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132-575: [T]he most significant historical event in the creation of the modern alt-weekly occurred in Chicago in 1971, when the Chicago Reader pioneered the practice of free circulation, a cornerstone of today's alternative papers. The Reader also developed a new kind of journalism, ignoring the news and focusing on everyday life and ordinary people. The Reader was founded by a group of friends from Carleton College , and four of them remained its primary owners for 36 years. While annual revenue reached an all-time high of $ 22.6 million in 2002, double what it had been

264-402: A contact ad , is a form of classified advertising in which a person seeks to find another person for friendship, romance, marriage, or sexual activity. In British English, it is commonly known as an advert in a lonely hearts column . In India, it is a dating ad or matrimonial ad . The earliest personal ads were placed in newspapers among other classified ads, and typically had matrimony as

396-459: A "tattooed, twenty-seven-year-old stripper" writing a late-night party column. "The feeling was the Reader had to be reinvented ... and change its character." After being owned by the same four founders since 1971, ownership of the Reader changed several times between 2007 and 2018. The precipitous decline in profits from 2004 to 2006 prompted owner-founder Tom Rehwaldt to file a lawsuit against

528-474: A Carleton-specific program, because full financial aid and academic credits can transfer to other programs, many students choose to study with other schools or organizations. Admission to Carleton has been categorized as "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report . The class of 2028 admittance rate was 17.9% of all applicants, making Carleton the most selective college in Minnesota. Carleton has

660-549: A biweekly print schedule, with a renewed focus on digital content and storytelling and a refreshed special issues calendar. The Reader returned to weekly publishing in June 2024. The Reader is dated every Thursday and distributed free on Wednesday and Thursday via street boxes and cooperating retail outlets. As of June 2020, the paper claimed to have nearly 1,200 locations in the Chicago metropolitan area and circulation of 60,000,

792-463: A cup in one hand. In 1997, Sports Illustrated honored Rotblatt in its "Best of Everything" section with the award, "Longest Intramural Event". Rotblatt himself attended the game several times over the course of his life and appreciated the tradition. A highly visible campus tradition is "Friday Flowers", where students can purchase individual flowers from a local florist and place them in one another's mailboxes each Friday of term. This tradition

924-473: A debilitating public dispute between publisher Tracy Baim and then-editor in chief Karen Hawkins on one side, and co-owner Leonard Goodman on the other, in 2021 and 2022. Goodman, who had submitted a semi-regular column for the Reader since he and Higginbottom acquired the newspaper, wrote one (edited by Hawkins) in November 2021 about his hesitancy to vaccinate his young daughter against COVID-19. After

1056-472: A decade earlier, profits and readership then went into steep decline, and ownership changed several times between 2007 and 2018. In 2022, the owners transferred the Reader to a new non-profit organization, the Reader Institute for Community Journalism. On June 22, 2020, the Reader , citing a 90% drop in advertising revenue due to COVID-19 shutdowns, announced that it was pivoting from a weekly to

1188-598: A degree of class consciousness, such as "a young lady of refinement", "respectably connected", and a "good English education". With the introduction of the Kodak camera in 1888, personal ads became more likely to include a photograph or to state "photos exchanged". Personal ads placed in the 1920s no longer focused on an object of matrimony, but might instead seek companionship, a partner for activities, or sexual dalliances. Ads for same-sex partners used discreet phrasing to avoid legal difficulties. After World War I , there

1320-399: A distinctive "radiator" grill work on the exterior. Goodhue (1962) and Watson (1966) Halls were built as dormitories. At seven floors, Watson is the tallest building on campus. The West Gym (1964) and Cowling Gym (1965) were built to replace Sayles-Hill for indoor athletic facilities, originally for men and women respectively. Personal ad A personal advertisement , sometimes called

1452-417: A former Chicago White Sox pitcher. Although traditional intramural softball is still played at Carleton, the name "Rotblatt" now refers to a campus-wide annual beer softball game that is played with one inning for every year of the school's existence. The game begins at sunrise and lasts until the slated number of innings have been completed for that year. The only rule for gameplay is that all players must have

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1584-832: A fraction of what circulation had been in the mid-2000s. The Reader remains among the largest and most successful alternative newspapers in the country. Weekly readership had once been put at 450,000. The Chicago Reader was founded by Robert A. Roth , who grew up in the Chicago suburb of Arlington Heights. His ambition was to start a weekly publication for young Chicagoans like Boston's The Phoenix and Boston After Dark . Those papers were sold on newsstands but were also given away, mostly on campuses, to bolster circulation. Roth believed that 100-percent free circulation would work better, and he persuaded several friends from Carleton College , including Robert E. McCamant, Thomas J. Rehwaldt and Thomas K. Yoder, to join him in his venture. They scraped together about $ 16,000 in capital and published

1716-908: A greater age range acceptable than those seeking long-term relationships. In India, matrimonial ads are published in the Sunday editions of major national and regional newspapers. Ads are generally placed by families when it is not feasible to find prospective spouses within their familial or social networks. Matrimonials generally include caste markers, personal attributes, and educational and professional qualifications. The matrimonial listings are grouped first by groom or bride wanted; next, by native language; third, by religion; and fourth, by caste. Personal ad magazines in Russia organize ads in categories such as "He seeks her. Matrimony", "She seeks him. Flirt", "He seeks him", "She seeks her", and "For couples". Due to space limitations in print ads, abbreviations for

1848-534: A means for exercising some control over their circumstances. An 1890 study of female respondents to personal ads in the United States found that they sought independence from societal expectations and a degree of equality in the matter of marriage. (The criminologist who performed the study was scandalized by the responses, believing "they bordered on moral depravity".) The years following the Civil War in

1980-561: A music festival called Farmstock. Originally a small event with a picnic and acoustic music, the event has evolved into an all-campus affair, featuring the roasting of a whole pig and a full day of live music. The event takes place in the backyard of Farm House—Carleton's sustainability interest house—and is planned and organized by Farm students. The college campus was created in 1867 with the gifts of two 10-acre (4 ha) parcels from local businessmen Charles M. Goodsell and Charles Augustus Wheaton . The 1,040-acre (420 ha) school campus

2112-405: A new generation of young readers. "Alternative weeklies are expected to be eternally youthful", McClelland wrote. "The Reader is finding that a tough act to pull off as it approaches forty." He also suggested the Reader had grown complacent "because it was still raking in ad profits through the early 2000s" and its troubles were aggravated by a 2004 makeover that included "features on fashion" and

