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69-683: The China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park has become the prototype of the Great Stone Industrial Park. In 2010, the Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Belarus and the "Chinese Engineering Corporation CAMC (CAMCE)" agreed to cooperate on the creation of China–Belarus Industrial Park in the territory of Belarus. In November 2011, it was also discussed at the meeting of the China-Belarus intergovernmental commission. For

138-457: A 2014 article that despite only comprising 3.4% of Suzhou's land area and 5.2% of its population, it contributed 15% of the city's economy. By 2014, some 25,000 companies were doing business in the industrial park, including 91 Fortune 500 companies. As of 2019, the industrial park has contributed about 119.11 billion dollars in tax revenue since its inception, and has achieved more than $ 1 trillion in foreign trade volume. Real estate values in

207-506: A boom in online shopping and retail banking. The expansion of e-commerce in China is another example of leapfrogging development. Although China was a latecomer to e-Commerce in comparison to other major economies, it has now grown beyond them in both total market size and on a per capita basis. Leapfrogging can occur accidentally, when the only systems around for adoption are better than legacy systems elsewhere, or situationally, such as

276-812: A conflict between Belarus and Russia, because, in his opinion, Moscow is not interested in reducing the dependence of Belarus on the Russian economy . According to Lenta.ru , the industrial park is «the most ambitious project within the Minsk–Beijing cooperation». According to Zhang Zhenzun, senior vice president of the Chinese ZTE Corporation , "the project has good potential for the development of high-tech industries". 53°54′14″N 27°58′40″E  /  53.90389°N 27.97778°E  / 53.90389; 27.97778 Suzhou Industrial Park The Suzhou Industrial Park ( 苏州工业园区 )

345-467: A country needs to create a shared vision, leadership by a committed elite, 'Inclusive growth', relevant institutions, a labor market suited to cope with rapid growth and changes, growth diagnostics of the country's bottlenecks and focused reforms as well as local and regional development and national mobilization. Japan 's Low-Carbon Society 2050 Initiative has the objective to cooperate with and offer support to Asian developing countries to leapfrog towards

414-471: A developing country can skip stages of the path taken by industrial nations, enabling them to catch up sooner, particularly in terms of economic growth . In the field of industrial organization (IO), the main work on leapfrogging was developed by Fudenberg, Gilbert, Stiglitz and Tirole (1983). In their article, they analyze under which conditions a new entrant can leapfrog an established firm. That leapfrogging can arise because an established monopolist has

483-652: A modern industrial park in the east of Suzhou . Suzhou was chosen as the site due to its proximity to the financial hub of Shanghai , as well as its educated and skilled labor pool . The China–Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park (CS-SIP) was thus born on February 26, 1994, when Chinese Vice Premier Li Lanqing and Singaporean Senior Minister Lee Kuan Yew signed the Agreement on the Joint Development of Suzhou Industrial Park in Suzhou . Upon its inception,

552-408: A profit due to highly desirable real estate and the presence of many large global corporations, and remains an economic engine for the city. As of at least 2024, it is one of China's largest and most successful industrial parks. The Suzhou Industrial Park spans an area of 278 square kilometres (107 sq mi), and has a population of 807,800 permanent residents, per a 2019 publication released by

621-459: A profit, a number of major companies, such as Nokia , Alcatel and Philips , set up shop in the park, attracted by its large labor pool of workers who had experience in other electronics companies nearby. Semiconductor producers, including Samsung , and Hitachi , also organized production in the park, and the government began implementing further incentives to develop the area's semiconductor industry. One manager interviewed in an article for

690-495: A radical innovation and major technological breakthrough, economic leadership, since it also implies high wages, can deter the adoption of new ideas in the most advanced countries. A new technology may well seem initially inferior to older methods to those who have extensive experience with those older methods; yet that initially inferior technology may well have more potential for improvements and adaptation. When technological progress takes this form, economic leadership will tend to be

