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69-555: The upper reaches of the river are important to forestry , and the middle and lower reaches are important to local agriculture, providing irrigation to some 400 square kilometres (154 sq mi) of rice fields on the Tsukushi Plain . The river is also important to industry, with twenty electrical power plants located along its banks, as well as the major city of Kurume in Fukuoka Prefecture . Recognizing

138-623: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings​ , FAO, FAO. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief​ , FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

207-465: A free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 ( license statement/permission ). Text taken from World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023​ , FAO, FAO. Renewable resource A renewable resource (also known as a flow resource ) is a natural resource which will replenish to replace the portion depleted by usage and consumption, either through natural reproduction or other recurring processes in

276-569: A class of hair-like materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces, similar to pieces of thread . They can be used as a component of composite materials. They can also be matted into sheets to make products such as paper or felt . Fibres are of two types: natural fibre which consists of animal and plant fibres, and man made fibre which consists of synthetic fibres and regenerated fibres. Renewable resources are endangered by non-regulated industrial developments and growth. They must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding

345-609: A faculty at the Federal University of Paraná , in Curitiba. Today, forestry education typically includes training in general biology , ecology , botany , genetics , soil science , climatology , hydrology , economics and forest management . Education in the basics of sociology and political science is often considered an advantage. Professional skills in conflict resolution and communication are also important in training programs. In India, forestry education

414-692: A finite amount of time in a human time scale. When the recovery rate of resources is unlikely to ever exceed a human time scale, these are called perpetual resources . Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment and the largest components of its ecosphere . A positive life-cycle assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability . Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in agricultural products and to an extent water resources . In 1962, Paul Alfred Weiss defined renewable resources as: " The total range of living organisms providing man with life, fibres, etc... ". Another type of renewable resources

483-455: A mixture of the two. Techniques include timber extraction, planting and replanting of different species , building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing fire . The first dedicated forestry school was established by Georg Ludwig Hartig at Hungen in the Wetterau , Hesse , in 1787, though forestry had been taught earlier in central Europe, including at

552-455: A region. A related discipline is the study of sylvics, which focuses on the autecology of genera and species. The provenance of forest reproductive material used to plant forests has a great influence on how the trees develop, hence why it is important to use forest reproductive material of good quality and of high genetic diversity . More generally, all forest management practices, including in natural regeneration systems , may impact

621-627: A significant percentage of (middle European) farmers yields went into livestock , which provides as well organic fertiliser. Oxen and horses were important for transportation purposes, drove engines as e.g. in treadmills . Other regions solved the transportation problem with terracing , urban and garden agriculture. Further conflicts as between forestry and herding, or (sheep) herders and cattle farmers led to various solutions. Some confined wool production and sheep to large state and nobility domains or outsourced to professional shepherds with larger wandering herds. The British Agricultural Revolution

690-416: A solvent), it is also used for dumping garbage. Desalination of seawater is considered a renewable source of water, although reducing its dependence on fossil fuel energy is needed for it to be fully renewable. Food is any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. Most food has its origin in renewable resources. Food is obtained directly from plants and animals. Hunting may not be

759-476: A third of the complete research grants in Nazi Germany on agricultural and genetic research and especially on resources needed in case of a further German war effort. A wide array of agrarian research institutes still existing today and having importance in the field was founded or enlarged in the time. There were some major failures as trying to e.g. grow frost resistant olive species, but some success in

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828-418: A valuable renewable source of pharmacological ingredients. Before GMO production set in, insulin and important hormones were based on animal sources. Feathers , an important byproduct of poultry farming for food, is still being used as filler and as base for keratin in general. Same applies for the chitin produced in farming Crustaceans which may be used as base of chitosan . The most important part of

897-443: Is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorized as renewable resources. Fresh water is an example of a renewable resource. Water can be considered a renewable material when carefully controlled usage and temperature, treatment, and release are followed. If not, it would become a non-renewable resource at that location. For example, as groundwater

966-431: Is thermoplastic starch. Other forms include Cellulose bioplastics, bio polyester , Polylactic acid , and bio-derived polyethylene . The production and use of bioplastics is generally regarded as a more sustainable activity when compared to plastic production from petroleum (petroplastic); however, manufacturing of bioplastic materials is often still reliant upon petroleum as an energy and materials source. Because of