2244-484: A number of Carleton students have participated in Beer Olympics (BO). In recent years, over 100 students have competed. BO is a competition that spans two days and consists of a series of events involving chugging beer (usually Hamms ). These events include the frisbee, in which two students chug four beers out of a frisbee placed on the floor; the high-jump, in which a single student chugs up to eight beers out of

2376-496: A one-story-tall beer bong ; and the 40-40, in which a student chugs a 40-ounce beer and runs a 40-yard dash. Every year, a commission of students is elected to plan and organize Beer Olympics. The commission rotates every year, and any changes to the rules must be ratified and explained in the Beer Olympics Manifesto, which as of 2019 was 11 pages long. Every spring since 1979, Carleton students have organized

2508-539: A penguin and the graduating year. At the Frisbee Toss Ceremony, students write their name on the frisbee, gather on the Bald Spot in a circle and throw their discs. This officially marks the beginning of a student's time at Carleton. After the toss, each new student collects a disc and eventually returns it to the original owner in the hopes of making a new friend. Each spring term since at least 2002

2640-532: A public high school basketball team for a full year. Published in two parts, a total of 40,000 words, it was reprinted in the anthology Best American Sportswriting 1993 . Contributor Lee Sandlin 's two-part 1997 essay, “Losing the War,” was later adapted for broadcast by the public radio show This American Life and it was anthologized in a 2007 collection, The New Kings of Nonfiction . The Reader has won 30 Alternative Newsweekly Awards since 1996. Another element of

2772-408: A researcher as "a valuable way of finding potential mates for those whose social world has been artificially constrained by contemporary urban life and the demands of modern employment practices". However, personals have also been used by criminals— con artists , fraudsters , and killers —to find and lure victims. Public opinion toward personal ads varies over time, from disapproval and suspicion in

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2904-491: A robust page count, innovations in social media and reader engagement, and strong commitment from advertisers. " The Straight Dope ", by the pseudonymous Cecil Adams, was the Chicago Reader 's first weekly column and one of the first features to be widely syndicated in the alternative press, at one time appearing in 35 papers. It was started on 2 February 1973 by Michael Lenehan and later written by Dave Kehr. In 1978 it

3036-530: A satirical marriage ad on its front page on April 13, 1722, ridiculing those who married for money. The first genuine personal ad in England was published on July 19, 1695, in a weekly pamphlet published by John Houghton . London's 53 major newspapers all published matrimonial ads by 1710. In 1761, the first personal ad in England written by a woman was published in the Aris Gazette . In addition to

3168-583: A short-lived TV series, produced by Andrew Rosen, on the A&;E Network; and a Web site , Straightdope.com, which was named one of PC Magazine 's Top 101 Web Sites and as of January 2010 was drawing nearly 1.2 million users per month. The Los Angeles Reader began publishing in 1978 as a wholly owned subsidiary of Chicago Reader, Inc. It was the first newspaper to publish Matt Groening 's comic strip Life in Hell and David Lynch 's strip The Angriest Dog in

3300-481: A significant numerical surplus of women, due to emigration and earlier deaths. States in the western United States which suffered from the imbalance between men and women passed numerous laws intended to encourage women to immigrate, such as property protection for women (as opposed to coverture laws common in eastern states) and female suffrage. The welcoming political climate was an incentive for women to respond to marriage ads and marriage recruiting efforts. In

3432-410: A sketch comedy troupe, six a cappella groups, four choirs, seven specialized instrumental ensembles, five dance interest groups, two auditioned dance companies, a successful Mock Trial team, a nationally competitive debate program, and the student-run 24-hour KRLX radio station, which employs more than 200 volunteers each term. In five of the last twelve years, Carleton College students received

3564-415: A staff writer since the 1980s. Though the staff was much smaller than it was before the sale, many other key figures remained as of June 2010, including media critic Michael Miner, film critic J.R. Jones, arts reporter Deanna Isaacs, food writer Mike Sula, theater critic Albert Williams, and music writers Peter Margasak and Miles Raymer. In November 2009, James Warren , former managing editor for features at

3696-545: A strong history of enrolling students who are in the National Merit Scholarship Program , often enrolling more than any other liberal arts college in the nation. The class of 2026 included 38 National Merit Scholars. Carleton has been in the top 10 liberal arts colleges since 1997 in the U.S. News & World Report rankings. For 2022, it ranks tied for 6th overall, 1st for "Best Undergraduate Teaching", and 21st for "Best Value". In 2019,

3828-598: A unique shorthand so ads can fit within the restraint of 50 words or less. For example, BHP stands for biodata (résumé), horoscope, and photograph; "veg" means vegetarian; and VF is the abbreviation for very fair (light-skinned). Theft, fraud, and seduction were the crimes most common with matrimonial ads. By 1900, most jurisdictions in the United States had criminalized seduction, allowed punitive and exemplary damages for breach of promise actions, and increased recognition of common-law marriages, all of which helped reduce some crimes associated with matrimonial ads. In Sweden,

3960-404: A weekly print schedule. The Reader was designed to serve young readers, mostly singles in their 20s, who in the early 1970s lived in distinct neighborhoods along Chicago's lakefront, such as Hyde Park , Lincoln Park , and Lake View . Later this demographic group moved west, to neighborhoods like Wicker Park , Bucktown , and Logan Square , and the Reader moved with them. The paper's appeal

4092-409: A writing-rich course, three quantitative reasoning encounters (courses in which students work with quantitative data and arguments), language, international studies, intercultural domestic studies, humanistic inquiry, literary/artistic analysis, arts practice, science, formal or statistical reasoning, social inquiry, and physical education. The average class size at Carleton is 16 students. Carleton

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4224-512: Is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission . Students also have the option to design their own major. Ten languages are offered: Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, Arabic, Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. The academic calendar follows a trimester system in which students usually take three classes per 10-week term. Degree students are required to take an Argument & Inquiry Seminar in their first year,

4356-426: Is a weekly satire publication, distributed on Fridays during convocation time. The magazine is printed in grayscale, on 8.5" x 11" paper instead of traditional newsprint. The CLAP is notable for accepting any and all student submissions, allowing any student to have their opinions and jokes published without censorship. Carleton has numerous student traditions and a long history of student pranks, including painting

