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65-524: The watershed of Chillisquaque Creek occupies parts of four counties: Columbia County, Montour County, Northumberland County, and Lycoming County. There is a gauging station along the creek near Washingtonville. A Shawnee village had been established at the confluence with the West Branch Susquehanna River by 1728. A fort known as Fort Bosley also historically existed on the creek near Washingtonville. Numerous bridges were built over

130-594: A grist mill built by John Bosley in 1773. With the signing of the Treaty of Fort Stanwix (1768) between Great Britain and the Iroquois , permanent European settlement began to occur throughout much of present-day Pennsylvania , including the Susquehanna Valley. One of the first settlers near present-day Washingtonville was John Bosley who had moved to the area with slaves from Maryland. Bosley built

195-558: A critical role both as the nucleus of the fort that defended the Chillisquaque Creek valley as well as for the development of present-day Washingtonville, burned down in 1826. No evidence of the mill exists today although the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission dedicated a marker along Route 54 to commemorate the mill's time as a fort on May 12, 1947. Sedimentation Sedimentation

260-480: A detectable amount of nickel was observed in the creek. The elevation near the mouth of Chillisquaque Creek is 430 feet (130 m) above sea level . The elevation of the creek's source is approximately 520 feet (160 m) above sea level. The gradient of the creek is about 3 feet per mile (0.57 m/km). The upper reaches of the watershed of Chillisquaque Creek are in the Muncy Hills . Montour Ridge

325-527: A few tenths of a mile before turning south for a similar distance. It then turns west for several tenths of a mile before turning southwest. The creek crosses Pennsylvania Route 45 and meanders in a southwesterly direction for more than a mile, flowing along the border between East Chillisquaque Township and West Chillisquaque Township. It then turns south for a few tenths of a mile, passing the Rishel Covered Bridge as it continues flowing along

390-524: A garrison of more than twenty troops. The fall of these two nearby installations, a lack of militiamen to defend Fort Bosley, Fort Bosley's remote location, and scarcity of provisions made this fort particularly susceptible to an attack. Additionally, two traveled Indian paths existed in the immediate area. The first trail led from the Wyoming Valley to Muncy. The original course of this path in present-day Montour County never diverged more than half

455-649: A grist mill along the eastern banks of Chillisquaque Creek near its convergence with Mud Run in 1773 (although the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania recognizes the Borough of Washingtonville's settlement as 1775). With the large area of fine arable land along the Chillisquaque between the Muncy Hills to the north and Washingtonville Hill to the south, Bosley's Mill became a necessity for settling farmers of

520-563: A high level of tree biodiversity . Common tree species include basswood , bitternut hickory , pin oak , and shagbark hickory . In the preserve, there is also a population of cat-tail sedges . Graminoid marshes occur along the creek near Mexico Road. Such marshes are mainly dominated by cattails , grasses, rushes , and sedges . Reaches of Chillisquaque Creek in Derry Township, Montour County would benefit from additional riparian buffering consisting of native trees to mitigate

585-630: A larger fort which had portholes in its walls and for a while, a small howitzer mounted within its enclosure. In times of an anticipated raid, the settlers of the valley surrounding Chillisquaque Creek fled to this fortification for protection. Fort Bosley as it became called, was the only fortified location in Montour County, Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War(3). Records from the 19th century have also listed this fortification as “Brady’s Fort” and “Boyle’s Fort. ” In 1779,

650-598: A mile away from the current railroad line that travels through Strawberry Ridge and Talen Energy ’s Montour Power Station. The second trail, known as the Muncy-Mahoning path, roughly followed Mahoning Creek near present day Danville, north passed Washingtonville and the Montour Preserve, before ending in Muncy. Despite its vulnerabilities, there are no known records of any attacks on Fort Bosley. Notably,

715-419: A mile further downstream, it exits Liberty Township and Montour County. Upon exiting Montour County, Chillisquaque Creek enters East Chillisquaque Township, Northumberland County. It then turns south-southeast for about a mile, flowing close to the county line and crossing Pennsylvania Route 642 . In this reach, it receives Beaver Run , its last named tributary, from the left. The creek then turns southwest for

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780-515: A roughly west-southwesterly direction and soon enters Liberty Township. It continues flowing in a similar direction in Liberty Township (though it does flow north, west, and then south for several tenths of a mile at one point), flowing through a broad valley with Limestone Ridge on the north and receiving many unnamed tributaries from both sides. After several miles, the creek leaves the valley and crosses Interstate 80 . Several tenths of

