Misplaced Pages

#182817

45-515: Shimbay district ( Karakalpak : Шымбай районы, Shımbay rayonı) is a district of the Republic of Karakalpakstan . The capital lies at the city Shimbay . In 2019, part of its territory was given to the re-established Bozataw district . Its area is 1,440 km (560 sq mi) and it had 114,000 inhabitants in 2022. Shimbay district contains one city Shimbay, one town Áyteke and ten rural communities. This Uzbekistan location article

90-819: A Cyrillic basis began in the Soviet Union. In 1940, K. Ubaydullaev, K. Aimbetov and N. Davkaraev developed an alphabet and spelling rules for the Karakalpak language based on the Cyrillic alphabet. This alphabet was introduced by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on July 18, 1940. This decree also established a deadline of January 1, 1942 for

135-733: A new alphabet ( Yañalif ). In July 1927, by decision of the Kara-Kalpak regional committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, the regional Committee of the New Alphabet was created, which began developing the Karakalpak Latinized alphabet. On July 30, 1928, a new alphabet, developed under the leadership of K. Avezov and S. Madzhitov, was submitted for consideration to the Government of

180-660: A number of specific Karakalpak sounds, and students had difficulty mastering the three different styles of each letter present in the Arabic script. In the 1920s, a campaign was launched in the USSR to Latinize the writing systems of various peoples of the country. This campaign gained particular scope after the First Turkic Congress, held in 1926 in Baku, at which all Turkic peoples of the USSR were recommended to switch to

225-619: A suspicious Western progressiveness". The Head of the Middle East and Central Asia Section at the British Library , Michael Erdman, feels that the Turkic usage of Arabic script, which dates back to the 10th century when Islam was adopted by Turkic communities, is not as unsuitable as critics claim. Erdman thinks that it is entirely possible to use the script while taking into account the unique vocal features of each languages, which

270-548: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 42°55′48″N 59°46′12″E  /  42.93000°N 59.77000°E  / 42.93000; 59.77000 Karakalpak language Karakalpak is a member of the Kipchak branch of Turkic languages , which includes Kazakh , Bashkir , Tatar , Kumyk , Karachay , Nogai and Kyrgyz . Due to its proximity to Turkmen and Uzbek , some of Karakalpak's vocabulary and grammar has been influenced by Uzbek and Turkmen. Like

315-693: Is also a digraph in Jaꞑalif (Ьj ьj). The earliest written text in a Kipchak language , specifically the Cuman language , an ancestor of the modern Tatar language and written with Latin characters, is the Codex Cumanicus , dated 1303. Such texts were used by Catholic missionaries to the Golden Horde . Their Latin script ceased to be used after Gazaria was taken over by the Ottoman Empire in

360-540: Is as follows: The Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic alphabets are shown below with their equivalent representations in the IPA. Cyrillic letters with no representation in the Latin alphabet are marked with asterisks. The last changes to the new Karakalpak alphabet were made in 2016: instead of letters with apostrophes ( Aʻ aʻ, Oʻ oʻ, Iʻ iʻ, Uʻ uʻ, Gʻ gʻ, Nʻ nʻ ), letters with acutes were introduced ( Á á, Ó ó , Í ı, Ú ú, Ǵ ǵ, Ń ń ). This

405-407: Is not a simple transliteration of non-English symbols of Jaꞑalif or modern alphabet. Sounds absent from English are represented with digraphs; soft vowels are represented as a combination of the pairmate and apostrophe , apart from [ɤ] , corresponding to ⟨ь⟩ in Jaꞑalif, which is represented as ⟨y⟩, probably under influence of transliteration of Russian . Like in Jaꞑalif, ⟨j⟩ represent [j] , and ⟨zh⟩

450-724: Is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages . It replaced the Yaña imlâ Arabic script -based alphabet in 1928, and was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1938–1940. After their respective independence in 1991, several former Soviet states in Central Asia switched back to Latin script, with slight modifications to the original Jaꞑalif. There are 33 letters in Jaꞑalif, nine of which are vowels . The apostrophe (')