4488-577: Is between Northfield and the approximately 800-acre (320 ha) Cowling Arboretum , which became part of the campus in the 1920s. The college offers courses from 33 major programs and 38 minor programs, and has the option for students to design their own majors. Carleton's varsity sports compete at the NCAA Division III level in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference . The school

4620-583: Is on a hill overlooking the Cannon River , at the northeast edge of Northfield. To the north and east is the 800-acre (320 ha) Cowling Arboretum , which was farm fields in the early years of the college. The 0.25-acre (0.10 ha) Jo Ryo En Japanese Garden is located behind Watson Hall in the center of the campus. Several of Carleton's older buildings have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Willis Hall ,

4752-597: Is on the NRHP. Replaced in function by the Gould Library in the 1950s, Scoville was adapted for administrative space. Four nineteenth-century buildings have been demolished. Gridley Hall (1882) was the main women's dormitory for many years, and was torn down in 1967 for construction of the Music and Drama Center. Williams Hall (1880) was the college's first science building, and was demolished in 1961. Seccombe House (1880)

4884-465: Is one of the few liberal arts colleges to run on the trimester system . The most popular majors, by 2023 graduates, were: Studying abroad is common at Carleton: 76% of the senior class of 2018 studied abroad at least once over their four years. Carleton offers a number of its own programs each year, which are led by Carleton faculty and available only to Carleton students. In 2017–2018, 17 such programs were offered. Although many students opt to go on

5016-508: The Chicago Sun-Times and the Chicago Reader from Wrapports, beating out Chicago-based publishing company Tronc for ownership. Effective October 1, 2018, Sun-Times Media sold the Reader to a private investment group, which formed an L3C to make the purchase. The major investors were Chicagoans Elzie Higginbottom and Leonard Goodman. Tracy Baim was named publisher and Anne Elizabeth Moore editor. Moore's tenure as editor

5148-491: The Washington Monthly ratings — using criteria of social mobility, research, and service — ranked Carleton the 24th best college in the liberal arts college category. In the 2019 Forbes ranking of 650 American colleges, which combines liberal arts colleges, service academies and national research universities, Carleton is ranked 52nd. Kiplinger's Personal Finance places Carleton 13th in its 2019 ranking of

5280-492: The AIDS crisis . Ads placed by lesbians value personal characteristics, such as humor and intelligence, and also mates who describe themselves as "feminine". They are generally less likely than heterosexual women to include descriptions of their own physical characteristics in their ads. Ads placed by gay men place an importance on physical attractiveness similar to heterosexual men. Gay men seeking sexual activities indicate

5412-483: The Chicago Reader invested in the Washington paper in 1982 and eventually controlled 100 percent of the stock. In 2007, they sold their interest in both papers to Creative Loafing, Inc. The Reader's Guide to Arts & Entertainment was published as a suburban extension of the Chicago Reader in 1996. Before then, the Reader had avoided distribution in all but the closest suburbs of Chicago. The Reader's Guide

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5544-491: The Chicago Reader . Although Holman briefly owned shares in the Chicago paper, none of the Chicago owners had an interest in the San Diego paper. Holman used the Reader format and nameplate with the blessings of his friends in Chicago. Various other Reader s have been published, but the San Diego and Los Angeles papers are the only ones affiliated with the Chicago Reader . In the late 1970s, Chicago Reader, Inc. (CRI) sued

5676-514: The Chicago Tribune , was named president and publisher. In March, 2010, Warren resigned. In June, longtime editor Alison True was fired by acting publisher Alison Draper and Creative Loafing CEO Marty Petty, sparking outrage among the paper's remaining audience. In July, Draper was named publisher, managing editor Kiki Yablon was promoted to editor, and Geoff Dougherty was named associate publisher. Dougherty had founded and subsequently closed

5808-656: The Matrimonial News in England, offering 40-word ads for six pence. The following year, Duncan opened offices in San Francisco and Kansas City, Missouri. Publishing thousands of personal ads, Matrimonial News served for three decades to "promote marriage and conjugal felicity". Many ads included photographs. The cost to men for a forty-word ad was twenty-five cents; women's ads (also limited to forty words) were free; additional words cost one cent per word for both men and women. Replies to ads were routed through

5940-564: The Matrimonial News offices. By the 1890s, Matrimonial News was printing a large number of fake ads. Between 1870 and 1900, at least twenty periodicals dedicated to personal ads had been launched in England. In 1885, a group of married Black women in Arizona Territory formed the Busy Bee Club to advertise for wives for Arizona miners, hoping to reduce violence in the mining camps and encourage Black women to move to

6072-478: The Reader ' s appeal was its free classified ads to individuals. Ads were seen as another source of information alongside the journalism and listings. The original look of the Chicago Reader in 1971 was devised by owner-founder Bob McCamant. In 2004, a redesign by the Barcelona , Spain, firm of Jardi + Utensil introduced a new logo and extensive use of color, including a magazine-style cover. In 2007, under

6204-428: The Reader , citing a 90% drop in advertising revenue due to COVID-19 shutdowns , announced that it was pivoting from a weekly to a biweekly print schedule, with a renewed focus on digital content and storytelling and a refreshed special issues calendar. On May 16, 2022, ownership of the Reader was transferred to the new non-profit organization Reader Institute for Community Journalism. The transfer had been delayed by

6336-607: The Twin Cities Reader for trademark infringement, arguing that the Chicago Reader had given special meaning to the name "Reader". The federal appeals court ultimately ruled that the term was "merely descriptive" and thus could not be protected as a trademark. The East Bay Express , which serves the San Francisco Bay area, was co-founded in 1978 by Nancy Banks, a co-founder of the Chicago Reader , and editor John Raeside. Chicago Reader owners invested in

6468-488: The 149 best value liberal arts colleges in the United States. Carleton was ranked 5th in the 2015 Brookings Institution list of "Four-Year or Higher Colleges With the Highest Value-Added With Respect to Mid-Career Earnings", with Carleton adding an estimated 43% in value, raising the predicted mid-career salary of $ 76,236 to $ 117,700. In a 2012 study of higher education institutions, Carleton

6600-616: The 17th and 18th centuries to a patriotic service in the United States during the Civil War and to general public acceptance in modern day. The earliest personal ads in England and the United States were satirical . A London magazine published a satirical marriage ad in 1660, supposedly from a widow urgently in need of "any man that is Able to labour in her Corporation". By 1691, entire catalogs of satirical ads for husbands and wives were published for entertainment. The New-England Courant , by brothers James and Benjamin Franklin , printed

