Misplaced Pages

#859140

29-426: Chimuan consisted of three attested languages: All languages are now extinct. Campbell (2012) classifies Mochica and Cañar–Puruhá each as separate language families. Mochica was one of the major languages of pre-Columbian South America. It was documented by Fernando de la Carrera and Middendorff in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries respectively. It became extinct ca. 1950, although some people remember

58-567: A completely isolated language, belongs to the Equatorial stock. Guirardello's "A Reference Grammar of Trumai" is the first proper description of Trumai grammar, which Guirardello composed with the intention of it becoming an aid for future research papers on the language. Since then, research on the Trumai language has increased, leading to studies of various aspects of the language. Monod-Becquelin has continued her research by investigating

87-403: A few words. Adelaar & Muysken (2004) consider Mochica a language isolate for now. Cañari and Puruhá are documented with only a few words. These two languages are usually connected with Mochica. However, as their documentation level is so low, it may not be possible to confirm this association. According to Adelaar & Muysken (2004), Jijón y Caamaño's evidence of their relationship is only

116-734: A language of the Chimos, but which is currently discarded because it is clearly the Quingnam language . An informal group called by linguistics neo-mochica uses the artificial form " muchik ", when the most historically used form is " mochica " or " yunga ". Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Trumai , Arawak , Kandoshi , Muniche , Barbakoa , Cholon-Hibito , Kechua , Mapudungun , Kanichana , and Kunza language families due to contact. Jolkesky (2016) also suggests that similarities with Amazonian languages may be due to

145-455: A program to learn this language, in order to preserve the ancient cultural heritage in the area. This program has been well received by people and adopted by many schools, and also have launched other activities such as the development of ceramics, mates, etc. Trumai language Trumai is an endangered language isolate of Brazil . Most Trumai are fluent in languages of wider communication, and children are not learning it well. Trumai

174-542: A single word: Mochica nech "river", Cañari necha ; based on similarities with neighboring languages, he finds a Barbacoan connection more likely. Quingnam , possibly the same language as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora, is sometimes taken to be a dialect of Mochica, but it is unattested, unless a list of numerals discovered in 2010 turns out to be Quingnam or Pescadora as expected. Those numerals are not, however, Mochica. Yunca-Puruhán (Chimuan) internal classification by Mason (1950): Mason (1950) also included Atalán , which

203-564: A white person was in 1884 when Karl von den Steinen explored the Upper Xingu region. He observed the differences between Trumai culture and other Xingu cultures due to the Trumai's relocation. In the fifty years or so that followed Von den Steinem's first visit to the Trumai, there is little documentation of the community because researchers who visited the Xingu region preferred visiting and studying other indigenous cultures instead. In

232-660: Is a language spoken by the indigenous community of the same name located in the Xingu reserve along the Upper Xingu River in central Brazil. Murphy and Quain reported that there were only 25 people remaining in the Trumai community. Fortunately, this has since increased to 94 as of 1997, of which 51 people spoke the Trumai language. In the International Encyclopedia of Linguistics , Grimes observes that there are 78 speakers as of 2003. Due to

261-691: Is maximally CVC, and stress always falls on the final syllable of a word. The morphological aspects of Trumai as covered in Guirardello's grammar of the language include the parts of speech: nouns , verbs , and auxiliaries . Under nouns, she investigates the effect of adjectives , plurality in the language, and count versus mass nouns , among others. Under verbs, she focuses on causality , negation , intensity , and imperativity in verb particles. And under auxiliaries, she discusses body posture, mood and aspect , and directional auxiliaries. Chapter 5 explores further analyses of each of these aspects of

290-481: Is mentioned in the work of Fernando de la Carrera , " yunca " is another form mentioned by varieties of Quechua, " muchic " is only mentioned by the Augustinian father Antonio de la Calancha in 1638, in 1892 Ernst Middendorf it germanizes as " muchik ", the form " chimu " is a hypothesis on the part of Middendorf in accordance with the knowledge of that time in the 19th century, when he considered Mochica as