759-493: A social dimension. The diffusion and application of environmental technologies would not only reduce environmental impacts, but can at the same time contribute to sustainable economic development and the realization of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by promoting greater access to resources and technologies to people who currently have no access. Regarding electricity currently nearly one third of

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828-496: A somewhat reduced incentive to innovate because he is earning rents from the old technology. This is somewhat based on Joseph Schumpeter 's notion of ‘gales of creative destruction ’. The hypothesis proposes that companies holding monopolies based on incumbent technologies have less incentive to innovate than potential rivals, and therefore they eventually lose their technological leadership role when new radical technological innovations are adopted by new firms which are ready to take

897-661: A sports centre and accommodation. Wenxing Plaza and Hanlin Plaza are popular locations of many small restaurants and shops. Dushu Lake Library is an experimental library of the National Digital Library located in the industrial park. Major universities in the park include Suzhou University , Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University and Renmin University of China , Suzhou Campus. Dulwich International High School Suzhou (DHSZ) and Dulwich College (DCSZ) are two of

966-482: Is a concept used in many domains of the economics and business fields, and was originally developed in the area of industrial organization and economic growth. The main idea behind the concept of leapfrogging is that small and incremental innovations lead a dominant firm to stay ahead. However, sometimes, radical innovations will permit new firms to leapfrog the ancient and dominant firm. The phenomenon can occur to firms but also to leadership of countries or cities, where

1035-467: Is a development region in Suzhou , Jiangsu , China . The industrial park was established in February 1994, as part of the reform and opening up campaign in the 1990s, and is unique in its joint governance by Chinese and Singaporean officials. While the park struggled at first, and attracted international notoriety following a very publicized falling out between the two sides, it quickly began making

1104-549: Is a small fresh water lake located in the central part of Suzhou Industrial Park. It occupies an area of 7.4 square kilometres (2.9 sq mi), and its average depth is about 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) to 3 metres (9.8 ft). There are two man-made islands in the lake. Dushu Lake is a small fresh water lake located in the southern part of the Suzhou Industrial Park, with an area of about 9.48 square kilometres (3.66 sq mi). Yangcheng Lake

1173-484: Is also focused on creating financing opportunities. In July 2019 the "club of investors" estimated for US$ 20 million has been created. Innovative start-ups or small business companies may be financed through special project selection program “Iskra”. Great Stone Industrial Park has three level management structure : 1.Intergovernmental coordination council; 2. Great Stone Industrial Park Administration; 3. Great Stone Industrial Park Development Company. Park Administration

1242-558: Is also located in the northern part of the industrial park. The Luo River and Suzhou Creek both flow through the industrial park from west to east. A group known as the China-Singapore Joint Steering Council ( simplified Chinese : 中新苏州工业园区联合协调理事会 ; traditional Chinese : 中新蘇州工業園區聯合協調理事會 ; pinyin : Zhōng Xīn Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuánqū Liánhé Xiétiáo Lǐshìhuì ), comprising both Chinese and Singaporean officials and government bureaus,

1311-515: Is an example of a “leapfrog” technology: it has enabled developing countries to skip the fixed-line technology of the 20th century and move straight to the mobile technology of the 21st. It is proposed that through leapfrogging developing countries can avoid environmentally harmful stages of development and do not need to follow the polluting development trajectory of industrialized countries . The adoption of solar energy technologies in developing countries are examples of where countries do not repeat

1380-685: Is countries which move directly from having no telephones to having cellular phones , skipping the stage of copperwire landline telephones altogether. Another notable example is mobile payment . China is one of the world's leaders in consumer internet and mobile payments . In most parts of the developed world, credit cards have been popular since the second half of 20th century but were not widespread in China. After 2013, Alipay and WeChat began to support mobile payment using QR code on smart phones . Both of them have been extremely successful in China and are expanding overseas now. China's technological leapfrogging to mobile payments also led to