495-758: Is the seventh version of the Latin alphabet in Karakalpak writing since 1928. Before 2009, C was written as TS; I and Í were written as dotted and dotless I ; and the letters with apostrophe are now letters with acute . Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights Барлық Barlıq адамлар adamlar өз óz қәдир-қымбаты qádir-qımbatı және jáne ҳуқықларында huqıqlarında еркин erkin ҳәм hám тең teń болып bolıp туўылады. tuwıladı. Ya%C3%B1alif Jaꞑalif , Yangalif or Yañalif ( Tatar : jaŋa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaŋalif/yañalif, [jɑŋɑˈlif] , Cyrillic : Яңалиф, "new alphabet")

SECTION 10

#1732790676183

540-621: Is used for [ʒ] , corresponding to ⟨ƶ⟩ in Jaᶇalif. ⟨x⟩ isn't used in Inalif, and ⟨kh⟩ is used instead. Other changes include: ⟨ä⟩ → ⟨a'⟩; ⟨ö⟩ → ⟨o'⟩; ⟨ü⟩ → ⟨u'⟩; ⟨ç⟩ → ⟨ch⟩; ⟨ğ⟩ → ⟨gh⟩; ⟨ñ⟩ → ⟨ng⟩; ⟨ş⟩ → ⟨sh⟩. The sorting order of Inalif isn't specified, but in practice, the English sorting order is used. Inalif is used only on the Internet. Tatar literary scholar Hatip Minnegulov: "The replacement of

585-570: Is used for the glottal stop (həmzə or hämzä) and is sometimes considered a letter for the purposes of alphabetic sorting. Other characters may also be used in spelling foreign names. The lowercase form of the letter B is ʙ (small caps B), to prevent confusion with Ь ь (I with bowl). Letter No. 33 , similar to Zhuang Ƅ , is not currently available as a Latin character in Unicode , but it looks exactly like Cyrillic soft sign (Ь) . Capital Ə (schwa) also looks like Russian/Cyrillic Э in some fonts. There

630-557: The Musa Cälil 's Moabit Notebooks was written in Jaᶇalif, and another was written in Arabic letters. Both notebooks were written in German prison, after 1939, the year when the Cyrillic script was established. In the 1990s some wanted to restore Jaꞑalif, or Jaꞑalif +W, as being appropriate for the modern Tatar phonetics. But technical problems, such as font problems and the disuse of Uniform Turkic alphabet among other peoples, forced

675-465: The 15th century. For centuries some Tatar languages as well as some other Turkic languages used a modified Arabic alphabet , İske imlâ . The deficiencies of this alphabet were both technical (abundance of positional letterforms complicated adoption of modern technology such as typewriters and teleprinters ) and linguistic ( Arabic language has only three vowel qualities, but Tatar has nine, which had to be mapped onto combinations and variations of

720-495: The Academy of Sciences of the USSR. As a result, the current alphabet was clarified and a new set of spelling rules was compiled. On February 28, 1957, the new alphabet and spelling were approved by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This alphabet came into effect in 1960. Compared to the previous version, the letters Ә ә, Ё ё, Ң ң, Ө ө, Ү ү, Ў ў were introduced into

765-647: The Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as teachers from the department of the Karakalpak language of the Karakalpak Pedagogical Institute and employees of the Institute for Advanced Training of Teachers of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. This commission developed a new draft alphabet and spelling. The project proposed the abolition of

810-473: The Arabic alphabet to the Latinized one. In 1930, on the initiative of the Karakalpak intelligentsia, a meeting was held at the editorial office of the newspaper “Mijnetkeş Qaraqalpaq” on issues of the alphabet and spelling. As a result, it was decided to exclude the letter c from the alphabet and write ş instead. By that time, the question arose about establishing firm rules for Karakalpak spelling. In 1932,