845-429: A short distance and receives the tributary West Branch Chillisquaque Creek from the right . The creek then turns south-southeast for more than a mile, flowing alongside Pennsylvania Route 54 and crossing it once. In this reach, it briefly flows alongside the western border of Washingtonville before crossing Pennsylvania Route 254 and receiving the tributary Mud Creek from the left . The creek then begins flowing in

910-413: A sufficiently strong force to produce significant sedimentation. Settling is the process by which particulates move towards the bottom of a liquid and form a sediment . Particles that experience a force, either due to gravity or due to centrifugal motion will tend to move in a uniform manner in the direction exerted by that force. For gravity settling, this means that the particles will tend to fall to

975-548: Is a gauging station on Chillisquaque Creek at Washingtonville. The area of the creek's watershed upstream of this point is 51.3 square miles (133 km). A reservoir known as Lake Chillisquaque is located on the tributary Middle Branch Chillisquaque Creek in Anthony Township, Montour County. It is the largest lake/reservoir in Montour County, with an area of 165 acres (67 ha). There are two dams in

1040-502: Is also known as Chilisquaque Creek. Its name most likely comes from the Shawnee word chilisuagi , meaning "place of the snow-birds". However, other possible meanings of the word include "flight of the wild goose", "frozen duck", and "man made perfect". The Shawnee Indians historically had a large village/town at the mouth of Chillisquaque Creek. The village was established by 1728 and was known as Chenastry and Otzinachson. The Shawnees on

1105-479: Is between 20 and 30 feet (6.1 and 9.1 m) wide and has no apparent limestone influence, despite being near Limestone Ridge and flowing through Limestone Township. Chillisquaque Creek flows in a generally southwesterly direction. The channel of the creek is sinuous and flows through rock formations consisting of sandstone and shale . Oriskany sandstone and Lower Helderberg limestone occur on Limestone Ridge near it. Oriskany cherty sandstone occurs near

1170-484: Is called aggradation . The rate of sedimentation is the thickness of sediment accumulated per unit time. For suspended load, this can be expressed mathematically by the Exner equation . Rates of sedimentation vary from less than 3 millimeters (0.12 in) per thousand years for pelagic sediment to several meters per thousand years in portions of major river deltas . However, long-term accumulation of sediments

1235-461: Is determined less by rate of sedimentation than by rate of subsidence, which creates accommodation space for sediments to accumulate over geological time scales. Most sedimentation in the geologic record occurred in relative brief depositional episodes separated by long intervals of nondeposition or even erosion. In estuarine environments, settling can be influenced by the presence or absence of vegetation. Trees such as mangroves are crucial to

1300-404: Is in the watershed is the central portion. It is the largest watershed in that county, accounting for 56 percent of its land area. It is also the only large stream in northern Northumberland County. There are about 260 miles (420 km) of streams in the watershed. The land alongside Chillisquaque Creek is mainly used for farming. As of the 1980s, the main crops are corn and soybeans . There

1365-423: Is located to the south of the watershed. Additionally, Limestone Ridge is situated near the creek. The creek's drainage basin mainly consists of rolling agricultural land, with some forested floodplains . Much of the central part of Montour County is in the 100-year floodplain of the creek and its tributaries. In places, it has high, muddy banks, and is generally "placid", save for some riffles and gravel bars. It

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1430-574: Is now Washingtonville. William Plunket had settled near Chillisquaque Creek as early as 1772. Boyd and Wilson built a mill at the mouth of the creek in 1791. The first Methodist camp meeting in the area was held on the creek 1.5 miles (2.4 km) from the West Branch Susquehanna River in August 1806. The creek was declared a public highway in the 1820s. The West Branch Division of the Pennsylvania Canal historically had an aqueduct over

1495-491: Is opposed by the diffusion of the particles. The distribution of sediment near the boundary comes into sedimentation equilibrium . Measurements of the distribution yields information on the nature of the particles. In geology , the term sedimentation is broadly applied to the entire range of processes that result in the formation of sedimentary rock, from initial formation of sediments by erosion of particles from rock outcrops, through sediment transport and settling, to

1560-543: Is rarely blocked by fences and fallen trees, but there are a few strainers. A seep is located along the creek near the Bucknell preserve and a spring is located below Pennsylvania Route 54. Chillisquaque Creek cuts a broad and almost flat valley through rock of the Hamilton Group. It is 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) wide and rarely rises to more than 50 feet (15 m) higher than the creek. A 1775 map shows