1449-494: Is free from tax on profit for 10 years since first profit is generated. Then 50% discount from the existing rate for up to 2062. The companies are free from land tax and real estate tax. Income tax for Park employees is 9% compared to 13% for the rest of the country. Residents are also exempted from customs duties and VAT when importing equipment for project implementation. Grandfather clause provides companies with investment protection for 10 years. An investor can get land plots on

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1518-419: Is not limited. It is possible to say that any eco-friendly and innovative manufacture is welcome to Great Stone Industrial Park. According to Alexander Lukashenko, high-tech enterprises from all over the world with the «production of the future» will be concentrated on this territory. This area has a special legal regime and incentives unique not only for Belarus, but also for EAEU. For instance, company-resident

1587-572: Is responsible for any administrative procedures in the Park territory and registration of residents. One of the biggest advantages of Great Stone is related to “one-stop service” opportunities. If required, resident may apply to single authority – Park Administration – for any administrative procedure, such as company registration, licensing, construction permits, etc. If requested by the Park Administration, any public authority shall arrive at

1656-1334: Is tasked with the development of the industrial park. As of 2019, Han Zheng , the Vice Premier of China , serves as the head of the Chinese half of the Joint Steering Council, and Heng Swee Keat , the Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore , serves as the head of the Singaporean half. The Suzhou Industrial Park administers four subdistricts ( Chinese : 街道 ; pinyin : Jiēdào ) and four residential communities ( simplified Chinese : 社区 ; traditional Chinese : 社區 ; pinyin : Shèqū ). The park's four subdistricts are Loufeng Subdistrict  [ zh ] , Xietang Subdistrict  [ zh ] , Weiting Subdistrict  [ zh ] , and Shengpu Subdistrict  [ zh ] . The park's four residential communities are Huxi Community ( Chinese : 湖西社区 ), Hudong Community ( Chinese : 湖东社区 ), Yueliangwan Community ( Chinese : 月亮湾社区 ), and Dongshahu Community ( Chinese : 东沙湖社区 ). Many companies participate in

1725-484: The investment arm of the Suzhou Industrial Park. Reports surfaced in 2019 that the park was being affected by the US-China trade war , with exports having declined 10 per cent over the first seven months of 2019 when compared to 2018 figures, while imports have fallen 15 per cent over the same period. Since its early days, Suzhou Industrial Park has attracted many residents due to its exceptional school system, and

1794-524: The British newspaper The Financial Times , Belarus plans to attract foreign investors into the project «through tax incentives , liberal laws regarding foreign ownership and a well-educated labour force». China–Belarus Industrial Park is the largest industrial park in Europe among the parks established by China. Belarus plans to invest more than $ 500 million, and Bank of China - more than $ 1.5 billion into

1863-653: The Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus No 166 of 12.05.2017 There are 56 companies that are registered as Great Stone Industrial Park residents. Among them you can find the following companies: The project was criticised in Belarus. Main conflict referred to possible demolition of property, negative environmental impact and limited access to natural resources in Smolevichi district, Minsk region. One of

1932-490: The Far Eastern Economic Review also noted that, since assuming a majority stake in the project, local authorities began improving their governance of the project, and provided political support for companies involved in the park. Despite attracting significant media attention early on for its high-profile setbacks, the project has since been viewed as a success by many. The Straits Times noted in

2001-490: The GDP from economic activities in Suzhou Industrial Park was 274 billion RMB (an amount larger than many prefecture-level cities), generating 37 billion in tax revenue. The Suzhou Industrial Park aims to attract high-tech industries, especially software-focused information technology and biotechnology industries. Major companies with operations in the industrial park include Samsung and UPS . Oriza Holdings acts as

2070-637: The Government of Belarus approved the Master plan (Resolution number 447). In July 2013, Harbin governmental delegation visited Minsk to negotiate participation in the capital of the development company. Minister of the Economy Nikolai Snopkov took part in the meeting. A group of businessmen from the southern Chinese province of Guangdong also declared their intention to participate in the project development. On May 12, 2017, new Decree of