6732-494: The 1996 Democratic National Convention in Chicago) reported that the Reader was "an enormous financial success. It's now as thick as many Sunday papers and is published in four sections that total around 180 pages." This report put the circulation at 138,000. The Reader began experimenting with electronic distribution in 1995 with an automated telephone service called "SpaceFinder", which offered search and "faxback" delivery of

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6864-461: The Baptists severed the relationship as a result of fundamentalist opposition to Carleton's liberalism, including the college's support for teaching evolution . Non-denominational for a number of years, in 1964 Carleton abolished its requirement for weekly attendance at some religious or spiritual meeting. In 1927, students founded the first student-run pub in the nation, The Cave . Located in

6996-609: The Best Delegation award at the World Model United Nations competition. In the 2013–2014 academic year, the school's team ranked among the top 25 in the nation. The Carletonian is the school's newspaper and was founded in 1877. It is distributed weekly on Fridays during the school year. The Cow Print is a satire magazine at Carleton, published and distributed fortnightly. It was founded in 1999. The Carleton Literary Association Paper (The CLAP)

7128-596: The City , W.T. Moncrieff 's Wanted: a wife , Sarah Gardner 's The Advertisement , George Macfarren 's Winning a Husband , and Maria Hunter's Fitzroy . A popular anonymous novel in 1799 was Belinda; or, An Advertisement for a Husband . Newspapers in England reported on successful marriages resulting from personal ads, and printed cautionary tales when an advertiser was made to look foolish or found himself trapped in an unfortunate pairing. American newspapers printed stories ridiculing matrimonial ads and editorials accusing

7260-700: The Cubs. They are closer to home." In its early years the Reader was published out of apartments shared by the owner-founders, Roth, McCamant, Rehwaldt and Yoder. The first apartment was in Hyde Park —the University of Chicago neighborhood on the south side of Chicago—and the second was in Rogers Park on the far north side. Working for ownership in lieu of pay, the owner-founders ultimately owned more than 90% of

7392-570: The English translation of Bertolt Brecht 's play, The Caucasian Chalk Circle , was performed in 1948 at Carleton's Little Nourse Theater. In 1963, Carleton students founded the Reformed Druids of North America , initially as a means to be excused from attendance of then-mandatory weekly chapel service. Within a few years, the group evolved to engage in legitimate spiritual exploration. Its legacy remains in campus location names such as

7524-598: The Family" used an apartment-building fire as the starting point for a 15,000-word chronicle of life among the underclass, following three generations of a west-side family and touching on urban issues such as addiction, discrimination, crime, and teen pregnancy . It won the Peter Lisagor Award for Exemplary Journalism, awarded by the Chicago Headline Club. Ben Joravsky's "A Simple Game" followed

7656-400: The NRHP. Three connected western dorms were built for men: Burton Hall (1915), Davis Hall (1923), and Severance Hall (1928), and two residence halls were built for women: Nourse Hall (1917) and Margaret Evans Hall (1927). Evans Hall was notable for decades for its subdivision into adjacent columns of rooms off stairwells, rather than the more typical arrangement of floors of rooms on hallways. In

7788-747: The Stone Circle (commonly called "the Druid Circle" ) and the Hill of the Three Oaks. Meetings continue to be held in the Carleton College Cowling Arboretum . President Bill Clinton gave the last commencement address of his administration at Carleton, on June 10, 2000, marking the first presidential visit to the college. Carleton is a small, liberal arts college offering 33 different majors and 37 minors, and

7920-414: The United States brought a huge mismatch in the number of available men in the east (more than 600,000 killed in the war) and in the number of available women on the western frontier, where mostly men had migrated to pursue mining, fur trading, farming, logging, and exploring. Rural areas of Illinois in the 1850s, for example, averaged one woman for every twenty-five men. In England, the 1861 census revealed

8052-410: The United States during the late 1960s. The underground paper, International Times , founded in 1966, was the first to publish openly gay personal ads. After homosexuality was legalized in England in 1967, new publications featuring personal ads for homosexuals were established, such as Jeffrey and Gay Times , and gay ads began to appear in mainstream publications by the end of the 1970s. By

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8184-462: The United States, the New York Herald , printed personal ads on the front page. In France, the magazine Le Chasseur français ( The French Hunter ) first published matrimonial ads in the 1880s. Many 18th century newspaper readers considered the personal ads to be jokes, hoaxes, or scams. Georgian society enjoyed mocking personal ads in plays such as Isaac Bickerstaffe 's Love in

8316-527: The United States, the number of personal ads decreased drastically during the 1930s through the 1950s, as dating became more common and acceptable, more men and women were attending college, and couples had greater mobility as cars were more available. In the 1960s, The Village Voice began publishing personal ads, and ads from swingers appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle in 1961. The earliest periodical used for gay personals

8448-543: The World . Groening worked at the Los Angeles Reader for six years, first in circulation and then as a critic and assistant editor. In 1989, the paper was sold to a company headed by its founding editor, James Vowell. In 1996, it was sold to and closed by New Times Media, which later became Village Voice Media . The San Diego Reader was founded in 1972 by Jim Holman, one of the original group who established

8580-792: The ads into lists and catalogs that were mailed to the club members. Post-World War II, lonely hearts clubs and marriage advisory bureaus became a huge business in West Germany. The "lonely hearts" designation reflected the social stigma associated with personal ads. There were at least 500 lonely hearts clubs by 1961, with membership estimates between 100,000 and 4 million. Club operators referred to themselves as "marriage brokers". As computer dating and single clubs became available, lonely hearts clubs diminished. Magazines and newspapers for matrimonial ads had mostly disappeared in 1961 in England, while newspapers and magazines devoted to personal ads—traditional, explicit, and aberrant—proliferated in

8712-516: The ads of soliciting nonmarital sex. In the United States, women placing or answering personal ads were met with public disapproval and suspicion. This changed during the Civil War : soldiers and sailors placed personal ads to find correspondents, and for a woman to reply to these ads was considered a patriotic act. Many military men and their correspondents formed romantic relationships. In 1870, entrepreneur Leslie Fraser Duncan established

8844-533: The ads seek someone to donate eggs or sperm to enable the advertisers to have children. The first online dating service was founded by Joan Ball in 1964. Operation Match , begun in 1965, was the first online dating service in the United States. These services involved questionnaires and computer matching. Match.com in 1995 was one of the first sites to host personal ads online. At the time, few people had computer access. As Internet access increased, so did interest in online personal ads and computer dating, with