855-586: The Arabic script, used by our people for more than a thousand years, with the Latin and soon the Cyrillic alphabet was a terrible blow to the continuity of the people's memory, which can be considered as burning the bridges between the past and the present". Jussi Ahtinen-Karsikko wrote in Finland in 1934: "The change made in the footsteps of the religious indifference formed under the influence of Kemal Pasha's French spirit" felt as if "a thousand-year-old precious tradition had been frivolously sacrificed in favor of

900-813: The Congress of Turkologists in Baku recommended to switch all Turkic languages to the Latin script . In April 1926 the Jaꞑa Tatar Əlifвasь / Yaña tatar älifbası / Яңа Татар Әлифбасы (New Tatar Alphabet) society started its work at Kazan . On July 3, 1927, Tatarstan officials declared Jaꞑalif the official script of the Tatar language , replacing the Yaña imlâ script. The first variant of Jaᶇalif did not have separate letters for K and Q (realized as K) and for G and Ğ (realized as G), V and W (realized as W). Ş (sh) looked like

945-466: The Cyrillic letter Ш (she). C and Ç were realized as in Turkish and the modern Tatar Latin alphabet and later were transposed in the final version of Jaᶇalif. In 1928 Jaꞑalif was reformed and remained in active use for 12 years. Some sources claim that this alphabet had 34 letters, but the last was a digraph Ьj , used for the corresponding Tatar diphthong . Another source states that the 34th letter

SECTION 20

#1732790676183

990-672: The Ethno-linguistic section of the Karakalpak comprehensive research institute and the educational and methodological council of the People's Commissariat for Education presented two projects for the Karakalpak orthography and alphabet. During the discussion, both projects were combined into one and in September 1932, at the First Karakalpak Spelling Conference, it was approved. The main change was

1035-652: The Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Okrug. At the end of 1928, after taking into account a number of comments put forward by specialists and intellectuals, this alphabet was approved. It had 32 letters: a, в, с, ç, d, e, ә, f, g, h, x, i, ь, j, k, l, m, n, ꞑ, o, ө, p, q, ƣ, r, s, t, u, v, y, z, ş. There were no capital letters in this alphabet. At the beginning of 1929, newspapers and books began to be published in this alphabet. By 1930, printing and education in Karakalpakstan had completely switched from

1080-532: The Karakalpak language. In September 1954, a scientific and theoretical conference was held in Nukus, at which scientists from Karakalpakstan, Moscow, Tashkent and Frunze discussed the project of a new alphabet. The decisions of the conference were finalized taking into account the recommendations of the Institute of Language and Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR and the Institute of Linguistics of

1125-807: The Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic. Ethnologue identifies two dialects of Karakalpak: Northeastern and Southwestern. Menges mentions a third possible dialect spoken in the Fergana Valley . The Southwestern dialect has /tʃ/ for the Northeastern /ʃ/. Karakalpak has 25 native consonant phonemes and regularly uses four non-native phonemes in loan words. Non-native sounds are shown in parentheses. Vowel harmony functions in Karakalpak much as it does in other Turkic languages. Words borrowed from Russian or other languages may not observe rules of vowel harmony, but

1170-516: The Tatar poet Säğit Rämiyev started to use the Latin script in his works. He used several digraphs : ea for [æ], eu for [y], eo for [ɵ] and ei for [ɯ]. Arabists turned down his project, preferring to reform İske imlâ . The simplified Arabic script, known as Yaña imlâ , was used in 1920–1927. During the Latinisation in the Soviet Union , a special Central Committee for a New Alphabet

1215-563: The Uzbek, and a little later the Karakalpak alphabets were revised. All letters with diacritics were excluded from them, and digraphs and post-letter apostrophes were introduced instead. The transition to a new script was to be carried out by 2005. The alphabet in the 1995 version looked like this: Aa, Aʻaʻ, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Gʻgʻ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Nʻnʻ, Oo, Oʻoʻ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Uʻuʻ, Vv, Ww, Yy, Zz, Sh sh . In 2009, changes were made to this alphabet again. According to