2139-405: The Park infrastructure . The estimated amount of direct investment to the project will be up to $ 2 billion. As China Embassy forecasted, it may be increased up to $ 5.5 billion. In the long run, the project might accumulate up to $ 30 billion investment. According to Alexander Lukashenko, the park will help to increase export potential for up to $ 50 billion annually. The development of the Park

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2208-577: The Park territory for up to 99 years or take it into a private ownership. At the very beginning, logistics were an important part of the Park. The project on the construction of logistic sub-park is being implemented by the largest owner of ports and vessels in the world - China Merchants Group. Nevertheless, Great Stone is not only industrial and logistic area. It is going to be eco-city with comfortable living conditions for up to 150,000 citizens. Later on, kindergartens, schools, hospitals, shopping malls, sport and recreation centers will be built. According to

2277-532: The President of the Republic of Belarus "On the improvement of the special legal regime of the China-Belarus Great Stone Industrial Park" was signed. It created unique legal and regulatory environment for Industrial Park residents and investors. Great Stone Industrial Park is a territorial unit of Belarus with the status of special economic zone and special regime for doing business. Park is located 25 km from Minsk in

2346-565: The SIP was charging Shanghai-style prices". The park ran into trouble when local officials began building Suzhou New District (SND) industrial park, which many news outlets have seen as a direct competition to the SIP. As the Suzhou city government had only a minority 35 percent stake in the SIP, while they had a major stake in SND, the city government largely ignored SIP and concentrated on promoting

2415-548: The SND instead. Singaporean officials publicly complained in 1997 that Suzhou's city government was promoting the Suzhou New District more than the Suzhou Industrial Park, noting that more billboards in the city advertised the SND than the SIP. Singaporean officials tried to get the Suzhou government to suspend advertising for the SND for five years, but Suzhou city officials refused. As part of their complaint, Lee Kuan Yew threatened that Singapore may "bow out" of

2484-462: The Singaporean government held a 65% stake in the Suzhou Industrial Park, while the Chinese government held a 35% stake. The Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP) charged high rents in its early days, in part to pay off the expensive new facilities it built for investors. This created a contradiction, according to one writer of the now-defunct Far Eastern Economic Review , who suggested that "investors were looking to Suzhou for costs lower than Shanghai's, and

2553-501: The Smolevichi district between the Petrovichi reservoir and Minsk National Airport (MSQ) with total area of 112 km. Park is focused on innovative manufacture with high export potential. Currently, Park development is based on high-tech manufactures in the spheres of mechanical engineering, electronics & telecommunication, fine chemistry, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, new materials, logistics, e-commerce and big data . The list

2622-564: The Suzhou Industrial Park along a west–east axis. The eastern portion of Suzhou's Intermediate Ring Road ( simplified Chinese : 中环路 ; traditional Chinese : 中環路 ; pinyin : Zhōng Huán Lù ) also passes through the industrial park. Two high-speed railways serve the industrial park: the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway and the Shanghai-Nanjing high-speed railway . Leapfrogging Leapfrogging

2691-539: The Suzhou Industrial Park as a model. As of at least 2024, it is one of China's largest and most successful industrial parks. The Suzhou Industrial Park has an area of 278 square kilometres (107 sq mi), of which, the China-Singapore cooperation area covers 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi). Jinji Lake ( simplified Chinese : 金鸡湖 ; traditional Chinese : 金雞湖 ; pinyin : Jīnjī Hú ; lit. 'golden rooster lake')

2760-492: The Suzhou Industrial Park continued to rise greatly after its early years. In the first half of 2019 alone, the price of real estate rose 8.6% to 5,270 dollars per square meter . While real estate prices throughout Suzhou surged during this period, the South China Morning Post noted that real estate in the industrial park proved to be especially desirable thanks to the high-quality school systems and jobs in

2829-417: The adoption of decentralized communication for a sprawling, rural countryside. It may also be initiated intentionally, e.g. by policies promoting the installation of WiFi and free computers in poor urban areas. The Reut Institute has carried out extensive research regarding the common denominators of all the different countries that have successfully 'leapt' in recent years. It concludes that to leapfrog

