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37-543: The Chigorin Defense violates several classical principles: Black does not maintain the center pawn at d5, the c-pawn is blocked, and Black must be willing to trade a bishop for a knight . In return, Black gets quick development and piece pressure on the center . Although opening assessments change as improvements are found for each side, the Chigorin is generally considered playable for Black, and it

74-490: A draw even if one player has a pawn or sometimes two more than the other. The players tend to gain control of squares of opposite colors, and a deadlock results. In endgames with same-colored bishops, however, even a positional advantage may be enough to win. Endgames in which each player has only one bishop (and no other pieces besides the king) and the bishops are on opposite colors are often drawn , even when one side has an extra pawn or two. Many of these positions would be

111-458: A "shooter" meaning an archer , while in others it is still known as "elephant" (e.g. Russian slon ). In South Slavic languages it is usually known as lovac , meaning "hunter", or laufer , taken from the German name for the same piece ( laufer is also a co-official Polish name for the piece alongside goniec ). In Bulgarian the bishop is called "officer" ( Bulgarian : офицер ), which is also

148-456: A bishop can by itself lose a move (see triangulation and tempo ), while a knight can never do so. The bishop is capable of skewering or pinning a piece, while the knight can do neither. A bishop can in some situations hinder a knight from moving. In these situations, the bishop is said to be "dominating" the knight. On the other hand, in the opening and middlegame a bishop may be hemmed in by pawns of both players, and thus be inferior to

185-481: A bishop: ♗ U+2657 White Chess Bishop ♝ U+265D Black Chess Bishop 🨃 U+1FA03 Neutral Chess Bishop Triangulation (chess) Triangulation is a tactic used in chess to put one's opponent in zugzwang (a position in which it is a disadvantage to move). Triangulation is also called losing a tempo or losing a move . Triangulation occurs most commonly in endgames with only kings and pawns when one king can maneuver on three adjacent squares in

222-474: A fianchettoed queen's bishop for a knight is usually less problematic. For example, in Karpov – Browne , San Antonio 1972, after 1.c4 c5 2.b3 Nf6 3.Bb2 g6 ?! , Karpov gave up his fianchettoed bishop with 4.Bxf6! exf6 5.Nc3, doubling Black's pawns and giving him a hole on d5. An endgame in which each player has only one bishop, one controlling the dark squares and the other the light, will often result in

259-519: A knight is less capable of doing so. In an open endgame, a pair of bishops is decidedly superior to either a bishop and a knight, or two knights. A player possessing a pair of bishops has a strategic weapon in the form of a long-term threat to trade down to an advantageous endgame. Two bishops on opposite-colored squares and king can force checkmate against a lone king, whereas two knights cannot. A bishop and knight can force mate , but with far greater difficulty than two bishops. In certain positions

296-521: A knight which can jump over them. A knight check cannot be blocked but a bishop check can. Furthermore, on a crowded board a knight has many tactical opportunities to fork two enemy pieces. A bishop can fork, but opportunities are rarer. One such example occurs in the position illustrated, which arises from the Ruy Lopez : 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 b5 6.Bb3 Be7 7.d4 d6 8.c3 Bg4 9.h3 !? Bxf3 10.Qxf3 exd4 11.Qg3 g6 12.Bh6 ! In

333-417: A win if the bishops were on the same color. The position from Wolf versus Leonhardt (see diagram) shows an important defensive setup. Black can make no progress, since the white bishop ties the black king to defending the pawn on g4 and it also prevents the advance ...f3+ because it would simply capture the pawn – then either the other pawn is exchanged for the bishop (an immediate draw) or

370-405: Is a good bishop vis-à-vis Black's bad bishop. Black resigned after another ten moves. A bishop may be fianchettoed , for example after moving the g2 pawn to g3 and the bishop on f1 to g2. This can form a strong defense for the castled king on g1 and the bishop can often exert strong pressure on the long diagonal (here h1–a8). A fianchettoed bishop should generally not be given up lightly, since

407-534: Is attributed to "India", then a very vague term. About half a century later Muḥammad ibn Maḥmud al-Āmulī, in his Treasury of the Sciences , describes an expanded form of chess with two pieces moving "like the rook but obliquely". The bishop was also independently invented in Japan at about the same time (the 13th century), where it formed part of sho shogi and dai shogi ; it remains present in modern shogi as

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444-520: Is back to the same position, but with White to move, and now White is in zugzwang. White must lose the rook or allow the f-pawn to advance towards promotion . Usually when a king triangulates in a king and pawn endgame, it is close to the other king and triangulation gains the opposition , putting the opponent in zugzwang. This position (from analysis of a game between Alexey Shirov and Alexander Grischuk in New Delhi in 2000) shows an example when

