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51-596: In the administrative district of Thuin , the municipality was created with a merger of 14 communes in 1977. The Trappist monastery of Scourmont Abbey in the town is famous for the Chimay Brewery . The etymology of the name is ultimately, via Vulgar Latin , from the Proto-Celtic word koimos meaning "pretty, pleasant". The Walloon names of the place names are in brackets and italics. Chimay has traditionally hosted an annual motor racing event, run on

102-489: A Doctor of the Church . Bernard's parents were Tescelin de Fontaine , lord of Fontaine-lès-Dijon , and Alèthe de Montbard , both members of the highest nobility of Burgundy . Bernard was the third of seven children, six of whom were sons. Aged nine, he was sent to a school at Châtillon-sur-Seine run by the secular canons of Saint-Vorles. Bernard had an interest in literature and rhetoric. Bernard's mother died when he

153-582: A schism broke out in the Church by the election of two popes, Pope Innocent II and Antipope Anacletus II . Innocent, having been banished from Rome by Anacletus, took refuge in France. King Louis VI convened a national council of the French bishops at Étampes and Bernard, summoned there by the bishops, was chosen to judge between the rival popes. He decided in favour of Innocent. Bernard travelled on to Italy and reconciled Pisa with Genoa , and Milan with

204-449: A street circuit formed from local public roads. From the 1920s to 1960s the event was run for contemporary Grand Prix and sportscar categories, and included the famous Grand Prix des Frontières . In recent times, while the event has persisted it has been run for historic race series. The track briefly lost its licence in 2006 related to safety fears, but has since had it reinstated. Chimay Trappist beers and cheeses are produced in

255-551: A meeting with Abelard intending to persuade him to amend his writings, during which Abelard repented and promised to do so. But once out of Bernard's presence, he reneged. Bernard then denounced Abelard to the pope and cardinals of the Curia . Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting

306-670: Is any precious vase adorning the palace of the King of Kings it is the soul of the venerable Suger." Conrad III and his son Henry died the same year. Bernard died at age sixty-three on 20 August 1153, after forty years of monastic life. He was buried at Clairvaux Abbey. After its destruction in 1792 by the French revolutionary government his remains were transferred to Troyes Cathedral . Bernard's theology and Mariology continue to be of major importance. Bernard helped found 163 monasteries in different parts of Europe. Cistercians honour him as one of

357-540: Is considered to be a master of Christian rhetoric: "His use of language remains perhaps his most universal legacy." He contributed lyrics to the Cistercian Hymnal . As a mariologist , Bernard insisted on Mary's central role in Christian theology and preached effectively on Marian devotions. He developed the theology of her role as Co-Redemptrix and mediator. As a master of prayer, the abbot emphasized

408-477: Is illustrious beyond all doubt." (One of Anacletus' great-great-grandparents, Benedictus, maybe Baruch in Hebrew, was a Jew who had converted to Christianity - but Anacletus himself was not a Jew, and his family had been Christians for three generations). Bernard wrote to Gerard of Angoulême (a letter known as Letter 126), which questioned Gerard's reasons for supporting Anacletus. Bernard later commented that Gerard

459-569: The Order of Cistercians . After his mother died, Bernard decided to go to Cîteaux. In 1113 he and thirty other young noblemen of Burgundy, many of whom were his relatives, sought and gained admission to the new monastery. Bernard's example was so convincing that scores (among them his own father) followed him into the monastic life. As a result, he is considered the patron of religious vocations. The little community of reformed Benedictines at Cîteaux grew rapidly. Three years after entering, Bernard

510-603: The Petrobrusians , followers of Peter of Bruys and spread them in a modified form after Peter's death. Henry of Lausanne's followers became known as Henricians . In June 1145, at the invitation of Cardinal Alberic of Ostia , Bernard travelled in southern France. His preaching, aided by his ascetic looks and simple attire, helped doom the new sects. Both the Henrician and the Petrobrusian faiths began to die out by

561-514: The 15th century, Thuin was besieged several times. The Aulne Abbey, which had been given to Saint Bernard of Clairvaux in 1147 fared better and was even expanded several times in the 16th and 18th century. In 1654, the Spanish army under the Prince of Condé tried in vain to take Thuin. The good fortunes of the city were attributed to the intercession of Saint Roch , who is still commemorated in

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612-566: The Second Crusade. He was for battling them "until such a time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted". A decree issued in Frankfurt stated that the letter should be proclaimed widely and read aloud, so that "the letter functioned as a sermon." The death of his contemporaries served as a warning to Bernard of his own approaching end. The first to die was Suger in 1152, of whom Bernard wrote to Eugene III, "If there