1260-405: The alphabet, and the order of the letters in the alphabet was also changed. As a result, the Karakalpak alphabet began to look like this: In 1963-1964, the issue of improving the Karakalpak alphabet was again raised in the pages of the local press. On this basis, in 1964, a special commission was created from employees of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Karakalpak branch of

1305-663: The early 1990s, work began in independent Uzbekistan to translate the scripts of the peoples of this country onto a Latin basis. At the end of 1993, a project for a Latinized Uzbek alphabet was approved. Following this, in February 1994, a new alphabet was approved for the Karakalpak language. This alphabet was based on the General Turkic Alphabet and had the following form: Aa, Ää, Bb, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ḡḡ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, N̄n̄, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Ww, Yy, Zz . However, in 1995,

1350-424: The following 28 letters: In November 1924, the first Karakalpak newspaper “Free Karakalpak” (ٴيركين قاراقالپاق) began to be printed on with the script, and in 1925 the first textbooks were published. Writer and educator Saifulgabit Madzhitov played a major role in the creation of the alphabet and the release of the first primers. This alphabet had a number of significant shortcomings: it lacked letters to indicate

1395-568: The following rules usually apply: Karakalpak was written in the Arabic and Persian script until 1932, in the Latin script from 1928 to 1940, after which Cyrillic was introduced. Following Uzbekistan's independence in 1991, the decision was made to drop Cyrillic and revert to the Latin alphabet. Whilst the use of Latin script is now widespread in Tashkent , its introduction into Karakalpakstan remains gradual. The Arabic alphabet consisted of

Shimbay district - Misplaced Pages Continue

1440-544: The introduction of capital letters, as well as a change in the order of letters in the alphabet. Now it was arranged thusly: Aa, Bв, Vv, Gg, Dd, Ee, Çç, Zz, Ii, Jj, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Ff, Xx, Şş, Hh, Әә, Qq, Ƣƣ, Ꞑꞑ, Өө, Yy, Ьь. In June 1935, the Second Linguistic Conference was held in Turtkul. In addition to spelling issues, it also touched upon the issue of alphabet reform. It

1485-605: The law of the Republic of Karakalpakstan dated October 8, 2009, the letter combination ts was replaced by c. The letters e, o and oʻ at the beginning of the original Karakalpak words began to be written as ye, wo and woʻ, respectively. The letter I ı has been replaced by Iʻ iʻ. The digraph ch has been introduced. After the reform, the Karakalpak alphabet received the following form: A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, I i, J j, K k, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Q q, R r, S s, T t, U u, V v, W w, X x, Y y, Z z, Aʻ aʻ, Oʻ oʻ, Iʻ iʻ, Uʻ uʻ, Gʻ gʻ , Nʻ nʻ, Sh sh, Ch ch . The current Latin alphabet

1530-472: The letters а , о , у were used with the addition of a soft sign after the consonant letter located behind them (for example, тань (bread) instead of тәnн, созь (word) instead of сөз, жунь (wool) instead of жүн, etc.). To denote the sound /ŋ/, the нг digraph was used. These shortcomings forced the Karakalpak Institute of Economics and Culture to develop a new alphabet and spelling rules for

1575-469: The letters ў and ң. However, this project caused serious objections among teachers, as a result of which it was not adopted. Despite the reforms of the 1990s - 2000s, the Cyrillic alphabet of the 1957 model is still widely used: literature is published in it, the largest newspaper in Karakalpakstan “Erkin Karakalpakstan” is printed, and document flow is carried out in government institutions. In

1620-507: The three existing vowel letters). Because of this some Turkic intelligentsia tended to use the Latin or Cyrillic script . The first attempts appeared in the mid-19th century among Azerbaijanis . At the same period the Russian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky , along with followers, invented a modified Russian alphabet for the Turkic peoples of Idel-Ural , for the purpose of Christianization; Muslim Tatars did not use his alphabet. In 1908–1909

