Misplaced Pages

#625374

39-710: Chiang Saen is located in the northernmost tip of Thailand. The provincial capital, Chiang Rai , lies about 60 kilometers to the south-west. In the vast plain of the lower Maenam Kok (Kok River), Chiang Saen lies on the west bank of the Mekong River , the opposite bank is in Laos . About five kilometers further south of today's city, the Maenam Kok flows into the Mekong. The area around Chiang Saen has been inhabited since prehistoric times, as evidenced by finds on display at

78-694: A final consonant must follow. The vowels each exist in long-short pairs : these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Northern Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา ( khao ) means "they/them", while ขาว ( khao ) means "white". The long-short pairs are as follows: The basic vowels can be combined into diphthongs . For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: Additionally, there are three triphthongs , For purposes of determining tone, those marked with an asterisk are sometimes classified as long: The following section largely concerns

117-607: A piece of the clay to break off—revealing the jade beneath. In 1992, the city pillar was moved from Wat Klang Wiang to Wat Phra That Doi Chom Thong , where it is known as Sadue Mueang ( Thai : สะดือเมือง ), the "navel" or omphalos of the city. Chiang Rai lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Kok River , a tributary of the Mekong, between the Daen Lao Range in the north and the Phi Pan Nam Range in

156-809: Is a pleasant alternative to the bus ride through the mountains. There are currently no rail services to Chiang Rai as the railway line from Bangkok ends at Chiang Mai. Nonetheless, new 323 kilometer-long branch line, from Den Chai to the Lao border at Chiang Khong and passing through Chiang Rai, is under construction and is expected to open in 2028. Exploring the Majestic Beauty of Chiang Rai , Thailand 19°54′34″N 99°49′39″E  /  19.90944°N 99.82750°E  / 19.90944; 99.82750 Northern Thai language Kam Mueang ( Northern Thai : ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , กำเมือง ) or Northern Thai language ( Thai : ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ )

195-543: Is also sometimes referred to as Phayap (พายัพ, Thai pronunciation: [pʰāː.jáp] ), "Northwestern (speech)". The term Yuan is still sometimes used for Northern Thai's distinctive Tai Tham alphabet , which is closely related to the old Tai Lue alphabet and the Lao religious alphabets. The use of the Tua Mueang , as the traditional alphabet is known, is now largely limited to Buddhist temples, where many old sermon manuscripts are still in active use. There

234-489: Is hot with the average daily maximum at 34.5 °C (94.1 °F). The monsoon season runs from late April through October, with heavy rain and somewhat cooler temperatures during the day, although nights remain warm. Snow has been first recorded in 1955. According to the Thai National Statistical Office , as of September 2010, Chiang Rai municipal district had a population of 199,699. With

273-546: Is no active production of literature in the traditional alphabet, and when used in writing standard Thai script is invariably used. The modern spoken form is called Kam Mueang . There is a resurgence of interest in writing it in the traditional way, but the modern pronunciation differs from that prescribed in spelling rules. Northern Thai is classified as one of the Chiang Saen languages—others being Thai , Southern Thai and numerous smaller languages, which together with

312-624: Is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna , Thailand . It is a Southwestern Tai language . Kam Mueang has approximately six million speakers, most of whom live in the native Northern Thailand , with a smaller community of Lanna speakers in northwestern Laos . Speakers of this language generally consider the name "Tai Yuan" to be pejorative . They refer to themselves as Khon Mueang ( ᨤᩫ᩠ᨶᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ , คน เมือง , [kʰon˧.mɯaŋ˧] – literally "people of Mueang " meaning "city dwellers"), Lanna, or Northern Thai. The language

351-765: Is the northernmost major city in Thailand , with a population of about 200,000 people. It is located in Mueang Chiang Rai District , Chiang Rai Province . Chiang Rai was established as a capital city in the reign of King Mangrai , in 1262 CE. The city was founded by King Mangrai in 1262 and became the capital of the Mangrai Dynasty. The word 'Chiang' means 'city' in Thai , so Chiang Rai would mean 'the City of (Mang) Rai '. Subsequently, Chiang Rai