1625-489: Is reference that settlers who had homes in the immediate vicinity of Bosley’s Mill were also able to obtain the grain delivered from Paradise farm. At the time, the area surrounding the mill had already become to be known as “Washington” (which later became known as Washingtonville). John Bosley would eventually sell his mill, along with its surrounding land in 1795. He and his wife Susannah then moved to upstate New York where John would die in 1800. Bosley's Mill, which played

1690-410: Is the deposition of sediments . It takes place when particles in suspension settle out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier. This is due to their motion through the fluid in response to the forces acting on them: these forces can be due to gravity , centrifugal acceleration , or electromagnetism . Settling is the falling of suspended particles through

1755-504: The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection , and an assessment by Bucknell University in 2003. The drainage basin of Chillisquaque Creek is designated as a Warmwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. The creek was observed by A. Joseph Armstrong to lack trout . In 1986, the creek was not being stocked . However, it was stocked with black bass , sunfish , and yellow perch in 1934 and with yellow perch in

1820-606: The Susquehanna, Bloomsburg, and Berwick Railroad and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad . Major communities included Exchange, Jerseytown , Potts Grove, Washingtonville, Strawberry Ridge, and White Hall. Their populations were 225, 200, 184, 183, 160, and 140, respectively. Numerous bridges have been constructed over Chillisquaque Creek in Montour County. A bridge known as the Washingtonville Bridge

1885-446: The attenuation of waves or currents, promoting the settlement of suspended particles. An undesired increased transport and sedimentation of suspended material is called siltation , and it is a major source of pollution in waterways in some parts of the world. High sedimentation rates can be a result of poor land management and a high frequency of flooding events. If not managed properly, it can be detrimental to fragile ecosystems on

1950-534: The hydrogen ion concentration ranged from 0.00008 to 0.00051 milligrams per liter. The carbon dioxide concentration ranged between 4.7 and 49 milligrams per liter. In the 1970s, the concentration of nitrate as nitrogen in Chillisquaque Creek near Washingtonville ranged from 1.68 to 2.00 milligrams per liter, while the concentration of nitrite as nitrogen ranged from 0.040 to 0.164 milligrams per liter. The concentration of phosphorus ranged from 0.040 to 0.520 milligrams per liter. The organic carbon concentration

2015-462: The lithification of the sediments. However, the term is more particularly applied to the deposition of sediments, and in the strictest sense, it applies only to the mechanical deposition of sediment particles from an initial suspension in air or water. Sedimentation results in the formation of depositional landforms and the rocks that constitute the sedimentary record . The building up of land surfaces by sedimentation, particularly in river valleys,

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2080-524: The Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area (or Bucknell Preserve, Tobias Marsh, or Mexico Road Swamp) is located in Liberty Township, Montour County. A deciduous bottomland forest with pools and channels occurs along the creek, while more mesic forests occur higher up. The tract of land is owned by Bucknell University , whose students and faculty sometimes conduct research there. The tract has an area of 66 acres (27 ha) and has

2145-1263: The West Branch Susquehanna River. Chillisquaque Creek joins the West Branch Susquehanna River 5.01 miles (8.06 km) upriver of its mouth. Chillisquaque Creek has five named direct tributaries: Beaver Run, Mud Creek, West Branch Chillisquaque Creek, East Branch Chillisquaque Creek, and Middle Branch Chillisquaque Creek. Beaver Run joins Chillisquaque Creek 7.80 miles (12.55 km) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 12.0 square miles (31 km). Mud Creek joins Chillisquaque Creek 16.79 miles (27.02 km) upstream of its mouth and its watershed has an area of 17.7 square miles (46 km). West Branch Chillisquaque Creek joins Chillisquaque Creek 18.26 miles (29.39 km) upstream of its mouth. East Branch Chillisquaque Creek joins Chillisquaque Creek 19.96 miles (32.12 km) upstream of its mouth, as does Middle Branch Chillisquaque Creek. Their watersheds have areas of 9.75 square miles (25.3 km) and 9.64 square miles (25.0 km), respectively. Reaches of Chillisquaque Creek are designated as an impaired waterbody. Causes of impairment include sedimentation / siltation and habitat alteration, while likely sources include agriculture and industrial point-source discharge . Many streams in