1665-410: The transition of the press, education and institutions to the new alphabet. The new alphabet had 35 letters: а, Бб, Вв, Гг, Дд, Ее, Жж, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Фф, Хх, Цц, Чч, Шш, Щщ, Ъъ, Ыы, Ьь, Ээ, Юю, Яя, Ғғ, Ққ, Ҳҳ. This alphabet had a number of significant shortcomings: it lacked signs to indicate the sounds /æ/, /œ/, /y/, /ŋ/ and /w/. To convey the sounds /æ/, /œ/, /y/,

1710-582: The use of a " Turkish-based alphabet". In 2000 such an alphabet was adopted by the Tatarstan government, but in 2002 it was abolished by the Russian Federation . The "Internet-style" alphabet named Inalif after Internet and älifba was convented in 2003 and partly it was inspired by Jaᶇalif. The main purpose of this alphabet was standardization of texts, which are typed on a standard English keyboard, without any diacritical marks. But this

1755-600: The vast majority of Turkic languages, Karakalpak has vowel harmony , is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender . Word order is usually subject–object–verb . Karakalpak is spoken mainly in the Karakalpakstan Autonomous Republic of Uzbekistan . Approximately 2,000 people in Afghanistan and smaller diaspora in parts of Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkey and other parts of the world speak Karakalpak. Karakalpak has official status in

1800-553: Was also used in Nazi gazettes for prisoners of war and propaganda during World War II . The alphabet served until the 1950s, because most of the schoolbooks were printed before World War II. Some Tatar diasporas also used Jaᶇalif outside of the Soviet Union , for example the Tatar bureau of Radio Free Europe . For 12 years of usage the Latin script, Arabic script (and not only Jaña imlâ, but İske imlâ too) also were used. One of

1845-411: Was an apostrophe . They also give another sorting of the alphabet. (Ə after A, Ь after E) After the introduction of Jaꞑalif most of the books which were printed in the Arabic alphabet were withdrawn from libraries. Eşce (1924) alphabetical order: Latin dustь (1924) alphabetical order: Original Jaᶇalif (1927) alphabetical order: Using two different alphabets for Russian and Turkic languages

Shimbay district - Misplaced Pages Continue

1890-429: Was changed, and the order of their arrangement in the alphabet was slightly adjusted. As a result, the alphabet approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic looked like this: Aa, Bв, Vv, Gg, Dd, Ee, Çç, Zz, Ii, Kk, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo ,Pp, Rr, Ss, Tt, Uu, Ff, Xx, Şş, Ꞑꞑ, Әә, Өө, Hh, Qq, Ƣƣ, Yy, Ŭŭ, Jj, Ьь. At the end of the 1930s, the process of transferring scripts to

1935-659: Was established in Moscow . The first project for a Tatar-Bashkir Latin alphabet was published in ئشچی ( Eşce , "The Worker") newspaper on 18 July 1924. Sounds specific to the Bashkir language were written with digraphs. Following the publication, the Latin Dustь ("friend of the Latin") society was formed in Kazan on 16 November 1924. It suggested its own version of Tatar Latin alphabet, which didn't cover Bashkir sounds. In 1926

1980-474: Was problematic: people had to learn two different alphabets, confusing letters of one alphabet for letters from another, and Turkic languages had to use specific typewriters instead of sharing typewriters with Russian. In order to overcome these issues, a decision was made to convert Turkic languages to Cyrillic. In 1939 the Soviet government prohibited Jaᶇalif although it remained in use until January 1940. Jaᶇalif

2025-457: Was proposed to exclude the letters Әә, Өө and Yy from it. However, during the discussion, this proposal was rejected, and the need for further elaboration of this issue was noted. The third spelling conference was held in Turtkul in October 1938. The issue of alphabet reform was raised again. As a result, the letter Ŭŭ was introduced into the alphabet, the phonetic meaning of a number of letters

#182817