390-449: Is typically code-switched with standard Thai, especially in more developed and urbanized areas of Northern Thailand, whereas exclusive use of Northern Thai remains prevalent in more remote areas. Thanajirawat (2018) classifies Tai Yuan into five major dialect groups based on tonal split and merger patterns. ( See also Proto-Tai language#Tones ) Northern Thai consonant inventory is similar to that of Lao ( Isan ); both languages have

429-431: The / ɲ / sound and lack / tɕʰ / . There are two relatively common consonant clusters: There are also several other, less frequent clusters recorded, though apparently in the process of being lost: All plosive sounds (besides the glottal stop /ʔ/) are unreleased . Hence, final /p/ , /t/ , and /k/ sounds are pronounced as [p̚] , [t̚] , and [k̚] respectively. ฒ ,ด, ต, ถ, ท, ธ, ศ, ษ, ส The basic vowels of

SECTION 10

#1732773384626

468-590: The Burmese border; 60 kilometres (37 mi) south-west of the town of Chiang Saen on the Mekong River across from Laos ; and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Phayao town. The Golden Triangle , the tripoint of the Thailand, Laos and Myanmar borders, is 55 kilometres (34 mi) north-east of the city. Chiang Rai has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ). Winters are fairly dry and warm. Temperatures rise until April, which

507-560: The Chiang Saen National Museum . Chronicles describe an ancient royal city, Ngoenyang , which was probably the first major city in the area. It was on one of the trade routes that led from northern Thailand all the way to Yunnan . The chronicles go on to say that the ruler of this city made an alliance by marriage with Chiang Hung , which is now called Jinghong and at that time was located in "Sipsong Pan Na" (today: Xishuangbanna ). Mangrai , later king of Lan Na ,

546-495: The Karen , Akha , Lisu , Miao , and Hmong . Chiang Rai City is the capital of Chiang Rai Province . The city hall 19°54.805′N 99°49.615′E  /  19.913417°N 99.826917°E  / 19.913417; 99.826917 houses the provincial offices. The thesaban houses the municipal offices 19°54′34″N 99°49′39″E  /  19.90944°N 99.82750°E  / 19.90944; 99.82750 . In 2018

585-557: The Northern Thai people were speakers of Southwestern Tai dialects that migrated from what is now southeastern China, specifically what is now Guangxi and northern Vietnam where the diversity of various Tai languages suggests an Urheimat . The Southwestern Tai languages began to diverge from the Northern and Central branches of the Tai languages, covered mainly by various Zhuang languages , sometime around 112 AD, but likely completed by

624-535: The sixth century . Due to the influx of Han Chinese soldiers and settlers, the end of the Chinese occupation of Vietnam, the fall of Jiaozhi and turbulence associated with the decline and fall of the Tang dynasty led some of the Tai peoples speaking Southwestern Tai to flee into Southeast Asia, with the small-scale migration mainly taking place between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The Tais split and followed

663-569: The Burmese rule of Lan Na from 1558 to 1774, the Burmese established a fort at Chiang Saen which served as the military and political center of Lan Na under their control in the 18th century. A Burmese governor (myowun) resided here. Chiang Saen was more firmly integrated into the Burmese Empire than other parts of Lan Na. The 19th-century "Chiang Saen Chronicles" even gives a negative account of Chiang Mai's rebellion against Burmese rule. It

702-465: The Mekong, so he only had to dig a moat on three sides, the fourth side was the Mekong. Behind the ditch was an earth wall, and a total of five gates led into the city. Eight watchtowers were erected in the city and at strategically important locations in the surrounding area. Shortly after the city was completed, Saenphu made his son Khamfu governor of Chiang Mai and retired to Chiang Saen, which has borne his name ever since. Here he died in 1334. During

741-744: The Nan dialect of Northern Thai. ( Tai Tham script ) ( Thai script ) There are six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai dialect of Northern Thai: low-rising, low-falling, high-level with glottal closure, mid-level, high-falling, and high-rising. or low-rising, mid-low, high-falling, mid-high, falling, and high rising-falling The table below presents six phonemic tones in the Chiang Mai and Nan dialects in smooth syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in sonorant sounds such as [m], [n], [ŋ], [w], and [j] and open syllables. Sources have not agreed on

780-508: The Northern Thai language are similar to those of Standard Thai . They, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the International Phonetic Alphabet , the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai alphabet , where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that