2210-429: The border. After this, the creek turns west-southwest, entering West Chillisquaque Township, before turning south and then west. For more than a mile, the creek flows through a valley between Montour Ridge and a smaller hill. Upon leaving the valley, the creek crosses Pennsylvania Route 147 and Pennsylvania Route 405 and heads in a southwesterly direction for several tenths of a mile before reaching its confluence with

2275-399: The bottom of the vessel, forming sludge or slurry at the vessel base. Settling is an important operation in many applications, such as mining , wastewater and drinking water treatment, biological science, space propellant reignition, Classification of sedimentation: When particles settling from a suspension reach a hard boundary, the concentration of particles at the boundary

2340-586: The confluence of the tributary Mud Creek. Additionally, Black Genesee shales have also been observed near the creek, as does the Tully limestone . Rock of the Hamilton Group is common in the area as well and is in places covered with sandstone boulders of the Pocono Formation . Hydric soils occur along it in central Montour County. In the early 1900s, the average annual rate of precipitation in

2405-459: The creek are in the springtime. However, A. Joseph Armstrong's book Trout Unlimited's Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams described the creek as "not an attractive stream.". A campsite known as Shangri-La on the Creek is situated on Chillisquaque Creek at the base of Montour Ridge. It has 52 creekside sites and another 115 sites that are forested to varying degrees. Recreational opportunities at

2470-400: The creek in 1962 and repaired in the late 1990s. A bridge carrying State Route 4004 over the creek was built in 1987 and another bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 54 was built in 1992. A bridge carrying State Route 1003 was constructed across the creek in 1993 and a bridge carrying State Route 3003 was built over the creek in 1997. In 2005, another bridge carrying State Route 1004 was built over

2535-529: The creek in the 19th and 20th centuries, two of which are on the National Register of Historic Places . The creek is designated as a Warmwater Fishery and a Migratory Fishery. It lacks trout, but has in the past been stocked with various other fish species. A tract of the creek's floodplain is known as the Chillisquaque Creek Natural Area and is owned by Bucknell University . Various bird species have been observed near it and woodland wildflowers inhabit

2600-710: The creek is 1 and the scenery is described in Edward Gertler's book Keystone Canoeing as "good". The creek is suitable for beginners and is typically canoeable from March to May, with the exception of dry years. Not much water is required to canoe on it. However, there is no access to the creek's mouth. A greenway corridor for Chillisquaque Creek was proposed in the Montour County Comprehensive Plan. Fishing and boating are permitted on Lake Chillisquaque, though only non-powered and electric boats are allowed. The best fishing opportunities on

2665-485: The creek moved to Western Pennsylvania in 1728. Additionally, Andrew Montour historically owned a plantation near the creek's mouth. In 1745, Bishop Spagenberg passed by the creek and noted the former Indian village there in his journal. A Mingo chief named Logan was living at the mouth of the creek in about 1753. An elderly couple were scalped by Indians near the creek in 1782. A frontier fort known as Fort Rice used to be located on Chillisquaque Creek near what

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2730-655: The creek were relatively low, despite being increased by discharges from a nearby power plant . For instance, the selenium concentration was consistently under 0.010 milligrams per liter, the United States Environmental Protection Agency criterion for that pollutant. Between 1980 and 2014, the highest average annual discharge of Chillisquaque Creek at Washingtonville was 146.0 cubic feet per second (4.13 m/s), in 2011. The second-highest average annual discharge, 107.7 cubic feet per second (3.05 m/s), occurred in 1984, while

2795-623: The creek's filtered water and the calcium concentration ranged from 26.4 to 48.8 milligrams per liter, in filtered water. The arsenic concentration was once measured to be 77 micrograms per liter. The cadmium , recoverable chromium , and recoverable copper concentrations were each once measured to be less than 3, less than 20, and 30 micrograms per liter, respectively. The recoverable iron concentration ranged from 160 to 410 micrograms per liter. The concentrations of zinc , lead , manganese , and aluminum were less than 20, less than 50, 50, and 500 micrograms per liter, respectively. Additionally,

2860-611: The creek's headwaters as being at Tilghmans Springs. However, A. Joseph Armstrong (author of Trout Unlimited's Guide to Pennsylvania Limestone Streams ) was unable to find the springs. In 2021, a 1769 survey of the Tilghman estate was obtained from the Pennsylvania Archives by Tyler Dombroski. The 1769 survey indicated the location of Tilghman's Springs as modern day "Blue Springs," just north of Washingtonville Borough where PA Route 54 crosses Chillisquaque Creek. The creek