481-489: Is impeded by friendly pawns is often referred to as a "bad bishop" (or sometimes, disparagingly, a "tall pawn"). The black light-squared bishop in the French Defense is a notorious example of this concept. A "bad" bishop, however, need not always be a weakness, especially if it is outside its own pawn chains . In addition, having a "bad" bishop may be advantageous in an opposite-colored bishops endgame . Even if

518-729: Is on d5, Black's king must be on d7, with White to move in order for Black to prevent the advance of the White king. White has a triangle of squares available: d5, e5, and d4. White can win by the following maneuver: and now the triangulation is complete and we have the same position but with Black to move. White has gained the opposition and Black is now in zugzwang . There may follow: and White will win. (There are other ways for White to win after her third move.) In this 1978 game between Lev Alburt and future World Champion Garry Kasparov , Black wins by triangulating: and White resigned . After 57. Kf1 Ke4! 58. Kf2 Kf4 59. Kf1 Kg3, Black wins

555-541: Is useful as a surprise weapon against the Queen's Gambit. Alexander Morozevich is perhaps the only modern grandmaster who regularly plays the Chigorin Defense; in the 1980s, Vasily Smyslov did employ the opening against Garry Kasparov , achieving a draw. Morozevich has also published a book on the Chigorin Defense, in which he gives both a theoretical and a personal view on the opening. The Chigorin Defense has

592-442: The opposition and is keeping the white king out. However, if White had the opposition (i.e. it were Black's move in this position), the black king would have to move away from d7 and allow the white king to advance. Black's king must stay close to where it is; he must prevent the c-pawn from advancing, and he must not let himself be driven to the edge of the board. The squares d5 and d7 are corresponding squares ; when White's king

629-542: The rook . When unobstructed, a rook attacks fourteen squares regardless of position, whereas a bishop attacks no more than thirteen (from one of four center squares) and sometimes as few as seven (from sides and corners). A king and rook can force checkmate against a lone king, whereas a king and bishop cannot. A king and two bishops on opposite-colored squares, however, can force mate. Knights and bishops are each worth about three pawns. This means bishops are approximately equal in strength to knights, but depending on

666-641: The English language, as the first mentioning of " biskup " in Icelandic texts dates back to the early part of the 14th century, while the 12th-century Lewis Chessmen portray the bishop as an unambiguously ecclesiastical figure. In the Saga of Earl Mágus , which was written in Iceland somewhere between 1300–1325, it is described how an emperor was checkmated by a bishop. This has led to some speculations as to

703-507: The bad bishop is passively placed, it may serve a useful defensive function; a well-known quip from GM Mihai Suba is that "Bad bishops protect good pawns." In the position from the game Krasenkow versus Zvjaginsev, a thicket of black pawns hems in Black's bishop on c8, so Black is effectively playing with one piece fewer than White. Although the black pawns also obstruct the white bishop on e2, it has many more attacking possibilities, and thus

740-523: The bishop is the " wrong bishop ", meaning that it is on the wrong color of square for some purpose (usually promoting a pawn). For example, with just a bishop and a rook pawn , if the bishop cannot control the promotion square of the pawn, it is said to be the "wrong bishop" or the pawn is said to be the wrong rook pawn . This results in some positions being drawn (by setting up a fortress ) which otherwise would be won. The bishop's predecessor in medieval chess, shatranj (originally chaturanga ),

777-410: The bishops on opposite colors if one side has weak pawns. In the 1925 game Efim Bogoljubov – Max Blümich (see diagram), White wins because of the bishops being on opposite colors making Black weak on the dark squares, the weakness of Black's isolated pawns on the queenside , and the weak doubled pawns on the kingside . The game continued: In an endgame with a bishop, in some cases

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814-412: The chess piece was first recorded in the 16th century, with the first known written example dating back to the 1560s. In all other Germanic languages, except for Icelandic, it is called various names, all of which directly translate to English as "runner" or "messenger". In Icelandic, however, it is called " biskup ", with the same meaning as in English. The use of the term in Icelandic predates that of

851-547: The classification D07 in the Encyclopedia of Chess Openings . Because the Chigorin is an unusual defense, the theory of this opening is not as well developed as that for more popular openings. After 1.d4 d5 2.c4 Nc6, some of the most commonly played variations are: Bibliography Bishop (chess) The bishop (♗, ♝) is a piece in the game of chess . It moves and captures along diagonals without jumping over interfering pieces. Each player begins

888-764: The direct descendant of sho shogi. Derivatives of alfil survive in the languages of the two countries where chess was first introduced within Western Europe—Italian ( alfiere ) and Spanish ( alfil ). It was known as the aufin in French, or the aufin, alphin, or archer in early English. The earliest references to bishops on the chessboard are two 13th-century Latin texts, De Vetula and Quaedam moralitas de scaccario . The etymology of "bishop" comes from Old English bisceop "bishop, high priest," from Late Latin episcopus, from Greek episkopos "watcher, overseer." The term "bishop" as applied specifically to