1035-533: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Japan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Forestry Forestry is the science and craft of creating, managing, planting, using, conserving and repairing forests and woodlands for associated resources for human and environmental benefits. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands . The science of forestry has elements that belong to

1104-929: Is an important economic segment in various industrial countries, as forests provide more than 86 million green jobs and support the livelihoods of many more people. For example, in Germany, forests cover nearly a third of the land area, wood is the most important renewable resource , and forestry supports more than a million jobs and about €181 billion of value to the German economy each year. Worldwide, an estimated 880 million people spend part of their time collecting fuelwood or producing charcoal, many of them women.  Human populations tend to be low in areas of low-income countries with high forest cover and high forest biodiversity, but poverty rates in these areas tend to be high. Some 252 million people living in forests and savannahs have incomes of less than US$ 1.25 per day. Over

1173-433: Is caused in part by overfishing, caused by human competition over the same renewable resources Besides their role as a resource for fuel and building material, trees protect the environment by absorbing carbon dioxide and by creating oxygen. The destruction of rain forests is one of the critical causes of climate change . Deforestation causes carbon dioxide to linger in the atmosphere. As carbon dioxide accrues, it produces

1242-469: Is found mainly as groundwater, with only a small fraction (0.008%) present above ground or in the air. Water pollution is one of the main concerns regarding water resources. It is estimated that 22% of worldwide water is used in industry. Major industrial users include hydroelectric dams, thermoelectric power plants (which use water for cooling), ore and oil refineries (which use water in chemical processes) and manufacturing plants (which use water as

1311-644: Is imparted in the agricultural universities and in Forest Research Institutes (deemed universities). Four year degree programmes are conducted in these universities at the undergraduate level. Masters and Doctorate degrees are also available in these universities. In the United States, postsecondary forestry education leading to a Bachelor's degree or Master's degree is accredited by the Society of American Foresters . In Canada

1380-468: Is made from vegetable oils and animal fats . Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe. Biogas is methane produced by the process of anaerobic digestion of organic material by anaerobes ., etc. is also a renewable source of energy. Biogas typically refers to a mixture of gases produced by the breakdown of organic matter in

1449-624: Is mainly suitable to regions with small-scale multi-functional forest management systems Forestry literature is the books, journals and other publications about forestry. The first major works about forestry in the English language included Roger Taverner 's Booke of Survey (1565), John Manwood 's A Brefe Collection of the Lawes of the Forrest (1592) and John Evelyn 's Sylva (1662). [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

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1518-520: Is no sharp boundary between plant taxonomy and dendrology; woody plants not only belong to many different plant families , but these families may be made up of both woody and non-woody members. Some families include only a few woody species . Dendrology, as a discipline of industrial forestry, tends to focus on identification of economically useful woody plants and their taxonomic interrelationships. As an academic course of study, dendrology will include all woody plants, native and non-native, that occur in

1587-428: Is one of the primary contributing factors to erosion, due to mechanised agricultural equipment that allows for deep plowing, which severely increases the amount of soil that is available for transport by water erosion . The phenomenon called peak soil describes how large-scale factory farming techniques are affecting humanity's ability to grow food in the future. Without efforts to improve soil management practices,

1656-530: Is referring to biological material from living, or recently living organisms, most often referring to plants or plant-derived materials. Sustainable harvesting and use of renewable resources (i.e., maintaining a positive renewal rate) can reduce air pollution , soil contamination , habitat destruction and land degradation . Biomass energy is derived from six distinct energy sources: garbage, wood, plants, waste, landfill gases , and alcohol fuels . Historically, humans have harnessed biomass-derived energy since

1725-488: Is the polyketide biosynthetic pathway, which generates chemicals containing repeated alkyl chain units with potential for a wide variety of functional groups at the different carbon atoms. Polyurethane research is ongoing that specifically uses renewable resources. Bioplastics are a form of plastics derived from renewable biomass sources, such as vegetable fats and oils , lignin , corn starch , pea starch or microbiota . The most common form of bioplastic