663-646: The annual St-Roch procession. Several 17th-century buildings, including the belfry , can still be seen today in the upper city. In 1675, the troops of Louis XIV took and occupied Thuin until the Treaty of Nijmegen in 1678. Like its neighbour Charleroi , Thuin went in turn to Spain and Austria . On May 10, 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars , General Marceau expelled the Austrians and Thuin became part of France . The Aulne Abbey

714-570: The bishopric. In the following centuries, several battles took place in this frontier area. In 1048, Adalbert, Duke of Lorraine was killed at the Battle of Thuin by Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine . Many more battles followed between the County of Hainaut and the Bishopric of Liège, with Thuin caught in between. Despite the stronger defensive walls that were built in the 12th century and in

765-529: The close of the 11th century, a spirit of independence flourished within schools of philosophy and theology . The movement found an ardent and powerful advocate in Peter Abelard . Abelard's treatise on the Trinity had been condemned as heretical in 1121, and he was compelled to throw his own book into a fire. However, Abelard continued to develop his controversial teachings. Bernard is said to have held

816-598: The cloth used to make crosses for the new recruits. Unlike the First Crusade, the new venture attracted royalty, such as the French queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and scores of high aristocrats and bishops. But an even greater show of support came from the common people. Bernard wrote Pope Eugene a few days afterwards, "Cities and castles are now empty. There is not left one man to seven women, and everywhere there are widows to still-living husbands." Bernard then passed into Germany, with reported miracles contributing to

867-502: The command of Innocent II, took possession of Tre Fontane Abbey , from which Eugene III was chosen in 1145. Pope Innocent II died in the year 1143. His two successors, Pope Celestine II and Pope Lucius II , reigned only a short time, and then Bernard saw one of his disciples, Bernard of Pisa, known thereafter as Eugene III, raised to the Chair of Saint Peter . Bernard sent him, at the pope's own request, various instructions which comprise

918-563: The death of Pope Honorius II in 1130, a schism arose in the church. Bernard was a major proponent of Pope Innocent II , arguing effectively for his legitimacy over the Antipope Anacletus II . The eloquent abbot advocated crusades in general and convinced many to participate in the unsuccessful Second Crusade , notably through a famous sermon at Vézelay (1146) . Bernard was canonized just 21 years after his death by Pope Alexander III . In 1830 Pope Pius VIII declared him

969-628: The debate, swaying many of them to his view. The next day, after Bernard made his opening statement, Abelard decided to retire without attempting to answer. The council found in favour of Bernard and their judgment was confirmed by the pope. Abelard submitted without resistance, and he retired to Cluny to live under the protection of Peter the Venerable , where he died two years later. Bernard had occupied himself in sending bands of monks from his overcrowded monastery into Germany, Sweden, England, Ireland, Portugal, Switzerland, and Italy. Some of these, at

1020-552: The end of that year. Soon afterwards, Henry of Lausanne was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse , and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. He also preached against Catharism . As abbot, Bernard often addressed his community, but he also spoke to other monastics and, in one particularly famous case, to students of Theology in Paris. He gave

1071-605: The failure of the Second Crusade he had preached, and the entire responsibility which was thrown upon him. Bernard sent an apology to the Pope and it is inserted in the second part of his "Book of Considerations". There he explains how the sins of the crusaders were the cause of their misfortune and failures. Bernard did not actually preach the Wendish Crusade , but he did write a letter that advocated subduing this group of Western Slavs so that they should not be an obstacle to

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1122-606: The greatest early Cistercians. His feast day is 20 August. Bernard is Dante Alighieri 's last guide, in Divine Comedy , as he travels through the Empyrean . John Calvin and Martin Luther quoted Bernard several times in support of the doctrine of Sola Fide . Calvin also quotes him in setting forth his doctrine of forensic alien righteousness, or as it is commonly called imputed righteousness . Bernard introduced

1173-707: The hamlets of Hourpes and Maladrie . Thuin is the headquarters of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (International Canine Association). This area was already being used as a burial place in Gallo-Roman times, around the 2nd and 3rd century. The earliest name of the settlement, Thudinium Castellum , referring to a Roman fortification, is found on a 9th-century offering in Lobbes Abbey , which lists various neighbouring towns and related tithe duties. The village

1224-547: The hands of the Seljuk Turks . The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states were threatened with similar disaster. Deputations of the bishops of Armenia solicited aid from the pope, and the King of France also sent ambassadors. In 1144 Eugene III commissioned Bernard to preach the Second Crusade and granted the same indulgences for it which Pope Urban II had accorded to the First Crusade . There

1275-423: The nobility. Although the councils of Étampes, Würzburg , Clermont , and Rheims all supported Innocent, large portions of the Christian world still supported Anacletus. In a letter by Bernard to German Emperor Lothair regarding Antipope Anacletus, Bernard wrote, "It is a disgrace for Christ that a Jew sits on the throne of St. Peter's" and "Anacletus has not even a good reputation with his friends, while Innocent

