Misplaced Pages

#549450

50-437: (Redirected from Chicago Style ) Chicago style may refer to several things: The Chicago Manual of Style , a guideline for writing documents and news reports Chicago school (architecture) , a style of commercial buildings Chicago school of economics , a school of thought among economists and academics Chicago blues , a genre of blues music Chicago-style dixieland ,

100-476: A tooltip . This style makes citing easier and improves the reader's experience. Citation styles can be broadly divided into styles common to the humanities and the sciences, though there is considerable overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style , are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within

150-719: A chapter on American English grammar and use, and a revised treatment of mathematical copy. In August 2010, the 16th edition was published simultaneously in the hardcover and online editions for the first time in the manual's history. In a departure from the earlier red-orange cover, the 16th edition features a robin's-egg blue dust jacket (a nod to older editions with blue jackets, such as the 11th and 12th). The 16th edition featured "music, foreign languages, and computer topics (such as Unicode characters and URLs )". It also expands recommendations for producing electronic publications, including web-based content and e-books . An updated appendix on production and digital technology demystified

200-463: A citation guide summary, and searchable access to a Q&A, where University of Chicago Press editors answer readers' style questions. The Chicago Manual of Style also discusses the parts of a book and the editing process. An annual subscription is required for access to the online content of the manual (access to the Q&;A, however, is free, as are various editing tools). Many publishers throughout

250-414: A citation is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further reading. Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in the paragraph. An example of a parenthetical reference: Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references may require no end section. Other styles include

300-441: A citation on Misplaced Pages "could be considered a public parallel to scholarly citation". A scientific publication being "cited in a Misplaced Pages article is considered an indicator of some form of impact for this publication" and it may be possible to detect certain publications through changes to Misplaced Pages articles. Wikimedia Research's Cite-o-Meter tool showed a league table of which academic publishers are most cited on Misplaced Pages as does

350-467: A comprehensive reference style guide of 1,146 pages in its 17th edition. It was one of the first editorial style guides published in the United States, and it is largely responsible for research methodology standardization, notably citation style . The most significant revision to the manual was made for the 12th edition, published in 1969. Its first printing of 20,000 copies sold out before it

400-412: A full bibliography at the end. Two types of citation styles are provided. In both cases, two parts are needed: first, notation in the text, which indicates that the information immediately preceding was from another source; and second, the full citation, which is placed at another location. Using author-date style, the sourced text is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and

450-429: A full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of a main body of text (as an endnote). In both instances, the citation is also placed in a bibliography entry at the end of the material, listed in alphabetical order of the author's last name. The two formats differ: notes use commas where bibliography entries use periods. The following is an example of a journal article citation provided as

500-443: A genre of jazz music Chicago-style pizza , several varieties of pizza Chicago-style hot dog , an ingredient-laden variety of hot dog See also [ edit ] Chicago school (disambiguation) several theories of thought Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Chicago style . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

550-403: A list of the citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section, sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted". In-text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical referencing. A full reference can be hidden, only displayed when wanted by the reader, in the form of

SECTION 10

#1732787251550

600-525: A note and its bibliography entry. In order of appearance, the elements of a bibliography entry are: What now is known as The Chicago Manual of Style was first published in 1906 under the title Manual of Style: Being a compilation of the typographical rules in force at the University of Chicago Press, to which are appended specimens of type in use . From its first 203-page edition, the CMOS evolved into

650-471: A number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long-established as to have their own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato ; Bekker numbers for Aristotle ; citing the Bible by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play. The Citation Style Language (CSL) is an open XML-based language to describe

700-426: A page by the "Academic Journals WikiProject". Research indicates a large share of academic citations on the platform are paywalled and hence inaccessible to many readers. "[ citation needed ]" is a tag added by Misplaced Pages editors to unsourced statements in articles requesting citations to be added. The phrase is reflective of the policies of verifiability and no original research on Misplaced Pages and has become

750-504: Is a reference to a book, article , web page , or other published item. Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely. Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation , legal citation , prior art , the arts , and the humanities . Regarding the use of citations in the scientific literature, some scholars also put forward "the right to refuse unwanted citations" in certain situations deemed inappropriate. Citation content can vary depending on

800-440: Is available in print as a hardcover book, and by subscription as a searchable website as The Chicago Manual of Style Online. The online version provides some free resources, primarily aimed at teachers, students, and libraries. The Chicago Manual of Style is published in hardcover and online. The online edition includes the searchable text of the 16th through 18th—its most recent—editions with features such as tools for editors,

850-418: Is citation errors, which often occur due to carelessness on either the researcher or journal editor's part in the publication procedure. For example, a study that analyzed 1,200 randomly selected citations from three major business ethics journals concluded that an average article contains at least three plagiarized citations when authors copy and paste a citation entry from another publication without consulting