1794-436: Is the biological science of studying forests and woodlands , incorporating the understanding of natural forest ecosystems , and the effects and development of silvicultural practices. The term complements silviculture , which deals with the art and practice of forest management. Silvology is seen as a single science for forestry and was first used by Professor Roelof A.A. Oldeman at Wageningen University . It integrates

1863-482: Is the extraction of forest products, are planned and managed to utilize a mix of ecological and agroecological principles. In many regions of the world there is considerable conflict between forest practices and other societal priorities such as water quality, watershed preservation, sustainable fishing, conservation, and species preservation. Silvology ( Latin : silva or sylva , "forests and woods"; Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , "science of" or "study of")

1932-431: Is the foundation of biological diversity at species and ecosystem levels. Forest genetic resources are therefore important to consider in forest management. Genetic diversity in forests is threatened by forest fires , pests and diseases, habitat fragmentation , poor silvicultural practices and inappropriate use of forest reproductive material. About 98 million hectares of forest were affected by fire in 2015; this

2001-499: Is usually removed from an aquifer at a rate much greater than its very slow natural recharge, it is a considered non-renewable resource. Removal of water from the pore spaces in aquifers may cause permanent compaction ( subsidence ) that cannot be renewed. 97.5% of the water on the Earth is salt water, and 3% is fresh water ; slightly over two thirds of this is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps . The remaining unfrozen freshwater

2070-564: The United States . Agricultural waste is common in Mauritius (sugar cane residue) and Southeast Asia (rice husks). Animal husbandry residues, such as poultry litter, are common in the UK . The biomass power generating industry in the United States, which consists of approximately 11,000 MW of summer operating capacity actively supplying power to the grid, produces about 1.4 percent of

2139-776: The University of Giessen , in Hesse-Darmstadt . In Spain, the first forestry school was the Forest Engineering School of Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), founded in 1844. The first in North America, the Biltmore Forest School was established near Asheville , North Carolina, by Carl A. Schenck on September 1, 1898, on the grounds of George W. Vanderbilt's Biltmore Estate . Another early school

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2208-691: The effects of climate change . Most countries in Europe have recommendations or guidelines for selecting species and provenances that can be used in a given site or zone. Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as silviculture , forest protection , and forest regulation . This includes management for timber, aesthetics , recreation , urban values, water , wildlife , inland and nearshore fisheries, wood products , plant genetic resources , and other forest resource values . Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or

2277-1211: The Canadian Institute of Forestry awards silver rings to graduates from accredited university BSc programs, as well as college and technical programs. In many European countries, training in forestry is made in accordance with requirements of the Bologna Process and the European Higher Education Area . The International Union of Forest Research Organizations is the only international organization that coordinates forest science efforts worldwide. In order to keep up with changing demands and environmental factors, forestry education does not stop at graduation. Increasingly, forestry professionals engage in regular training to maintain and improve on their management practices. An increasingly popular tool are marteloscopes ; one hectare large, rectangular forest sites where all trees are numbered, mapped and recorded. These sites can be used to do virtual thinnings and test one's wood quality and volume estimations as well as tree microhabitats . This system

2346-426: The U.S. electricity supply. A biofuel is a type of fuel whose energy is derived from biological carbon fixation . Biofuels include fuels derived from biomass conversion, as well as solid biomass , liquid fuels and various biogases . Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermentation , mostly from carbohydrates produced in sugar or starch crops such as corn , sugarcane or switchgrass . Biodiesel

2415-540: The US, Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs), use a similar approach. German Energiewende is using feed-in tariffs. An unexpected outcome of the subsidies was the quick increase of pellet byfiring in conventional fossil fuel plants (compare Tilbury power stations ) and cement works, making wood respectively biomass accounting for about half of Europe's renewable-energy consumption. Biorenewable chemicals are chemicals created by biological organisms that provide feedstocks for

2484-416: The absence of oxygen . Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteria or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure , sewage , municipal waste , green waste , plant material , and crops. It is primarily methane ( CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and may have small amounts of hydrogen sulphide ( H 2 S ), moisture and siloxanes . Natural fibres are