1326-458: The occasion of the longest and most emotional of Bernard's letters. When his brother Gerard died, Bernard was devastated, and his deep mourning was the inspiration for one of his most moving sermons. The Cluny Benedictines were unhappy to see Cîteaux gain such prominence so quickly, particularly since many Benedictines were becoming Cistercians. They criticized the Cistercian way of life. At

1377-399: The often-quoted De consideratione . Its main argument is that church reform ought to start with the pope. Temporal matters are merely accessories; Bernard insists that piety and meditation were to precede action. Having previously helped end the schism within the Church, Bernard was now called upon to combat heresy. Henry of Lausanne , a former Cluniac monk, had adopted the teachings of

1428-788: The pope abolished the dues which Clairvaux used to pay to that abbey. This action gave rise to a quarrel between the White Monks and the Black Monks which lasted 20 years. In May of that year, the pope, supported by the army of Lothair III, entered Rome, but Lothair III, feeling himself too weak to resist the partisans of Anacletus, retired beyond the Alps, and Innocent sought refuge in Pisa in September 1133. Bernard had returned to France in June and

1479-542: The pope. The same year Bernard was again at the Council of Reims at the side of Innocent II. He then went to Aquitaine where he succeeded for the time in detaching William X, Duke of Aquitaine , from the cause of Anacletus. Germany had decided to support Innocent through Norbert of Xanten , who was a friend of Bernard's. Pope Innocent, however, insisted on Bernard's company when he met with Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor . Lothair II became Innocent's strongest ally among

1530-401: The preeminent logician. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name. Bernard lobbied the prelates on the evening before

1581-542: The rescue of the Holy Land. The archbishop of Cologne and the archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks and asked Bernard to denounce them. This he did, but when the campaign continued, Bernard travelled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problems in person. He then found Radulf in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery. The last years of Bernard's life were saddened by

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1632-401: The same time the most active man of his age," Bernard described the disparate parts of his personality when he called himself the " chimera of his age." In addition to successes, Bernard also had his trials. Once, when he was absent from Clairvaux, the prior of the rival Abbey of Cluny went to Clairvaux and convinced Bernard's cousin, Robert of Châtillon , to become a Benedictine. This was

1683-553: The schism ended. In 1139, Bernard assisted at the Second Council of the Lateran , in which the surviving adherents of the schism were definitively condemned. About the same time, Bernard was visited at Clairvaux by Malachy , Primate of All Ireland , and a very close friendship formed between them. Malachy wanted to become a Cistercian, but the pope would not give his permission. Malachy died at Clairvaux in 1148. Towards

1734-575: The sermon Ad clericos de conversione (to clerics on conversion) in 1139 or early 1140, to a group of scholars and student clerics. His many sermons on the Song of Songs belong to the often-studied sermons he addressed to the monks at Clairvaux. News came at this time from the Holy Land that alarmed Christendom . Christians had been defeated at the Siege of Edessa and most of the county had fallen into

1785-463: The solicitation of William of St.-Thierry , Bernard defended the Cistercians with his Apology . Peter the Venerable , abbot of Cluny, answered Bernard and assured him of his admiration and friendship. In the meantime, Cluny launched a reform and Bernard befriended Abbot Suger . Although acknowledged as "a difficult saint," Bernard has remained influential in the centuries since his death and

1836-537: The success of his mission. King Conrad III of Germany and his nephew Frederick Barbarossa , received the cross from the hand of Bernard. Pope Eugenius came in person to France to encourage the enterprise. As in the First Crusade, the preaching led to attacks on Jews ; a fanatical French monk named Radulf was apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the Rhineland, Cologne , Mainz , Worms , and Speyer , with Radulf claiming Jews were not contributing financially to

1887-467: The title of "Doctor of the Church". He wrote at this time his sermons on the Song of Songs . In 1137, he was again forced to leave the abbey by order of the pope to put an end to the quarrel between Lothair and Roger of Sicily. At the conference held at Palermo, Bernard succeeded in convincing Roger of the rights of Innocent II. He also silenced the final supporters who sustained the schism. Anacletus died of "grief and disappointment" in 1138, and with him,

1938-678: The town by the Chimay Brewery, run by the Trappist monks of Scourmont Abbey , and are internationally renowned. Thuin Thuin ( French pronunciation: [tɥɛ̃] or [twɛ̃] ; Walloon : Twin ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut , Belgium . The municipality consists of the following districts: Biercée , Biesme-sous-Thuin , Donstiennes , Gozée , Leers-et-Fosteau , Ragnies , Thuillies , and Thuin (including

1989-475: The value of personal, experiential friendship with Christ. Bernhard made a self-confident impression and had an undeniable charisma in the eyes of his contemporaries; "his first and greatest miracle," wrote the historian Holdsworth, "was himself." He defended the rights of the church against the encroachments of kings and princes, and recalled to their duty Henri Sanglier , archbishop of Sens and Stephen of Senlis , bishop of Paris. When Honorius II died in 1130,