8976-447: The advertiser (such as sex, age, physical appearance, ethnic group, religion, interests, professional and personal characteristics), and information about the type of person the advertiser is seeking. Men placing ads seeking women mostly specify younger ages, while women placing ads seeking men look for partners their age or older. Some analyses identify ads by favored groups (older men and younger women) as stating more requirements for

9108-445: The advertiser to tailor the narrative portion of the ad to their specific objectives. Multiple aspects of 19th century society in England combined to make personal ads a viable alternative: the general confinement of women to " private life "; professions such as trade or the military, limiting both the time and social network to meet potential partners; remote locations with small populations; urban expansion that brought many people to

9240-633: The area. A unique magazine was established in England in 1898, Round-About . It was dedicated to "companionship" ads for people wishing to enter in correspondence with those of the opposite sex. Ads seeking companionship or correspondence, rather than strictly marriage, became more frequent in the early 20th century. The publisher of a popular magazine, The Link , was charged in 1921 for conspiring to corrupt public morals by "introducing men to men for unnatural and grossly indecent practices" as gay men were placing discreetly worded ads in The Link . In

9372-590: The basement of Evans Hall, it continues to host live music shows and other events several times each week. In 1942, Carleton purchased land in Stanton , about 10 miles (16 km) east of campus, to use for flight training. During World War II , several classes of male students went through air basic training at the college. Since being sold by the college in 1944, the Stanton Airfield has been operated for commercial use. The world premiere production of

9504-587: The building. Beginning in 1954, Willis served as the college student union, until it was replaced in 1979 by the Sayles-Hill Student Center, a converted gymnasium. Willis Hall now houses the Economics, Political Science, and Educational Studies offices. Goodsell Observatory , also on the NRHP, was constructed in 1887 and at the time was the largest observatory in the state of Minnesota. It was named for Charles Goodsell, who donated land for

9636-400: The business office. The Great Depression and World War II essentially ended the construction boom for two decades. Boliou Hall was built in 1949 in a modernist style, using yellow sandstone as a major element. It was enlarged using a similar style and materials in the early 1990s. The Library was built in 1956 in a similar style, but was expanded in a brick-based style in the mid-1980s. It

9768-412: The business/finance/sales sector. Over 10% work in either healthcare or higher education. Pre K-12 education accounts for about 9% of graduates. Carleton graduates with only a bachelor's degree have an average mid-career salary of $ 113,800, according to self-reported data from PayScale . Carleton typically enrolls about 2,000 students, with roughly equal numbers of women and men. As of 2016, 26.5% of

9900-418: The bust from Scoville Library while books were being transferred to the new library. "Schiller" resided in their dorm rooms for a period, only to have the bust taken from them. Possession of the bust escalated into an elaborate competition, which took on a high degree of secrecy and strategy. Schiller's public appearances, accompanied with a cry of "Schiller!", are a tacit challenge to other students to capture

10032-433: The bust. The currently circulating bust of Schiller was retrieved from Puebla , Mexico in the summer of 2003. In 2006, students created an online scavenger hunt, made up of a series of complex riddles about Carleton, which led participants to Schiller's hidden location. The bust was stolen from the winner of the scavenger hunt. At commencement in 2006, the holders of the bust arranged for Schiller to "graduate". When his name

10164-652: The campus. From the late 19th century to the end of World War II, Goodsell Observatory kept the time for every major railroad west of the Mississippi River , including Northern Pacific Railway , the Great Northern Railway , the Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railroad , and the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Manitoba Railway . Scoville Hall (originally Scoville Memorial Library ), completed in 1896,

10296-505: The cities, where they were apart from the social and familial networks they had been accustomed to. For some, there were no potential partners nearby; for others, there were potential partners but no means of meeting them in a socially acceptable manner. In the United States, between 1820 and 1860, populations in cites had increased by 797%, many of the new urbanites lacking social or family networks through which they might meet potential partners. Women in particular found personal ads to be

10428-519: The college's water tower. Notably, a likeness of President Clinton was painted on the tower the night before his commencement speech in 2000. Early the following morning, college maintenance staff painted over it (although in his speech, Clinton mentioned his amusement and regret it had been covered before he could see it). A bust of Friedrich Schiller , known simply as "Schiller", has made regular, brief appearances at large campus events. The tradition dates back to 1956, when two students absconded with

10560-591: The colloquial saying "sun and spring" ( Sol-och-vårande  [ sv ] ) to mean "love fraud" refers to fraudster Karl Vesterberg, who placed personal ads in the early 1900s, signing each with sol-och-vårande . The most famous "sun and spring" was Gustaf Raskenstam  [ sv ] , who used personal ads to defraud over a hundred women of money in the 1940s. The U.S. Postal Service warned consumers of fraudulent activity associated with "lonely hearts clubs" in its 1967 Mail Fraud booklet. Some people use personal ads to ask for money, supposedly to travel to meet

10692-405: The column appeared in print, objections from the editorial staff and a public outcry prompted Baim and Hawkins to first defend the column (Hawkins tweeted in defense of it and privately assured Goodman the column was "bulletproof") before changing their minds and commissioning a post-publication fact-check that found multiple inaccuracies and errors. Baim proposed publishing the fact-check online with

10824-521: The column, but Goodman and allied board members accused Baim of censorship and demanded her resignation before allowing the transfer to a nonprofit; she refused. Baim, Goodman, and the board remained in a stalemate for months, unable to reach an agreement. In April 2022 the newspaper's editorial union, saying the dispute threatened the future of the newspaper, mounted a public pressure campaign that culminated in protests outside of Goodman's mansion, and after two weeks, he agreed to give up ownership and allow

10956-776: The company was sold to New Times Media, which became Village Voice Media and renamed Ruxton as the Voice Media Group. Index Newspapers is the company that publishes The Stranger in Seattle , Washington, and the Portland Mercury in Portland, Oregon . In 2002, CRI invested in Index and took a minority interest. Quarterfold, Inc. is a company formed by most of the former owners of Chicago Reader, Inc. to succeed that company and hold assets that were not included in