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2898-686: The area, resulting in the park having the most expensive residential properties in the entire city. In August 2013, China News Service cited the Lianhe Zaobao as reporting that the governments of North Korea and South Korea have modelled the Kaesong Industrial Region upon the Suzhou Industrial Park. in August 2018, Xinhua reported that the China-Belarus Industrial Park was developed using

2967-413: The challenges concerning the effects of backwardness on the willingness to innovate or adopt radical and new ideas. New centers, however, turn to the new technology and are competitive despite the raw state of that technology because of their lower land rents and wages. Over time, as the new technology matures, the established cities are overtaken. More recently the concept of leapfrogging is being used in

3036-773: The close relations between Singapore and China and bringing home to Singaporeans the often unpredictable, and sometimes underhand, business culture of the Communist mainland". Singapore's senior minister, Lee Kuan Yew conceded that the project had not turned out as planned and had made him more cautious about investments in China, claiming that difficulties arose in signing agreements with the central government, but were then implemented by local officials who "have their own imperatives". Lee said that Chinese officials were "using us to get investors in, and when investors came in, they said: 'You come to my park, it's cheaper'". In response to Singapore's public complaints and partial pullout,

3105-430: The context of sustainable development for developing countries as a theory of development which may accelerate development by skipping inferior, less efficient, more expensive or more polluting technologies and industries and move directly to more advanced ones. Leapfrog democracies can refer to countries that have huge developments that more typically advanced countries might only have much later. The mobile phone

3174-494: The cumulative projected losses from the project would total 90 million dollars by the end of 2000. However, the Chinese side of the project reported that it was indeed profitable, claiming that it was projected to make a 72 million dollar profit in 1999. The New York Times also suggested that "the project was supposed to transfer Singapore's management skills to Chinese bureaucrats and to teach China how to build and run "business-friendly" commercial parks. But it ended up straining

3243-507: The development of 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi), as opposed to the 70 square kilometres (27 sq mi) initially planned. By 1999, the New York Times reported that the project "is heavily in debt", and had been losing an average of 23.5 million United States dollars annually, according to Singaporean partners. Singaporean investors had poured 147 million into the project by 1999. Singaporean officials reported that

3312-494: The development of Suzhou Industrial Park, with state-owned enterprises Zhaorun Group and Zhongxin Group having the lead roles. Zhaorun Group is a local government financing vehicle owned entirely by the local government. It is responsible for primary land development and infrastructure building. Zhongxin Group handles secondary land development, attracting investment and companies to the park, and daily operations. In 2019,

3381-614: The experiences of industrialized nations, and restructure growth and development to address potentially irreversible environmental damages from an early stage and thereby ‘tunnel’ through any prospective EKC. Environmental quality thereby does not have to get worse before it gets better and crossing safe limits or environmental thresholds can be avoided. Although in principle the concepts of leapfrogging (focused on jumping technological generations) and tunnelling through (focused on pollution ) are distinct, in practice they tend to be conflated. The concept of environmental leapfrogging also includes

3450-443: The field of geography, and explain why leading cities are often overtaken by upstart metropolitan areas. Such upheavals may be explained if the advantage of established urban centers rests on localized learning by doing. When a new technology is introduced, for which this accumulated experience is irrelevant, older centers prefer to stay with a technology in which they are more efficient. The changes to technological leadership can reveal

3519-647: The government's key projects, is located in the industrial park. Located east of Dushu Lake , it has a total area of 25 square kilometres (9.7 sq mi), and expects to have around 400,000 people by 2016, 100,000 of whom will be students. Its goal is to offer good education, advanced technology, and a pleasant living environment. The area is home to many universities (undergraduate as well as graduate schools) including local Chinese universities and universities from other countries. This community focuses on producing educated and creative people. The area offers facilities including libraries, entertainment venues, parks,