819-716: The Northwestern Tai and Lao-Phutai languages, form the Southwestern branch of Tai languages . The Tai languages are a branch of the Kra–Dai language family , which encompasses a large number of indigenous languages spoken in an arc from Hainan and Guangxi south through Laos and Northern Vietnam to the Cambodian border. From a purely genealogical standpoint, most linguists consider Northern Thai to be more closely related to Central Thai than to Lao or Isan , but

SECTION 20

#1732773384626

858-489: The city, ending 200 years of Burmese rule. Kawila was installed as the prince of Lampang and Phraya Chaban as the prince of Chiang Mai, both as vassals of Siam. In 1899, Siam annexed the Northern Thai principalities, effectively dissolving their status as sovereign tributary states. The Compulsory Education Act of 1921 banned schools and temples from using languages other than Central Thai (standard Thai), in an effort to bring remote regions under Siamese control. Northern Thai

897-941: The language has been heavily influenced by both Lao and Central Thai throughout history. All Southwestern Tai languages form a coherent dialect continuum of more or less mutually intelligible varieties, with few sharp dividing lines. Nevertheless, Northern Thai has today become closer to the Central Thai language, as Standard Thai is the principal language of education and government and spoken throughout Thailand. Hlai languages Kam-Sui languages Kra languages Be language Northern Tai languages Central Tai languages Khamti language Shan language others Tai Lue language Kam Mueang language Thai language Southern Thai language Tai Yo language Phuthai language Lao language ( Isan language ) The Northern Thai language has various names in Northern Thai, Thai, and other Tai languages . The ancestors of

936-475: The major river courses, with the ancestral Northern Thai originating in the Tai migrants that followed the Mekong River . Ancestors of the Northern Thai people established Ngoenyang , an early kingdom that existed between the 7th to 13th centuries, as well as smaller kingdoms like Phayao , in what is now modern-day northern Thailand. They settled in areas adjacent to the kingdom of Hariphunchai , coming into contact with Mon-speaking people whose writing system

975-443: The past 100 years ), the information about the six tones from Gedney (1999) should be considered with caution. The Gedney boxes for the tones are shown below the descriptions. The table below presents four phonemic tones in checked syllables, i.e. closed syllables ending in a glottal stop [ʔ] and obstruent sounds such as [p], [t], and [k]. The grammar of Northern Thai is similar to those of other Tai languages . The word order

1014-539: The phonetic realization of the six tones in the Chiang Mai dialect. The table presents information based on two sources, one from Gedney (1999) and the other one from the Lanna dictionary (2007) which is a Northern Thai-Thai dictionary. Although published in 1999, Gedney's information about the Chiang Mai dialect is based on data he collected from one speaker in Chiang Mai in 1964 (p. 725). As tones may change within one's lifetime (e.g., Bangkok Thai tones have changed over

1053-584: The rainy season which lasts from about June to late October, this can severely inhibit travel with road sections often completely flooded and even washed out. Several flights are available to and from Bangkok daily. Chiang Rai International Airport flight time is about 1 hour and 30 minutes. There are several major operators including Thai Airways, Air Asia, Nok Air. There is scheduled boat service between Chiang Rai and Thaton in Chiang Mai Province daily. This journey will last about 3–4 hours and

1092-470: The religious sites. He also had the population deported as forced laborers to his immediate dominion, the central Thai basin. To this day, descendants of the Tai Yuan from Chiang Saen who were abducted at the time can be found in the provinces of Ratchaburi and Saraburi . For the next few years the city remained deserted, as noted by British surveyor Holt Samuel Hallett , who visited the city in 1876. It

1131-575: The south. The Kok River runs along Chiang Rai's north side, flowing eastwards out of Burma at Tha Ton (ท่าตอม) town, bending north-eastwards and joining the Mekong River about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north-east of the city. The Lao River , a tributary of the Kok, flows south of Chiang Rai. There are four bridges spanning the Kok River within the town's boundaries, each running south–north. Most of

1170-494: The spread of the city extending into neighboring districts, the metropolitan area is considered somewhat larger by local residents. Chiang Rai city is the capital city and business center of the Chiang Rai Province, home to 1.1 million residents. A significant share—12.5 percent—of the population are of hill tribes descent. "Hill tribes" is a collective term for the minority ethnic groups in north Thailand such as