11088-667: The company. In 1975 the paper began to earn a profit, incorporated, and rented office space in the downtown area that later came to be known as River North . In 1979, a reporter for the Daily Herald of Arlington Heights, Illinois , called the Reader "the fastest growing alternative weekly in the U.S." In 1986, an article in the Chicago Tribune estimated the Reader' s annual revenues at $ 6.7 million. In 1996, Crain's Chicago Business projected revenue of $ 14.6 million. The National Journal's Convention Daily (published during

11220-650: The company. This lawsuit led to the sale of the Reader and its sibling, Washington City Paper , to Creative Loafing in July 2007, publisher of alternative weeklies in Atlanta , Georgia; Charlotte, North Carolina ; and Tampa and Sarasota, Florida . Creative Loafing filed for bankruptcy in September 2008. In August 2009, the bankruptcy court awarded the company to Creative Loafing's chief creditor, Atalaya Capital Management, which had loaned $ 30 million to pay for most of

11352-890: The desired partner, while ads by less valuable groups (younger men and older women) being less restrictive. In general, the older the advertiser, the more likely that their ad includes language to mitigate their age, such as "youthful 44", "young at heart", or "young outlook". Multiple studies of personal ads in the 20th century found that ads from men seeking women are more likely to place importance on physical attractiveness and ads from women seeking men are more likely to focus on financial security and psychological characteristics. Research in 1998 found increased mentions of professional and personality characteristics by both men and women, as well as more mentions of attractiveness of potential partners in ads placed by women. It also noted an emphasis on nonsmoking by both men and women. A 1989 study found an emphasis on health in gay ads, likely related to

11484-625: The display advertisers who accounted for much of the paper's revenue. By 2007 the PDFs were gone and all of the paper's content was available online, along with a variety of blogs and Web-only features. A 2008 article in the Columbia Journalism Review by Edward McClelland, a former Reader staff writer (then known as Ted Kleine), faulted the Reader for having been slow to embrace the Web and suggested that it had trouble appealing to

11616-527: The early 20th century, answering matrimonial ads was a route to entering the United States after immigration limits became more restrictive. It was also a means of escaping war-torn regions. In 1922, two ships docked in New York with 900 mail-order brides from Turkey, Romania, Armenia, and Greece, fleeing the Greco-Turkish War . Most ads in the 1700s were placed by men; of those placed by women,

11748-485: The end." It explained the rationale behind free circulation and the paper's unconventional editorial philosophy: "Why doesn't the Reader print news? Tom Wolfe wrote us, 'The Future of the newspaper (as opposed to the past, which is available at every newsstand) lies in your direction, i.e., the sheet willing to deal with "the way we live now. " ' That sums up our thoughts quite well: we find street sellers more interesting than politicians, and musicians more interesting than

11880-526: The fall of 2012, Evans was heavily refurbished to modernize the internal layout and increase overall occupancy. Music Hall was built in 1914, and since the construction of the Music & Drama Center in 1967 has been referred to as Old Music Hall. Laird Stadium which stands at the site of the football and track field, was built in 1927. Leighton Hall (1920), originally built for the Chemistry department, now houses academic and administrative offices, including

12012-448: The first building on campus, was constructed from 1869 to 1872. Originally the hall contained the men's dormitory, classrooms, library, and chapel. The building was gutted by fire in 1879, after which it was entirely rebuilt within the existing stone shell. The original front of the building became the rear entrance with the construction of Severance Hall in 1928. As new buildings were constructed, various academic departments cycled through

12144-538: The first college president, James Strong , traveled to the East Coast to raise funds for the college. On his way from visiting a potential donor, William Carleton of Charlestown, Massachusetts , Strong was badly injured in a collision between his carriage and a train. Impressed by Strong's survival of the accident, Carleton donated $ 50,000 to the fledgling institution in 1871. As a result, the Board of Trustees renamed

12276-519: The first free dating sites appearing between 2005 and 2010. With smartphones , dating apps such as Tinder became popular. While personal ads in publications never gained social acceptance in France, the use of online dating sites are more popular. Online personal ads are freed from the space limitations of print ads. Additionally, websites and apps that host personals typically provide automated menus or sortable categories for common information, freeing

12408-406: The first issue, 16 pages, on October 1, 1971. One year later, in its first anniversary issue, the Reader published an article titled "What Kind of Paper is This, Anyway?" in which it answered "Questions we've heard over and over in the past year." This article reported that the paper had lost nearly $ 20,000 in its first ten months of operation but that the owners were "confident it will work out in

12540-477: The late 1980s, publications as disparate as the New York Law Journal and The New York Review of Books added personal ads to their content. Placing an ad to find a romantic partner had become an acceptable alternative to conventional methods of meeting people. A unique form of personal ad began to appear in the 1990s: ads to find reproductive partners. Typically placed by lesbians or gay men,

12672-525: The late 1990s that it added a suburban edition, The Reader's Guide to Arts & Entertainment, but by 2006 it was operating at a loss. It faced severe competitive pressure starting near the turn of the century, as some of its key elements became widely available online. Websites offered entertainment listings, schedules, and reviews. Classified ads, a major source of revenue in the 1990s, migrated to Craigslist and other online services that published ads for free and made them easily searchable. By 2000 much of

12804-406: The majority were by widows. The earliest ads placed an emphasis on economic factors, but by the end of the 18th century, ads revealed an interest in romantic love. Despite the shifting interest toward compatibility and personality, money continued to be mentioned in ads through the 19th century. From about 1820 to 1870, ads from women rarely appeared. By 1884, working-class men and women joined

12936-402: The middle class in the personal ad pages. Ads in the 19th century were mostly placed by men in their twenties, frequently claiming to be "of good character" and "respectable". The ads indicated that the top priority for respondents was age, with 18–25 being most desirable. The men sought personality traits such as "amiable", "agreeable", or "of good disposition". They also used terms reflecting

13068-474: The mix. Reader articles by freelance writer David Moberg are credited with helping to elect Chicago's first black mayor, the late Harold Washington . Staff writer John Conroy wrote extensively, over a period of more than 17 years, on police torture in Chicago; his reporting was instrumental in the ouster and prosecution of Commander Jon Burge, the leader of a police torture ring, and in the release of several wrongly convicted prisoners from death row. The Reader

13200-552: The objective. As interest in personal ads grew, newspapers provided personals sections specifically for those ads. Later, newspapers and magazines for the sole purpose of personal ads were published. Lonely hearts clubs were organized in the 20th century to provide listings of ads to their fee-paying members. With the advent of the Internet , personal ads began to appear on online sites as well, eventually turning into profiles on dating sites and apps. Personal ads have been described by