2925-412: The creek's vicinity. Recreational opportunities in the watershed include canoeing and fishing. Chillisquaque Creek begins at the confluence of East Branch Chillisquaque Creek and Middle Branch Chillisquaque Creek near the northern border of Derry Township, Montour County. It flows west-southwest for a few tenths of a mile before turning south-southwest. After several tenths of a mile, it turns west for

2990-609: The creek. A number of bridges have been built over Chillisquaque Creek in Northumberland County as well. One of these was the Rishel Covered Bridge , which was built in 1830 and repaired in 1990. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Gottlieb Brown Covered Bridge , which carries T594, was built across the creek in 1881 and was repaired in 1985. It is also on the National Register of Historic Places. A bridge carrying State Route 1025

3055-506: The creek. During several measurements in the 1970s, the pH of Chillisquaque Creek near Washingtonville ranged from 6.3 to 7.1. The specific conductance of the creek ranged from 170 to 250 micro-siemens per centimeter at 25 °C (77 °F). The turbidity ranged between 2 and 7 Jackson Turbidity Units . The concentration of water hardness in the creek ranged from 84 to 130 milligrams per liter. The concentration of dissolved oxygen ranged from 9.0 to 11.0 milligrams per liter, while

3120-407: The creek. However, by 1842, it was in need of repairs. On July 18 and 19, 1851, a 32-hour-long storm caused Chillisquaque Creek to rise higher than it had in 57 years. In the early 1900s, the main industries in the creek's watershed included agriculture and clay mines. The creek was also used as water power for a number of small mills . Around this time period, railroads in the watershed included

3185-535: The effects of nonpoint source pollution . Woodland wildflowers such as bluebells occur along the creek in April. Virginia cowslips , mint , skunk cabbage , mountain honeysuckle , and scallions also are common along it towards the end of April. A number of bird species occur at the Bucknell Preserve along Chillisquaque Creek. These include marsh wrens and soras . Virginia rails were observed at

3250-911: The fort was able to successfully provide security to the family of John Eves (the founders of nearby Millville, Pennsylvania ) following the Wyoming Valley Massacre . Although the fort was last garrisoned in 1780 under the command of a Captain Kemplon, the installation remained valuable as a grist mill following the American Revolution. A great famine is said to have taken place in the immediate area in 1788. Phillip Maus, founder of present day Mausdale, Pennsylvania and one of Montour County’s first permanent European settlers, purchased grain from Paradise farm near Watsontown and had it delivered to Bosley’s Mill during this time of hardship. From records possessed by Phillip Maus, there

3315-475: The greater defense of Fort Augusta at present day Sunbury. Almost all of these frontier forts, roughly a dozen in the immediate Susquehanna Valley region, were developed either along the north or west branches of the Susquehanna River . Bosley's Mill, which was fortified in 1777, was one of the few protected locations off of the two river branches. This remotely located mill formed the nucleus of

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3380-569: The immediate area. Despite authorized European settlement throughout the Susquehanna Valley, hostilities with natives of the area were commonplace. The magnitude of these tensions only intensified after the outbreak of the Revolutionary War . Following the defeat of General George Washington at the Battle of Brandywine , the decision was made to develop a system of forts along the Susquehanna Valley frontier to protect settlers and support

3445-421: The liquid, whereas sedimentation is the final result of the settling process. In geology , sedimentation is the deposition of sediments which results in the formation of sedimentary rock . The term is broadly applied to the entire range of processes that result in the formation of sedimentary rock, from initial erosion through sediment transport and settling to the lithification of the sediments. However,

3510-426: The more heavily manned Fort Freeland between present day Watsontown and Turbotville fell to native marauders. Following this defeat, Boone's Fort between Milton, Pennsylvania and Watsontown was subsequently deserted. These two events meant that Fort Bosley was the only line of northern defense before a potential attack on Fort Augusta. Despite the collapse of these other nearby fortifications, Fort Bosley never had

3575-508: The site in 1980 and 1984, though it is likely that they still remain there. Additionally, several mussel species that require high levels of water quality to survive have been observed in the creek. In the Montour County reach of the watershed of Chillisquaque Creek, livestock is commonly allowed access to streams. At least 17.9 miles (28.8 km) of Chillisquaque Creek, from Pennsylvania Route 54 at Washingtonville downstream to its mouth, are navigable by canoe . The difficulty rating of