2040-543: Was a possession of the abbey of Lobbes and, together with the abbey, became part of the Bishopric of Liège in 888. The neighbouring Aulne Abbey , reputedly founded in the 7th century by Landelin , a repentant robber, was also made part of the Bishopric of Liège. A century later, Prince-Bishop Notger had a defensive wall built in Thuin, which then became the westernmost of the 23 bonnes villes (or principal cities) of

2091-453: Was a youth. During his education with priests, he often thought of becoming one. In 1098, a group led by Robert of Molesme had founded Cîteaux Abbey , near Dijon , with the purpose of living according to a literal interpretation of the Rule of St. Benedict . They established new administrative structures among their monasteries, effectively creating a new order, known, after the first abbey, as

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2142-612: Was an abbot , mystic , co-founder of the Knights Templar , and a major leader in the reform of the Benedictines through the nascent Cistercian Order . He was sent to found Clairvaux Abbey only a few years after becoming a monk at Cîteaux . In the year 1128, Bernard attended the Council of Troyes , at which he traced the outlines of the Rule of the Knights Templar , which soon became an ideal of Christian nobility. On

2193-441: Was at first virtually no popular enthusiasm for the crusade as there had been in 1095. Bernard found it expedient to dwell upon taking the cross as a potent means of gaining absolution for sin and attaining grace. On 31 March, with King Louis VII of France present, he preached to an enormous crowd in a field at Vézelay , making "the speech of his life". When he had finished, many of his listeners enlisted; they supposedly ran out of

2244-688: Was burned to the ground. In 1829, on the eve of the Belgian Revolution , William II of the Netherlands was welcomed in Thuin, to no avail. The last major heavy fighting around Thuin occurred on August 23, 1914, at the onset of World War I , when the French army found itself nearly surrounded by the German army. Saint Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard of Clairvaux , O.Cist. ( Latin : Bernardus Claraevallensis ; 1090 – 20 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard ,

2295-607: Was continuing the work of peacemaking which he had commenced in 1130. Towards the end of 1134, he made a second journey into Aquitaine, where William X had relapsed into schism. Bernard invited William to the Mass which he celebrated in the Church of La Couldre. At the Eucharist , he "admonished the Duke not to despise God as he did His servants". William yielded and the schism ended. Bernard went again to Italy, where Roger II of Sicily

2346-461: Was endeavouring to withdraw the Pisans from their allegiance to Innocent. He recalled the city of Milan to obedience to the pope as they had followed the deposed Anselm V, Archbishop of Milan . For this, he was offered, and he refused, the see of Milan . He then returned to Clairvaux. Believing himself at last secure in his cloister, Bernard devoted himself to the composition of the works which won him

2397-504: Was founded in the diocese of Châlons ; in 1119 Fontenay Abbey in the Diocese of Autun ; and in 1121 Foigny Abbey near Vervins . In Bernard's lifetime, more than sixty abbeys followed, though some were not new foundations but transferals to the Cistercians. Bernard spent extended time outside of the abbey as a preacher and a diplomat in the service of the pope. Described by Jean-Baptiste Chautard as "the most contemplative and yet at

2448-526: Was his most formidable opponent during the whole schism. After persuading Gerard, Bernard travelled to visit William X, Duke of Aquitaine . He was the hardest for Bernard to convince. He did not pledge allegiance to Innocent until 1135. After that, Bernard spent most of his time in Italy persuading the Italians to pledge allegiance to Innocent. In 1132, Bernard accompanied Innocent II into Italy, and at Cluny,

2499-479: Was named a Doctor of the Church in 1830. In 1953, on the 800th anniversary of his death, Pope Pius XII devoted the encyclical Doctor Mellifluus to him. He labeled the abbot "the last of the Fathers ." In opposition to the rational approach to understanding God used by the scholastics , Bernard preached in a poetic manner, using appeals to affect and conversion to nurture a more immediate faith experience. He

2550-403: Was professor of theology at Notre Dame of Paris and the founder of St. Victor Abbey in Paris . The beginnings of Clairvaux Abbey were austere and Bernard even more so. He had often been ill since his noviciate, due to extreme fasting. Nonetheless, candidates for the monastic life flocked to him in great numbers. Clairvaux soon started founding new communities. In 1118 Trois-Fontaines Abbey

2601-401: Was sent with a group of twelve monks to found a new house at Vallée d'Absinthe, in the Diocese of Langres . This Bernard named Claire Vallée , or Clairvaux , on 25 June 1115, and the names of Bernard and Clairvaux soon became inseparable. Bernard was made abbot by William of Champeaux , Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne . From then on a strong friendship grew between the abbot and the bishop, who

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