curves are effectively a bit steeper than the same gradient on straight track, so to compensate for this and make the ruling grade uniform throughout, the gradient on those sharp curves should be reduced slightly. In the era before they were provided with continuous brakes , whether air brakes or vacuum brakes , steep gradients made it extremely difficult for trains to stop safely. In those days, for example, an inspector insisted that Rudgwick railway station in West Sussex be regraded. He would not allow it to open until

1645-694: The northern alignment, the Sandusky Division, eventually became the main line. In 1968, the New York Central merged with the Pennsylvania Railroad and the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad to form the Penn Central Transportation Company , Penn Central, which two years later, filed for bankruptcy. In 1976, it became part of Conrail . In 1976, the Southern Division, from Elyria to Millbury,

1692-400: The numbers go from 0 for flat, to 100% at 45 degrees, to infinity as it approaches vertical. Slope may still be expressed when the horizontal run is not known: the rise can be divided by the hypotenuse (the slope length). This is not the usual way to specify slope; this nonstandard expression follows the sine function rather than the tangent function, so it calls a 45 degree slope

1739-547: The other side of Erie, and for the Buffalo and State Line to operate the Erie and Northeast. This would result in through passengers no longer having to change trains at Erie, and on December 7, 1853, the Erie Gauge War began between the railroads and the townspeople. On February 1, 1854, the relaying was finished and the first train passed through Erie. On May 15, 1867, the two companies between Buffalo and Erie merged to form

1786-513: The partially completed line was sold to the Michigan Southern Rail Road , which changed the planned western terminal to Chicago , using the charter of the Northern Indiana Railroad. The grading that had been done was not used, as the grade was too steep, and instead the original Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad charter was used west of La Porte. The Michigan Southern leased the Erie and Kalamazoo on August 1, 1849, giving it

1833-617: The predecessor of Englewood station , together with the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad ). A more direct line was soon planned from Elkhart, east to Toledo, and the Northern Indiana Railroad was chartered in Ohio, on March 3, 1851. On July 8, 1853, the Ohio and Indiana companies merged, and on February 7, 1855, the Northern Indiana and Chicago Railroad and the Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad were merged into

1880-608: The route to the state of Ohio. Horse-drawn trains began operating on November 2, 1836; the horses were replaced by a newly arrived steam locomotive , Adrian No. 1, in August 1837. The Buffalo and Mississippi Railroad was chartered in Indiana on February 6, 1835, to run from Buffalo , New York, to the Mississippi River . The name was changed on February 6, 1837, to the Northern Indiana Railroad , which would run from

1927-736: The sine of the angle rather than the tangent) makes only an insignificant difference and can then be used as an approximation. Railway gradients are often expressed in terms of the rise in relation to the distance along the track as a practical measure. In cases where the difference between sin and tan is significant, the tangent is used. In either case, the following identity holds for all inclinations up to 90 degrees: tan ⁡ α = sin ⁡ α 1 − sin 2 ⁡ α {\displaystyle \tan {\alpha }={\frac {\sin {\alpha }}{\sqrt {1-\sin ^{2}{\alpha }}}}} . Or more simply, one can calculate

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1974-413: The slope) and rise is the vertical distance. Slopes of existing physical features such as canyons and hillsides, stream and river banks , and beds are often described as grades, but typically the word "grade" is used for human-made surfaces such as roads, landscape grading, roof pitches , railroads , aqueducts , and pedestrian or bicycle routes. The grade may refer to the longitudinal slope or

2021-522: The track was relaid in 1872, merging with the Southern Division, at Millbury , Ohio, east of Toledo. In 1866, the Southern Division, east of Oberlin , Ohio, was abandoned and a new line was built to Elyria , Ohio, on the Northern Division, ending the use of the Cleveland, Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. In October 1867, the Cleveland, Painesville and Ashtabula Railroad leased the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad. The CP&A changed its name to

2068-486: The two companies merged to form the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad , with the Junction Railroad becoming the Northern Division and the Toledo, Norwalk and Cleveland, the Southern Division. The Northern Division opened from Cleveland, west to Sandusky , Ohio, on October 24, 1853, and the rest of the way to Toledo, on April 24, 1855. The Northern Division was abandoned west of Sandusky, due to lack of business, but

2115-656: The world according to the Guinness Book of World Records are Baldwin Street in Dunedin, New Zealand, Ffordd Pen Llech in Harlech, Wales and Canton Avenue in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Guinness World Record once again lists Baldwin Street as the steepest street in the world, with a 34.8% grade (1 in 2.87) after a successful appeal against the ruling that handed the title, briefly, to Ffordd Pen Llech . A number of streets elsewhere have steeper grades than those listed in

2162-636: Was abandoned, with parts of the former right of way now in use as a recreational trail, the North Coast Inland Trail. Under Conrail, the Lake Shore main line was part of the New York City–Chicago, Chicago Line. In 1998, Conrail was split between CSX and Norfolk Southern . The Chicago Line east of Cleveland, went to CSX, and was split into several subdivisions: the Lake Shore Subdivision , from Buffalo, to Erie,

2209-425: Was chartered April 12, 1842, to build the part from the state line west to Erie, and opened on January 19, 1852. On November 16, 1853, an agreement was made between the two railroads, which had been built at 6 ft ( 1,829 mm ) broad gauge , to relay the rails at 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ( 1,435 mm ) standard gauge to match the Franklin Canal Company's railroad (see below) on

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