3640-467: The site include fishing and Frisbee golf . A reach of Chillisquaque Creek was once a third-priority candidate for a Pennsylvania Scenic Rivers designation. Fort Bosley Fort Bosley was a fort fortified in 1777 in the Susquehanna Valley frontier to protect settlers. It was one of roughly a dozen frontier forts in the immediate Susquehanna Valley region. It was located near

3705-424: The spring of 1936. In 1986, it contained many of the species found in the West Branch Susquehanna River, including rock bass . Smallmouth bass have also been observed in the creek. Disease is moderately common among young-of-the-year smallmouth bass in the creek. 2011 was the first year where diseased smallmouth bass were documented in the creek since studies began in 2009. A tract of forested floodplain known as

3770-417: The strict geological definition of sedimentation is the mechanical deposition of sediment particles from an initial suspension in air or water. Sedimentation may pertain to objects of various sizes, ranging from large rocks in flowing water, to suspensions of dust and pollen particles, to cellular suspensions, to solutions of single molecules such as proteins and peptides . Even small molecules supply

3835-676: The third-highest, 104.4 cubic feet per second (2.96 m/s), occurred in 2004. The lowest average annual discharge, 48.2 cubic feet per second (1.36 m/s), occurred in 2001. The second-lowest, 52.2 cubic feet per second (1.48 m/s), occurred in 1988 and the third-lowest, 52.4 cubic feet per second (1.48 m/s), occurred in 2013. The months with the highest average discharge are March, April, and December; their values are 125 cubic feet per second (3.5 m/s), 104 cubic feet per second (2.9 m/s), and 100 cubic feet per second (2.8 m/s), respectively. The PPL power plant contributes about 10 cubic feet per second (0.28 m/s) of water to

3900-402: The watershed experience significant impacts due to agriculture, as heavy use of agricultural lands reduces the creek's water quality . A total of 215 miles (346 km) of streams, or about 83% of all the stream miles in the watershed, are impaired. The nearby Mahoning Creek is in "better environmental shape" than Chillisquaque Creek. However, in the 1980s, the concentrations of pollutants in

3965-789: The watershed of Chillisquaque Creek was 35 to 45 inches (89 to 114 cm). The creek has relatively warm water. The watershed of Chillisquaque Creek has an area of 112 square miles (290 km). The mouth of the creek is in the United States Geological Survey quadrangle of Northumberland. However, its source is in the quadrangle of Washingtonville. The creek also passes through the quadrangle of Milton. The creek can be accessed from Pennsylvania Route 45, Pennsylvania Route 405, and Pennsylvania Route 642. The watershed of Chillisquaque Creek parts of four counties: Montour County, Northumberland County, Columbia County , and Lycoming County . The portion of Montour County that

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4030-734: The watershed: the Lake Chillisquaque dam and the Montour Ash Basin No 1 dam. Both were built in 1971. The former drains an area of 5.6 square miles (15 km), while the latter drains an area of 0.2 square miles (0.52 km). Chillisquaque Creek was entered into the Geographic Names Information System on August 2, 1979. Its identifier in the Geographic Names Information System is 1171784. The creek

4095-460: Was 3.0 milligrams per liter in one measurement. The concentration of sulfate ranged from 32.0 to 114 milligrams per liter in the creek's filtered water and the chloride concentration ranged between 8.0 and 14.0 milligrams per liter, again in filtered water. The ammonia concentration ranged from 0.026 to 0.811 milligrams per liter. In the 1970s, the concentration of magnesium in Chillisquaque Creek ranged from 1.50 to 9.50 milligrams per liter in

4160-613: Was built in 1887 and is on the Historic American Buildings Survey . Another one, which carries Pennsylvania Route 54, was built in 1930. Another bridge was built in 1946 and carries Pennsylvania Route 254 in Washingtonville. A bridge carrying State Route 4008 was built across the creek in 1957 and was repaired in 2010. A bridge carrying State Route 1004 was built across the creek in 1960. Additionally, two bridges carrying Interstate 80 were built over

4225-467: Was constructed over the creek in 1926 and a bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 45 was built over the creek in 1952. A three-span bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 642 was built over the creek in 1958 and was repaired in 2012. A two-span bridge carrying Pennsylvania Route 405 was built over the creek in 1974. A number of studies and inventories have been carried out on Chillisquaque Creek. Such studies include Pennsylvania's 208 Study in 1979, an assessment by

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