319-470: Is no longer considered to be part of the Yunca-Puruhán (Chimuan) family. Tovar (1961), partly based on Schmidt (1926), adds Tallán ( Sechura–Catacao ) to Chimuan (which he calls Yunga-Puruhá ). Tovar's (1961) classification below is cited from Stark (1972). Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with Uru–Chipaya and Yunga (Mochica). Loukotka (1968) lists

SECTION 10

#1732773245860

348-580: Is one of the many language documentation organizations operating in Brazil, and is funded by the Volkswagen Foundation. The Trumai culture has also been the topic of anthropological studies. The first was done by Buell Quain, who spent four months with the Trumai and gathered information on many aspects of the culture and community. More recently, De Vienne has conducted ethnographic studies on Trumai focussing on language and communication in

377-432: Is speculation that Trumai belongs to the Equatorial language stock, in which case it is still very far removed from other languages and families belonging here. Initial research done on the Trumai was included in an overall study of the cultures of the Xingu region, which was performed through surveys focussing on "material culture". Quain was the first researcher to focus on the Trumai culture specifically, however, this

406-660: The Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru languages and Tupi-Guarani languages indicate that Trumai had originated in the Paraguay River basin. The Trumai had only arrived in the Upper Xingu basin via the Culuene River during the 19th century (Villas Bôas & Villas Bôas 1970:27 ). This inventory is atypical of Amazonian languages in its ejective consonants , the lateral fricative /ɬ/ , and

435-428: The alveolar–dental distinction. Guirardello, who specializes on Trumai, has presented varied inventories of these phonemes: Guirardello (1999a) lists /t̪ t̪' ts ts' s/ as dental, and /t t' d n l ɬ ɾ/ as alveolar; whereas Guirardello (1999b) lists only /t/ and /t'/ as alveolar. Younger speakers do not make the ejective distinction. The vocalic inventory is / i , e , a , o , u / and ɨ . Syllable structure

464-475: The community, such as joking and ritual singing traditions. Trumai is spoken in four villages, three of which are in Parque Indígena do Xingu . There are a few dozen fluent speakers among an ethnic population of about 100 people. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Macro-Mataguayo-Guaykuru , Tupi , and Mochika language families due to contact. Similarities with

493-593: The early migration of Mochica speakers down the Marañón and Solimões . It is proven and accepted by linguists that it was spoken by those of the Sican culture , it is not proven that it was spoken by those of the Moche culture , and it is ruled out that it was spoken by the chimos , since it is proven that they spoke Quingnam . The only varieties are according to each researcher who compiled their vocabulary, so we have

522-467: The following basic vocabulary items for the Chimuan languages. Mochica language Mochica is an extinct language formerly spoken along the northwest coast of Peru and in an inland village. First documented in 1607, the language was widely spoken in the area during the 17th century and the early 18th century. By the late 19th century, the language was dying out and spoken only by a few people in

551-982: The language is a single tonada , Tonada del Chimo , preserved in the Codex Martínez Compañón among many watercolours illustrating the life of Chimú people during the 18th century: 1st voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch Ja ya llũnch, ja ya lloch [ sic ] In poc cha tanmuisle pecan muisle pecan e necam 2nd voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch Ja ya llũnch 1st voice: E menspocehifama le qui ten que consmuiſle Cuerpo lens e menslocunmunom chi perdonar moitin Roc 2nd voice: Ja ya llõch Ja ya llũnh,[sic] ja ya llõch 1st voice: Chondocolo mec checje su chriſto po que si ta mali muis le cuer po[sic] lem. lo quees aoscho perdonar me ñe fe che tas 2nd voice: Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch Ja ya llũnch, ja ya llõch Quingnam , possibly

580-473: The parts of speech in terms of "Simple Declarative Clauses". Pronouns in Trumai are distinguished by person , gender , number , and listener inclusion/exclusion in the first-person plural pronoun. Like in English, gender is only seen in the third-person singular pronoun, while number is categorized as singular , dual , and plural (whereas English only has singular and plural). They are also affected by