2553-441: The advent of burning wood to make fire, and wood remains the largest biomass energy source today. However, low tech use of biomass, which still amounts for more than 10% of world energy needs may induce indoor air pollution in developing nations and results in between 1.5 million and 2 million deaths in 2000. The biomass used for electricity generation varies by region. Forest by-products, such as wood residues, are common in

2622-417: The availability of arable soil may become increasingly problematic. Methods to combat erosion include no-till farming , using a keyline design , growing wind breaks to hold the soil, and widespread use of compost . Fertilizers and pesticides can also have an effect of soil erosion, which can contribute to soil salinity and prevent other species from growing. Phosphate is a primary component in

2691-448: The availability of water . Monoculture is a method of growing only one crop at a time in a given field, which can damage land and cause it to become either unusable or suffer from reduced yields . Monoculture can also cause the build-up of pathogens and pests that target one specific species. The Great Irish Famine (1845–1849) is a well-known example of the dangers of monoculture. Crop rotation and long-term crop rotations confer

2760-706: The biological, physical, social, political and managerial sciences. Forest management plays an essential role in the creation and modification of habitats and affects ecosystem services provisioning. Modern forestry generally embraces a broad range of concerns, in what is known as multiple-use management, including: the provision of timber , fuel wood, wildlife habitat , natural water quality management , recreation , landscape and community protection, employment, aesthetically appealing landscapes , biodiversity management, watershed management , erosion control , and preserving forests as " sinks " for atmospheric carbon dioxide . Forest ecosystems have come to be seen as

2829-497: The black market in rhinoceros horn reduced the world's rhino population by more than 90 percent over the past 40 years. The success of the German chemical industry till World War I was based on the replacement of colonial products. The predecessors of IG Farben dominated the world market for synthetic dyes at the beginning of the 20th century and had an important role in artificial pharmaceuticals , photographic film , agricultural chemicals and electrochemicals . However

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2898-740: The bluefin tuna. The European Community and other organisations are trying to regulate fishery as to protect species and to prevent their extinctions. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty deals with aspects of overfishing in articles 61, 62, and 65. Examples of overfishing exist in areas such as the North Sea of Europe , the Grand Banks of North America and the East China Sea of Asia. The decline of penguin population

2967-575: The case of hemp , flax , rapeseed , which are still of current importance. During World War 2, German scientists tried to use Russian Taraxacum (dandelion) species to manufacture natural rubber . Rubber dandelions are still of interest, as scientists in the Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME) announced 2013 to have developed a cultivar that is suitable for commercial production of natural rubber. Several legal and economic means have been used to enhance

3036-405: The chemical fertiliser applied most commonly in modern agricultural production. However, scientists estimate that rock phosphate reserves will be depleted in 50–100 years and that Peak Phosphate will occur in about 2030. Industrial processing and logistics also have an effect on agriculture's sustainability. The way and locations crops are sold requires energy for transportation, as well as

3105-428: The chemical industry. Biorenewable chemicals can provide solar-energy-powered substitutes for the petroleum-based carbon feedstocks that currently supply the chemical industry. The tremendous diversity of enzymes in biological organisms, and the potential for synthetic biology to alter these enzymes to create yet new chemical functionalities, can drive the chemical industry. A major platform for creation of new chemicals

3174-522: The energy cost for materials, labour , and transport . Food sold at a local location, such a farmers' market , have reduced energy overheads. Air is a renewable resource. All living organisms need oxygen , nitrogen (directly or indirectly), carbon (directly or indirectly) and many other gases in small quantities for their survival . An important renewable resource is wood provided by means of forestry , which has been used for construction, housing and firewood since ancient times. Plants provide

3243-442: The first source of meat in the modernised world, but it is still an important and essential source for many rural and remote groups. It is also the sole source of feeding for wild carnivores. The phrase sustainable agriculture was coined by Australian agricultural scientist Gordon McClymont . It has been defined as "an integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will last over

3312-559: The former Plant breeding research institutes took a different approach. After the loss of the German colonial empire , important players in the field as Erwin Baur and Konrad Meyer switched to using local crops as base for economic autarky . Meyer as a key agricultural scientist and spatial planner of the Nazi era managed and lead Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft resources and focused about