13332-407: The offices of the newspapers themselves, various local businesses, such as haberdashers, booksellers, and especially coffee houses, accepted replies to personal ads on behalf of the advertisers. As more women began to place ads, more discreet shops and libraries became the preferred intermediaries, as only men frequented coffee houses. Possibly the earliest genuine personal ad in the United States

13464-473: The online Chi-Town Daily News and its successor, the print-and-online Chicago Current, which he closed to take the Reader job. In 2012, the Chicago Reader was acquired by Wrapports LLC, parent company of the Chicago Sun-Times . Managing editor Jake Malooley was formally named Editor-in-Chief in July 2015. In February 2018 Malooley was fired by phone at O'Hare Airport as he returned from his honeymoon by newly appointed Executive Editor Mark Konkol. Konkol

13596-400: The other person. The booklet describes one individual who claimed to have a potential fortune in oil claims, needing "only another few thousand dollars" for development. Earning an estimated $ 50,000 a year through personal ads, he was eventually convicted of mail fraud and sentenced to prison. In one instance, a man placed personal ads in publications throughout the United States, claiming to be

13728-533: The ownership of Creative Loafing, the paper was converted to a single-section tabloid. In 2010, Publisher Alison Draper hired Chicago-based redesign consultant Ron Reason to help revamp the publication. Among changes introduced were a revitalized and rebranded music section titled B Side, an improvement in the paper's advertising design, quality glossy paper stock for covers and key inside spreads, and editorial destinations shepherded primarily by new editor Mara Shalhoup. A post-redesign checkup several months later revealed

13860-404: The paper and eventually CRI held a major stake. The paper was sold in 2001 to New Times Media, which became Village Voice Media and in 2007 sold it to editor Stephen Buel and a group of investors. Washington City Paper was founded in 1981 by Russ Smith and Alan Hirsch, who had founded Baltimore City Paper in 1977. Originally named 1981 , the name was changed the following year. Owners of

13992-532: The paper's apartment rental ads, one of its most important franchises. Later in 1995 the paper's "Matches" personal ads were made available on the Web, and in early 1996 the SpaceFinder fax system was adapted for Web searching. Also in 1996 the Reader partnered with Yahoo to bring its entertainment listings online and introduced a Web site and an AOL user area built around its popular syndicated column " The Straight Dope ". The Reader became so profitable in

14124-548: The paper's content was available online, but the Reader still resisted publishing a Web version of the entire paper. It concentrated on database information like classifieds and listings, leaving the long cover stories and many other articles to be delivered in print only. In 2005, when many similar publications had long been offering all their content online, the Reader began offering its articles in PDF format, showing pages just as they appeared in print — an attempt to provide value to

14256-399: The president's office. Sayles-Hill was built as the first school gymnasium in 1910, and converted to a student center in 1979. The eclectic styles of the eight buildings that made up the college in 1914, when Donald Cowling became president, were replaced by a uniform Collegiate Gothic style for the nine buildings erected during his tenure. Skinner Memorial Chapel , completed in 1916, is on

14388-615: The purchase price for the Reader and the Washington City Paper . In late 2007, under a budget cutback imposed by the new owners at Creative Loafing, the Reader laid off several of its most experienced journalists, including John Conroy, Harold Henderson, Tori Marlan and Steve Bogira. The paper had de-emphasized the tradition of offbeat feature stories in favor of theme issues and aggressive, opinionated reporting on city government, for example its extensive coverage of tax increment financing (TIFs) by Ben Joravsky, who has been

14520-437: The safe, foiling the attempt. Carleton later named a library fund after Heywood. The Heywood Society is the name for a group of donors who have named Carleton in their wills. In its early years under the presidency of James Strong, Carleton reflected the theological conservatism of its Minnesota Congregational founders. In 1903, modern religious influences were introduced by William Sallmon, a Yale Divinity School graduate, who

14652-536: The sale to Creative Loafing. Quarterfold's chief asset is its ownership interest in Index Newspapers. Amsterdam Weekly was a free, English-language weekly published in the Netherlands from May 2004 through December 2008. As of May 2010, it exists in limited form online. The paper was started by Todd Savage, who had been a writer and typesetter for the Chicago Reader in the late 1990s. The Reader

14784-568: The school, Carleton College , in his honor. The college graduated its first class in 1874, James J. Dow and Myra A. Brown, who married each other later that year. On September 7, 1876, the James-Younger Gang , led by outlaw Jesse James , tried to rob the First National Bank of Northfield. Joseph Lee Heywood , Carleton's Treasurer, was acting cashier at the bank that day. He was shot and killed for refusing to open

14916-526: The total student population are domestic students of color, 10.9% are among the first generation in their family to attend college, and 83.5% are U.S. citizens from out of state. 10.2% of students are international , with the most represented countries being China (4.3%), South Korea (0.8%), India (0.7%), Canada (0.7%), and Japan (0.4%). The school's nearly 240 active student organizations include three theater boards (coordinating as many as ten productions every term), long-form and short-form improv groups and

15048-518: The transfer to a nonprofit. In return, Baim agreed to keep the column at the center of the dispute online. In June 2022, Hawkins left the Reader . In August, Baim announced that she would resign by the end of the year. Solomon Lieberman was hired as new CEO and publisher in February 2023. Salem Collo-Julin was named editor in chief in March 2023. In May 2024, the newspaper announced it would return to

15180-511: The vocabulary of personal ads became conventional in the 20th century. Some of the earliest abbreviations appeared in personal ads in Gay Times . Some abbreviations describe the advertiser and target of the ad by marital status, ethnic group, and sex, such as MWM (married white male) and DBF (divorced black female). Some indicated a common characteristic, such as GSOH (good sense of humor) and NS (non-smoking). In India, matrimonial ads use

15312-588: Was The Hobby Directory , established in 1946 by the National Association of Hobbyists for Men and Boys. The magazine consisted solely of personal ads, purportedly for members to "find hobby friends". The Hobby Directory was openly sold in craft stores. Matrimonial or "lonely hearts" clubs began forming in the 20th century, primarily in the United States. These clubs accepted ads from their members for an enrollment fee. Some clubs published papers and magazines dedicated to members' ads or compiled