900-439: Is for block quotations , where the citation is placed outside the punctuation. The full citation for the source is then included in a references section at the end of the material. As publication dates are prominent in this style, the reference entry places the publication date following the author(s) name. Using notes and bibliography style, the sourced text is indicated by a superscripted note number that corresponds to

950-732: Is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identifying gaps in the existing knowledge that should be filled or describing areas where inquiries should be continued or replicated. Citation has also been identified as a critical means by which researchers establish stance: aligning themselves with or against subgroups of fellow researchers working on similar projects and staking out opportunities for creating new knowledge. Conventions of citation (e.g., placement of dates within parentheses, superscripted endnotes vs. footnotes , colons or commas for page numbers, etc.) vary by

1000-426: Is used widely by academic and some trade publishers, as well as editors and authors who are required by those publishers to follow it. Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations also reflects Chicago style. Chicago style offers writers a choice of several different formats. It allows the mixing of formats, provided that the result is clear and consistent. For instance,

1050-402: The 15th edition of The Chicago Manual of Style permits the use of both in-text citation systems and/or footnotes or endnotes , including use of "content notes"; it gives information about in-text citation by page number (such as MLA style ) or by year of publication (like APA style ); it even provides for variations in styles of footnotes and endnotes, depending on whether the paper includes

SECTION 20

#1732787251550

1100-541: The associated reference(s). There also has been analysis of citations of science information on Misplaced Pages or of scientific citations on the site, e.g. enabling listing the most relevant or most-cited scientific journals and categories and dominant domains. Since 2015, the altmetrics platform Altmetric.com also shows citing English Misplaced Pages articles for a given study, later adding other language editions. The Wikimedia platform under development Scholia also shows "Misplaced Pages mentions" of scientific works. A study suggests

1150-405: The chapter on mathematics in type (citing low usage) but increased its coverage of citations of Indigenous languages (now with capital "I") and of Korean. Citation#Systems A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of

1200-412: The citation-system used (e.g., Oxford , Harvard , MLA , NLM , American Sociological Association (ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), etc.). Each system is associated with different academic disciplines , and academic journals associated with these disciplines maintain the relevant citational style by recommending and adhering to the relevant style guides . A bibliographic citation

1250-468: The context of a single citation system. These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles. The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc., particular to their style. A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs; consequently,

1300-827: The current claim. The digitization of patent data and increasing computing power have led to a community of practice that uses these citation data to measure innovation attributes, trace knowledge flows, and map innovation networks. Modern scientists are sometimes judged by the number of times their work is cited by others—this is actually a key indicator of the relative importance of a work in science. Accordingly, individual scientists are motivated to have their own work cited early and often and as widely as possible, but all other scientists are motivated to eliminate unnecessary citations so as not to devalue this means of judgment . A formal citation index tracks which referred and reviewed papers have referred which other such papers. Baruch Lev and other advocates of accounting reform consider

1350-455: The documents. A typical aim would be to identify the most important documents in a collection. A classic example is that of the citations between academic articles and books. For another example, judges of law support their judgements by referring back to judgements made in earlier cases (see citation analysis in a legal context ). An additional example is provided by patents which contain prior art , citation of earlier patents relevant to

1400-415: The field of communication, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that citations to online sources have a rate of decay (as cited pages are taken down), which they call a "half-life", that renders footnotes in those journals less useful for scholarship over time. Other experts have found that published replications do not have as many citations as original publications. Another important issue

1450-478: The formatting of citations and bibliographies. In some areas of the humanities, footnotes are used exclusively for references, and their use for conventional footnotes (explanations or examples) is avoided. In these areas, the term footnote is actually used as a synonym for reference , and care must be taken by editors and typesetters to ensure that they understand how the term is being used by their authors. In their research on footnotes in scholarly journals in

1500-460: The impact; while in sociology the number of references, the article length, and title length are among the factors. Studies of methodological quality and reliability have found that "reliability of published research works in several fields may be decreasing with increasing journal rank". Nature Index recognizes that citations remain a controversial and yet important metric for academics. They report five ways to increase citation counts: (1) watch

1550-405: The latest publishing practices and electronic workflows and self-publishing. Citation recommendations, the glossary of problematic words and phrases, and the bibliography have all been updated and expanded. In the 17th edition, email lost its hyphen, internet became lowercase, the singular "they" and "their" are now acceptable in certain circumstances, a major new section on syntax has been added, and

Chicago style - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-558: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chicago_style&oldid=635370130 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Chicago Manual of Style The guide specifically focuses on American English and deals with aspects of editorial practice, including grammar and usage, as well as document preparation and formatting. It

1650-412: The long-standing recommendation to use "ibid" has changed due to electronic publishing. The 18th edition was the first to recommend omitting publication locations from citations. It added citation styles for A.I. generated text and images, increased the scope of usage of singular and non-binary "they," and abandoned its efforts (since 1969) of writing "Roman" in "Roman numerals" in lowercase. It removed