1209-556: The survivors of the Tham Luang cave rescue were brought to Chiang Rai, the nearest large city for hospital care. Route 1 runs from Bangkok through Chiang Rai to Mae Sai on the Burma border. Chiang Rai is 839 kilometers from Bangkok, about 14 hours by car or by bus. According to official bus schedules, the bus ride to Chiang Rai from Chiang Mai takes approximately 3 hours and 30 minutes, All of these times should take into account

Chiang Saen - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-507: The terrain surrounding Chiang Rai town is either flat or has moderate hills. The exception is outward in the west and north-west directions, where limestone hills are evident, some of which have vertical exposed cliffs. That is also the direction where most of the region's hill tribe people have their villages, further afield. The city is 860 kilometres (530 mi) north of Bangkok , about 200 kilometres (120 mi) north-east of Chiang Mai , 62 kilometres (39 mi) south of Mae Sai and

1287-469: Was born into this family in 1239. The town of Ngoenyang no longer exists, although its name is still used interchangeably with Chiang Saen. The city of Chiang Saen was founded in 1329 by Saenphu , a grandson of Mangrai. The newly founded city was initially called "Mueang Roi", shaped like an irregular rectangle at 1500 by 700 Wa (about 3000 meters by 1400 meters) in size. Its outlines are still clearly visible in today's city. Saenphu had it built directly on

1326-470: Was conquered by Burma and remained under Burmese rule for several hundred years. It was not until 1786 that Chiang Rai became a Chiang Mai vassal. Siam (Thailand) annexed Chiang Mai in 1899, and Chiang Rai was proclaimed a province of Thailand in 1933. In 1432, during the reign of King Sam Fang Kaen of the Mangrai Dynasty (1402–1441), the Phra Kaeo, or Emerald Buddha , the most revered Buddha statue ,

1365-493: Was discovered in Chiang Rai when an earthquake split the chedi at Wat Phra Kaeo of Chiang Rai city. The jade figure was then seen concealed within. Another telling of the story has the "Emerald Buddha" hastily covered in mud just before marauders entered to pillage. Many years later, the clunky-looking mud Buddha was found to actually house a magnificent jade statue, perhaps by way of the earthquake mentioned above—which caused

1404-635: Was eventually adapted for the Northern Thai language as the Tai Tham script . In the 13th century, King Mangrai consolidated control of these territories, establishing the kingdom of Lan Na . In the 15th century, King Tilokkarat ushered in a golden age for Northern Thai literature, with a profusion of palm leaf manuscripts written in Tai Tham, using vernacular Northern Thai and interspersed with Pali and Buddhist Indic vocabulary. In 1775, Kawila of Lampang revolted with Siamese assistance, and captured

1443-457: Was not until 1804 that Chiang Saen, as the last part of today's northern Thailand inhabited by Tai Yuan , came under the control of Siamese king Rama I , after it was conquered by Siamese troops with the help of the armies of King Kawila of Chiang Mai and prince Atthawarapanyo of Nan , who had been captured by the Siamese. The Siamese king ordered that the city should be destroyed except for

1482-650: Was not until 1881 that King Rama V (Chulalongkorn) Chiang Saen was refounded and repopulated with families from Lamphun , Lampang and Chiang Mai . To date, only a small part of the old town is inhabited. Of the original five city gates, only the Chiang Saen Gate has been restored, through which Route 1016 runs from Mae Chan district down to the banks of the Mekong. Chiang Rai Chiang Rai ( Thai : เชียงราย , pronounced [t͡ɕʰīa̯ŋ rāːj] ; Northern Thai : ᨩ᩠ᨿᨦᩁᩣ᩠ᨿ , เจียงฮาย , Northern Thai pronunciation: [t͡ɕīa̯ŋ hāːj] )

1521-469: Was relegated from the public sphere, with influential religious leaders like Khruba Srivichai jailed for using Northern Thai in sermons. In the 1940s, authorities promulgated Thai cultural mandates that reinforced the importance of learning and using Central Thai as the prestige language . These economic and educational pressures have increased the use of standard Thai to the detriment of other regional languages like Northern Thai. Today, Northern Thai

#625374