609-453: The popularity of speaking Portuguese among the local population, Trumai is considered an extremely endangered language because the children are not learning to speak it as a first language. The Trumai people first entered the Upper Xingu region sometime in the early 19th century after being driven away from southeastern Brazil by the Xavante people . The first contact the Trumai had with

SECTION 20

#1732773245860

638-549: The same as Lengua (Yunga) Pescadora, is sometimes taken to be a dialect, but a list of numerals was discovered in 2010 and is suspected to be Quingnam or Pescadora, not Mochica. It was common in the 19th century to relate Mochica mainly to Mandarin, Japanese and Quechua. Currently it is discarded and is considered an isolated language . A simple way to check this is to use its our fathers for comparative linguistic purposes: The Gestión de Cultura of Morrope in Peru has launched

667-402: The subsequent population increase led to the emergence of more Trumai villages in the Upper Xingu region, while their former territories have since become occupied by other communities. Despite being surrounded by a variety of different languages that belong to the four major stocks of Brazilian indigenous languages ( Tupi , Arawak , Cariban , and Ge ), Trumai is an isolated language. There

696-472: The time between the Trumai's first arrival in the upper Xingu and Von den Steinen's first contact with them, they were continuously being attacked by the native communities in the region, including the Suyá and Ikpeng. Following a period of contacts from researchers, including Buell Quain in 1938, the Trumai moved to a new territory again, this time because of a flu and measles epidemic. After recovering from this,

725-510: The type of Noun Phrase (henceforth "NP") they appear in ( absolutive , ergative , or dative ), which are distinguished by suffix insertion. The following are tables of the Trumai personal pronouns with examples included for the absolutive case: ha 1 hu’tsa see chï(_in) FOC /Tens [huksitukuk capivara yi]-ki YI - DAT [yayanke deer tam] COM ha hu’tsa chï(_in) [huksitukuk yi]-ki [yayanke tam] 1 see FOC/Tens capivara YI-DAT deer COM “I saw

754-509: The use of transitive verbs in Trumai. Guirardello's work has also included studies into Trumai's ergativity, focussing on the ergative-absolutive patterns in its morphology and the complexity of its syntax due to the nominative-accusative patterns also present. Trumai was one of the 24 indigenous languages studied in South America as part of a series of documentation projects conducted by DoBeS (Documenting Endangered Languages). DoBeS

783-1051: The variety of Ernst Middendorf , Compañon , Bruning , etc. According to the list of the vicar of Reque and author of the aforementioned Art, Fernando de la Carrera, the peoples who in 1644 spoke the Mochica language were as follows: Mochica is typologically different from the other main languages on the west coast of South America , namely the Quechuan languages , Aymara , and the Mapuche language . Further, it contains rare features such as: Some suffixes in Mochica as reconstituted by Hovdhaugen (2004): Some examples of lexical items in Mochica from Hovdhaugen (2004): Possessed and non-possessed nouns in Mochica: Locative forms of Mochica nouns: Quantifiers in Mochica: Mochica numerals: The only surviving song in

812-483: The village of Etén , in Chiclayo . It died out as a spoken language around 1920, but certain words and phrases continued to be used until the 1960s. Mochica is usually considered to be a language isolate , but has also been hypothesized as belonging to a wider Chimuan language family. Stark (1972) proposes a connection with Uru–Chipaya as part of a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily hypothesis. The yunga form

841-469: Was an anthropological study, not linguistic. In the preface to her thesis "A Reference Grammar of Trumaí", Guirardello states that Monod-Becquelin was the first person to conduct descriptive studies on the Trumai language, in which she focused on aspects of the language such as ergativity and phonological transcriptions. Monod-Becquelin's early work was followed by Greenberg's research, which includes his aforementioned proposal that Trumai, instead of being

#859140