1700-544: The many questions that arise when documenting online and digital sources, from the use of DOIs to citing social networking sites . Figures and tables are updated throughout the book, including a return to manual's popular hyphenation table and new, selective listings of Unicode numbers for special characters. In 2013, an adapted Spanish version was published by the University of Deusto in Bilbao , Spain. In April 2016,

1750-581: The number of times a patent is cited to be a significant metric of its quality, and thus of innovation . Reviews often replace citations to primary studies. Two metascientists reported that in a growing scientific field , citations disproportionately cite already well-cited papers, possibly slowing and inhibiting canonical progress to some degree in some cases. They find that "structures fostering disruptive scholarship and focusing attention on novel ideas" could be important. Recommendation systems sometimes also use citations to find similar studies to

1800-424: The one the user is currently reading or that the user may be interested in and may find useful. Better availability of integrable open citation information could be useful in addressing the "overwhelming amount of scientific literature". Knowledge agents may use citations to find studies that are relevant to the user's query, in particular citation statements are used by scite.ai to answer a question, also providing

1850-478: The original source. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting the author of a cited source about proper citations, reduce the likelihood of citation errors and thus increase the quality of research. Another study noted that approximately 25% citations do not support the claims made, a finding that affects many disciplines, including history. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by

1900-437: The process of electronic workflow and offered a primer on the use of XML markup. It also includes a revised glossary, including a host of terms associated with electronic and print publishing. The Chicago system of documentation is streamlined to achieve greater consistency between the author-date and notes-bibliography systems of citation, making both systems easier to use. In addition, updated and expanded examples address

1950-511: The publisher released The Chicago Guide to Grammar, Usage, and Punctuation , Bryan A. Garner 's expansion of his Chicago Manual of Style chapter on the topic, and coinciding with the release of the new edition of Garner's Modern American Usage . The 17th edition was published in September 2017. It offers new and expanded style guidelines in response to advancing technology and social change. It also includes new and revised content reflecting

2000-436: The same subject. There is research about citations and development of related tools and systems, mainly relating to scientific citations. Citation analysis is a method widely used in metascience . Citation analysis is the examination of the frequency, patterns, and graphs of citations in documents. It uses the directed graph of citations — links from one document to another document — to reveal properties of

2050-410: The scientific merits of an article. Field-dependent factors are usually listed as an issue to be tackled not only when comparisons across disciplines are made, but also when different fields of research of one discipline are being compared. For example, in medicine, among other factors, the number of authors, the number of references, the article length, and the presence of a colon in the title influence

Chicago style - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-499: The text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like: The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this: In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look like: The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note, would look like this: In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like

2150-536: The text, either bracketed or superscript or both. The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a shortened-note form. The organizational logic of the bibliography is that sources are listed in their order of appearance in-text, rather than alphabetically by author last name. For example, an excerpt from

2200-429: The title length and punctuation; (2) release the results early as preprints; (3) avoid referring to a country in the title, abstract, or keywords; (4) link the article to supporting data in a repository; and (5) avoid hyphens in the titles of research articles. Citation patterns are also known to be affected by unethical behavior of both the authors and journal staff. Such behavior is called impact factor boosting and

2250-585: The type of source and may include: Along with information such as authors, date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to. Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, the Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing. However, the Council of Science Editors (CSE) adds a third, the citation-name system . The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in

2300-588: The work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g., ), correct attribution of insights to previous sources

2350-787: The world adopt "Chicago" as their style. It is used in some social science publications, most North American historical journals, and remains the basis for the Style Guide of the American Anthropological Association , the Style Sheet for the Organization of American Historians , and corporate style guides, including the Apple Style Guide . The Chicago Manual of Style includes chapters relevant to publishers of books and journals. It

2400-433: The year of publication with no intervening punctuation. When page numbers are used, they are placed along with the author's last name and date of publication after an interposed comma. If the author's name is used in the text, only the date of publication need be cited parenthetically (with or without the page number). In-text citations are usually placed just inside a mark of punctuation. An exception to this rule

2450-454: Was printed. In 1982, with the publication of the 13th edition, it was officially retitled The Chicago Manual of Style , adopting the informal name already in widespread use. More recently, the publishers have released a new edition about every seven to ten years. The 15th edition (2003) was revised to reflect the emergence of computer technology and the internet in publishing, offering guidance for citing electronic works. Other changes include

2500-539: Was reported to involve even the top-tier journals. Specifically the high-ranking journals of medical science, including The Lancet , JAMA and The New England Journal of Medicine , are thought to be associated with such behavior, with up to 30% of citations to these journals being generated by commissioned opinion articles. On the other hand, the phenomenon of citation cartels is rising. Citation cartels are defined as groups of authors that cite each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of authors who work on

#549450