925-555: The game situation, either may have a distinct advantage. In general, the bishop is slightly stronger than the knight. Less experienced players tend to underrate the bishop compared to the knight because the knight can reach all squares and is more adept at forking . More experienced players understand the power of the bishop. Bishops usually gain in relative strength towards the endgame as more pieces are captured and more open lines become available on which they can operate. A bishop can easily influence both wings simultaneously, whereas

962-421: The game with two bishops. The starting squares are c1 and f1 for White's bishops, and c8 and f8 for Black's bishops. The king's bishop is placed on f1 for White and f8 for Black; the queen's bishop is placed on c1 for White and c8 for Black. The bishop has no restrictions in distance for each move but is limited to diagonal movement. It cannot jump over other pieces. A bishop captures by occupying

999-401: The kings are far apart. White triangulates to put Black in zugzwang: and amazingly Black is in zugzwang. The game could continue: and White wins. For an example of triangulation with a queen , see the queen versus rook position at Philidor position . The game Fischer versus Taimanov, fourth match game shows a similar tactic with a bishop . A rook can also perform the maneuver, but

1036-413: The middlegame, a player with only one bishop should generally place friendly pawns on squares of the color that the bishop cannot move to. This allows the player to control squares of both colors, allows the bishop to move freely among the pawns, and helps fix enemy pawns on squares on which they can be attacked by the bishop. Such a bishop is often referred to as a "good" bishop. Conversely, a bishop which

1073-463: The origin of the English use of the term "bishop". The canonical chessmen date back to the Staunton chess set of 1849. The piece's deep groove symbolizes a bishop's (or abbot's) mitre . Some have written that the groove originated from the original form of the piece, an elephant with the groove representing the elephant's tusks . The English apparently chose to call the piece a bishop because

1110-428: The pawn advances (an easily drawn position). Otherwise the bishop alternates between the squares d1 and e2. If two pawns are connected , they normally win if they reach their sixth rank , otherwise the game may be a draw (as above). If two pawns are separated by one file they usually draw, but win if they are farther apart. In some cases with more pawns on the board, it is actually advantageous to have

1147-697: The piece's alternative name in Russian; it is also called αξιωματικός ( axiomatikos ) in Greek, афіцэр ( afitser ) in Belarusian and oficeri in Albanian. In Mongolian and several Indian languages it is called the " camel ". In Lithuanian it is the rikis , a kind of military commander in medieval Lithuania . In Latvia it is known as laidnis , a term for the wooden handle part of some firearms. Unicode defines three codepoints for

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1184-560: The projections at the top resembled a mitre. This groove was interpreted differently in different countries as the game moved to Europe; in France, for example, the groove was taken to be a jester 's cap, hence in France the bishop is called fou (jester) and in Romania nebun (meaning crazy, but also jester). In some Slavic languages (e.g. Czech/Slovak) the bishop is called střelec/strelec , which directly translates to English as

1221-418: The resulting holes in the pawn formation may prove to be serious weaknesses, particularly if the king has castled on that side of the board. There are nonetheless some modern opening lines where a fianchettoed bishop is given up for a knight in order to double the opponent's pawns, for example 1.d4 g6 2.c4 Bg7 3.Nc3 c5 4.d5 Bxc3+!? 5.bxc3 f5, a sharp line originated by Roman Dzindzichashvili . Giving up

1258-464: The shape of a triangle and maintain the basic position while the opposing king only has two such squares. Thus, if one king triangulates by using three moves to return to the original square and the opposing king cannot do the same, he has lost a crucial tempo and reached the same position with the other player to move. Triangulation can occur in other endgames and even in some middlegames . Consider this position, with White to move. Here, Black has

1295-419: The square on which an enemy piece stands. As a consequence of its diagonal movement, each bishop always remains on one square color. Due to this, it is common to refer to a bishop as a light-squared or dark-squared bishop. A rook is generally worth about two pawns more than a bishop. The bishop has access to only half of the squares on the board, whereas all squares of the board are accessible to

1332-424: The white pawn. Triangulation can occur in endgames other than king and pawn endgames, such as this game in the 1965 Candidates Tournament , in which future World chess champion Boris Spassky defeated former world champion Mikhail Tal and won the right to challenge the then-current champion Tigran Petrosian . White would be in zugzwang if it were his move. Black achieves this through triangulation: Now it

1369-644: Was the alfil , meaning "elephant", which could leap two squares along any diagonal, and could jump over an intervening piece. As a consequence, each fil was restricted to eight squares, and no fil could attack another. The modern bishop first appeared shortly after 1200 in Courier chess . A piece with this move, called a cocatriz or crocodile, is part of the Grande Acedrex in the Libro de los juegos compiled in 1283 for King Alfonso X of Castile . The game

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