3381-565: The fragmentation in the market and ambiguous definitions it is difficult to describe the total market size for bioplastics, but the global production capacity is estimated at 327,000 tonnes. In contrast, global consumption of all flexible packaging is estimated at 12.3 million tonnes. Bioasphalt is an asphalt alternative made from non-petroleum based renewable resources. Manufacturing sources of bioasphalt include sugar , molasses and rice , corn and potato starches , and vegetable oil based waste. Asphalt made with vegetable oil based binders

3450-650: The genetic diversity of trees. The term genetic diversity describes the differences in DNA sequence between individuals as distinct from variation caused by environmental influences. The unique genetic composition of an individual (its genotype ) will determine its performance (its phenotype ) at a particular site. Genetic diversity is needed to maintain the vitality of forests and to provide resilience to pests and diseases . Genetic diversity also ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Furthermore, genetic diversity

3519-571: The human body used for non-medical purposes is human hair as for artificial hair integrations , which is being traded worldwide. Historically, renewable resources like firewood, latex , guano , charcoal , wood ash , plant colors as indigo , and whale products have been crucial for human needs but failed to supply demand in the beginning of the industrial era. Early modern times faced large problems with overuse of renewable resources as in deforestation , overgrazing or overfishing . In addition to fresh meat and milk, which as food items are not

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3588-496: The largest fireworks display in Kyūshū. The event has been held since 1650 on the riverbanks at Kurume. This Fukuoka Prefecture location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Kumamoto Prefecture location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Ōita Prefecture location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Saga Prefecture location article

3657-600: The long term". Expansion of agricultural land reduces biodiversity and contributes to deforestation . The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates that in coming decades, cropland will continue to be lost to industrial and urban development, along with reclamation of wetlands, and conversion of forest to cultivation, resulting in the loss of biodiversity and increased soil erosion . Although air and sunlight are available everywhere on Earth , crops also depend on soil nutrients and

3726-854: The main sources for renewable resources, the main distinction is between energy crops and non-food crops . A large variety of lubricants , industrially used vegetable oils, textiles and fibre made e.g. of cotton , copra or hemp , paper derived from wood , rags or grasses , bioplastic are based on plant renewable resources. A large variety of chemical based products like latex , ethanol , resin , sugar and starch can be provided with plant renewables. Animal based renewables include fur , leather , technical fat and lubricants and further derived products, as e.g. animal glue , tendons , casings or in historical times ambra and baleen provided by whaling . With regard to pharmacy ingredients and legal and illegal drugs, plants are important sources, however e.g. venom of snakes, frogs and insects has been

3795-839: The market share of renewables. The UK uses Non-Fossil Fuel Obligations (NFFO), a collection of orders requiring the electricity distribution network operators in England and Wales to purchase electricity from the nuclear power and renewable energy sectors. Similar mechanisms operate in Scotland (the Scottish Renewable Orders under the Scottish Renewables Obligation) and Northern Ireland (the Northern Ireland Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation). In

3864-442: The most important component of the biosphere , and forestry has emerged as a vital applied science , craft , and technology . A practitioner of forestry is known as a forester . Another common term is silviculturist. Silviculture is narrower than forestry, being concerned only with forest plants, but is often used synonymously with forestry. All people depend upon forests and their biodiversity, some more than others. Forestry

3933-430: The natural world's capacity to replenish them. A life cycle assessment provides a systematic means of evaluating renewability. This is a matter of sustainability in the natural environment. National Geographic has described ocean over fishing as "simply the taking of wildlife from the sea at rates too high for fished species to replace themselves." Tuna meat is driving overfishing as to endanger some species like

4002-440: The past centuries, forestry was regarded as a separate science. With the rise of ecology and environmental science , there has been a reordering in the applied sciences. In line with this view, forestry is a primary land-use science comparable with agriculture . Under these headings, the fundamentals behind the management of natural forests comes by way of natural ecology. Forests or tree plantations, those whose primary purpose