15444-439: Was a "surplus" of 1.7 million women in England, and the number of personal ads placed by women began to exceed the number placed by men. While early ads frequently specified marriage as the objective, in later years, ads revealed a greater range of expectations, such as the ambiguous "to meet", companionship, long-term relationship, platonic friendships, and casual sexual encounters. Modern ads generally include information about

15576-530: Was a major investor. In 2008, the paper was sold to Yuval Sigler, publisher of Time Out Tel Aviv , who with assets and staff including Savage launched Time Out Amsterdam in October 2008. Carleton College Carleton College ( / ˈ k ɑːr l t ɪ n / KARL -tin ) is a private liberal arts college in Northfield, Minnesota . Founded in 1866, the 200-acre (81 ha) main campus

15708-528: Was a scaled-down version of the Reader , printed as a one-section tabloid meant to satisfy suburban demand for Reader content and advertising. In 2007, it was closed and distribution of the complete Chicago Reader was expanded to the suburbs. The Ruxton Group, originally called the Reader Group, was formed by CRI in 1984 as a national advertising representative for the Reader , Washington City Paper , and other large-market alternative weeklies. In 1995

15840-459: Was based on a variety of elements. Most obvious early on was a focus on pop culture for a generation who were not served by the entertainment coverage of daily newspapers. Like many alternative weeklies, the Reader relied heavily on coverage and extensive listings of arts and cultural events, especially live music, film, and theater. As the paper prospered and its budget expanded, investigative and political reporting became another important part of

15972-517: Was called at the appropriate moment, the bust was pulled from behind the podium and displayed. In March 2010, the bust of Schiller appeared on The Colbert Report . The appearance was organized by custodians of Schiller who contacted Peter Gwinn , a Carleton alumnus who was a writer for the program. The bust also appeared on a Halloween broadcast of A Prairie Home Companion on Minnesota Public Radio. In 1964, Carleton students named an intramural slow-pitch softball league after Marv Rotblatt ,

16104-531: Was fired by Sun-Times Media only 19 days after his appointment, following the publication of a controversial editorial cartoon that was deemed to be race baiting . On July 13, 2017, a consortium consisting of private investors & the Chicago Federation of Labor , led by businessman & former Chicago alderman Edwin Eisendrath , through Eisendrath's company, ST Acquisition Holdings, acquired

16236-539: Was founded in 1866, when the Minnesota Conference of Congregational Churches unanimously accepted a resolution to locate a college in Northfield. Two Northfield businessmen, Charles Augustus Wheaton and Charles Moorehouse Goodsell, each donated 10 acres (4 ha) of land for the first campus. The first students enrolled at the preparatory unit of Northfield College in the fall of 1867. In 1870,

16368-493: Was hired as college president. Sallmon was opposed by conservative faculty members and alumni, and left the presidency by 1908. After Sallmon left, the trustees hired Donald J. Cowling, another theologically liberal Yale Divinity School graduate, as his successor. In 1916, under Cowling's leadership, Carleton began an official affiliation with the Minnesota Baptist Convention. It lasted until 1928, when

16500-428: Was in the news after three students died in a car accident en route to a frisbee tournament in 2014. Students at the nearby St. Olaf College sent over Friday Flowers for each student's mailbox. Later that fall, after a St. Olaf student died, Carleton returned the gesture. Every first year student receives a frisbee on their first day of orientation. The design of the disc changes from year to year but always includes

16632-1133: Was listed as the most chosen as a peer institution, followed by Princeton and Oberlin . In the 2023–2024 school year, 14 Carleton graduates obtained a Fulbright grant from 54 applications. Among liberal arts colleges, the school is a "Top Producer of Fulbright Awards for American Students". Carleton has produced 75 Watson Fellows . Of those who applied, on average over 80% of Carleton graduates are accepted to medical school and about 90% to law school. Within five years of graduating, between 65% and 75% of graduates pursue postgraduate studies. The 15 most common graduate or professional schools attended by Carleton students are University of Minnesota–Twin Cities , University of Wisconsin–Madison , University of Michigan–Ann Arbor , Harvard , University of Chicago , University of Washington , Columbia , UC Berkeley , Northwestern , NYU , Yale , and Stanford . The most commonly pursued graduate programs are law, medicine, education, business administration, history, and chemistry. Over 20% of all Carleton graduates since 1990 work in

16764-692: Was perhaps best known for its deep, immersive style of literary journalism, publishing long, detailed cover stories, often on subjects that had little to do with the news of the day. An oft-cited example is a 19,000-word article on beekeeping by staff editor Michael Lenehan. This article won the AAAS Westinghouse Science Journalism Award , awarded by the American Association for the Advancement of Science , in 1978. Steve Bogira's 1988 article "A Fire in

16896-613: Was published on February 23, 1759, on page 3 of the Boston Evening-Post . The Public Ledger in Philadelphia, founded in 1836, was the first newspaper in the United States to feature personal ads regularly. Marriage ads in the Ledger cost twenty-five cents. In 1840, an editorial in the paper claimed that most ads received 25–500 replies on average. From 1866 until the 20th century, the most widely read newspaper in

17028-707: Was renamed the Gould Memorial Library in 1995 for former President Larry Gould . Musser and Myers Halls were built in 1958 as men's and women's dorms respectively, in a bare-bones modernist brick style. Minoru Yamasaki , architect of the Northwestern National Life Building in Minneapolis and of the original New York World Trade Center , designed five buildings at Carleton in the 1960s. Olin Hall of Science (1961) has

17160-401: Was short-lived; she abruptly departed in March 2019. In June 2019 Karen Hawkins and Sujay Kumar were announced as new editors in chief, previously managing editors who had been serving as interim editors in chief following Moore's departure. In November 2020, the Reader announced co-editor Hawkins would also serve as co-publisher with Baim, while Baim was also made president. On June 22, 2020,

17292-409: Was taken over by Ed Zotti , who continued to serve as Cecil's "assistant" as of January 2010. In 1984, Chicago Review Press published The Straight Dope , a compilation of columns; the cover named Cecil Adams as author and Zotti as editor. The title was picked up and republished by Ballantine, which published four more volumes between 1988 and 1999. In 1996, The Straight Dope became a user area on AOL ;

17424-406: Was used for music instruction until 1914, and was located near the site of the current Skinner Chapel. The first observatory (1878) was replaced by Goodsell Observatory in 1887, and the old building was demolished in 1905 to make way for Laird Hall. Laird Hall was built for science classes in 1905; the classical-revival building now houses the English department and administrative offices, including

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