4071-706: The replenishment of nitrogen through the use of green manure in sequence with cereals and other crops, and can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. Other methods to combat lost soil nutrients are returning to natural cycles that annually flood cultivated lands (returning lost nutrients indefinitely) such as the Flooding of the Nile , the long-term use of biochar , and use of crop and livestock landraces that are adapted to less than ideal conditions such as pests, drought, or lack of nutrients. Agricultural practices are one of

4140-596: The requirement to satisfy divergent needs of various communities along the river, the Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism designated the Chikugo River (along with six other river systems in Japan) as a "Water Resources Development River System" with a comprehensive utilization plan to develop the river's resources. The Chikugogawa Onsen Fireworks, held annually on July 28, are

4209-577: The single greatest contributor to the global increase in soil erosion rates. It is estimated that "more than a thousand million tonnes of southern Africa's soil are eroded every year. Experts predict that crop yields will be halved within thirty to fifty years if erosion continues at present rates." The Dust Bowl phenomenon in the 1930s was caused by severe drought combined with farming methods that did not include crop rotation, fallow fields, cover crops , soil terracing and wind-breaking trees to prevent wind erosion . The tillage of agricultural lands

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4278-423: The soil and allowed to increase yields by large. Farmers opened up a fodder crop and grazing crop. Thus livestock could to be bred year-round and winter culling was avoided. The amount of manure rose and allowed more crops but to refrain from wood pasture . Early modern times and the 19th century saw the previous resource base partially replaced respectively supplemented by large scale chemical synthesis and by

4347-435: The study of forests and forest ecology, dealing with single tree autecology and natural forest ecology . Dendrology ( Ancient Greek : δένδρον , dendron , "tree"; and Ancient Greek : -λογία , -logia , science of or study of ) or xylology ( Ancient Greek : ξύλον , ksulon , "wood") is the science and study of woody plants ( trees , shrubs , and lianas ), specifically, their taxonomic classifications. There

4416-490: The topic of this section, livestock farmers and artisans used further animal ingredients as tendons , horn, bones, bladders. Complex technical constructions as the composite bow were based on combination of animal and plant based materials. The current distribution conflict between biofuel and food production is being described as Food vs. fuel . Conflicts between food needs and usage, as supposed by fief obligations were in so far common in historical times as well. However,

4485-637: The use of fossil and mineral resources respectively. Besides the still central role of wood, there is a sort of renaissance of renewable products based on modern agriculture, genetic research and extraction technology. Besides fears about an upcoming global shortage of fossil fuels , local shortages due to boycotts, war and blockades or just transportation problems in remote regions have contributed to different methods of replacing or substituting fossil resources based on renewables. The use of certain basically renewable products as in TCM endangers various species . Just

4554-562: Was mainly based on a new system of crop rotation , the four-field rotation. British agriculturist Charles Townshend recognised the invention in Dutch Waasland and popularised it in the 18th century UK, George Washington Carver in the USA. The system used wheat , turnips and barley and introduced as well clover . Clover is able to fix nitrogen from air, a practically non exhaustive renewable resource, into fertilizing compounds to

4623-482: Was mainly in the tropical domain, where fire burned about 4 percent of the total forest area in that year. More than two-thirds of the total forest area affected was in Africa and South America. Insects, diseases and severe weather events damaged about 40 million hectares of forests in 2015, mainly in the temperate and boreal domains. Furthermore, the marginal populations of many tree species are facing new threats due to

4692-651: Was patented by Colas SA in France in 2004. Renewable energy refers to the provision of energy via renewable resources which are naturally replenished as fast as they are being used. Examples are sunlight , wind , biomass , rain , tides , waves and geothermal heat . Renewable energy may replace conventional fuels in four distinct markets, namely electricity generation , hot water / space heating , motor fuels , and rural (off-grid) energy services. Manufacturing of renewable energy devices uses non-renewable resources such as mined metals and land surface . Biomass

4761-648: Was the New York State College of Forestry , established at Cornell University just a few weeks later, in September 1898. Early 19th century North American foresters went to Germany to study forestry. Some early German foresters also emigrated to North America. In South America the first forestry school was established in Brazil, in Viçosa , Minas Gerais , in 1962, and moved the next year to become

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