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3588-531: The industrial park has the most schools of all of Suzhou's county-level divisions . As of March 2021, the district has 81 kindergartens , 15 primary schools , 3 junior high schools, 18 nine-year schools, 3 regular secondary schools , 1 combined junior and senior secondary school, 2 fifteen-year schools, 2 special education schools, 2 schools for children of foreigners, 1 open university for elderly people, 1 youth activity center, and 1 city-wide secondary school. Suzhou Dushu Lake Higher Education Town , one of

3657-463: The industrial park received new management, with Wang Jinhua, the former manager of the Suzhou New District, and former vice-mayor of Suzhou, leading the park. Under Wang, the industrial park lowered rents, which has been credited by the Far Eastern Economic Review with attracting more investors, and helping the Suzhou Industrial Park compete with other regional industrial parks. In the first ten months of 2001, two years after Singapore lowered its stake,

3726-461: The industrial park. In 1992, the idea of developing a modern industrial area with Singaporean experience was broached. During his tour of southern China that year, China's late paramount leader Deng Xiaoping said: "Singapore enjoys good social order and is well managed. We should tap on their experience, and learn how to manage better than them". After rounds of discussions and site surveys, both governments decided to join hands in developing

3795-489: The initial creation of the park the following documents were signed: Documents to establish a joint venture for Park development were signed in Minsk on August 27, 2012. As a result, Industrial Park Development Company, CJSC (IPDC) was established. The company was incorporated with an authorised capital of $ 10 million. In April 2013, Park presentations were held in such Chinese cities as Harbin and Guangzhou . On June 4, 2013,

3864-404: The international schools located in the east of SIP. These two schools have a British curriculum, with DHSZ catering mainly to Chinese students, teaching IGCSE and A Level, whereas its neighbour, DCSZ, teaches IGCSE and IB and caters to foreign passport holders. The Suzhou Singapore International School is located in the Suzhou Industrial Park. The G2 Beijing-Shanghai Expressway runs through

3933-437: The leaders of the protest campaign, Andrey Dmitriev, noted that they succeeded in getting guarantees of property protection. Former Head of investment department in the Ministry of Economy, Kirill Koroteev, said that the land plots will not be confiscated without the consent of the land owner. Koroteev also noted that 498 hectares of the territory will be reserved for green space and the industrial zone will only occupy up to 10% of

4002-616: The mistakes of highly industrialized countries in creating an energy infrastructure based on fossil fuels , but "jump" directly into the Solar Age . Developing countries with existing natural gas pipelines in place can use it to transport hydrogen instead, hence leapfrogging from natural gas to hydrogen. A closely related concept is that of ‘tunneling through’ the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The concept proposes that developing countries could learn from

4071-410: The park made its first profit of $ 3.8 million. Since assuming a majority stake in the project, Suzhou's city government begun subsidizing the joint-venture development company for shortfalls it suffers if land does not sell, and is offering other financial support, including paying up to three years' rent for some projects. That year, Singapore's top official remaining in the project, Goh Toh Sim, called

4140-491: The park territory in order to support residents. Industrial Park Development Company is responsible for construction of infrastructure, land plot allotment and attraction of investors. Moreover, it provides investors services on water, gas, electricity, internet supply and other facilities. Thus, created management structure makes it easier for foreign investors to adapt to new area, protect their rights and simplify any administrative procedures. Detailed explanation can be found in

4209-430: The park, we will provide land for that person with better conditions, so as not to offend". Alexander Lukashenko has called China–Belarus Industrial Park the country’s most important joint project. He also mentioned, the project may eliminate financial instability in Belarus, and will help the country to make a technological leap . A columnist for the «Belarusian News», Nikita Belyaev, notes that this project may provoke

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4278-402: The previous public disagreement "water under the bridge", and estimated that the SIP would make a profit of $ 7.5 million by the end of 2001, and be listed on the stock market by 2004. However, much of the industrial park's early success was derived from its highly desirable real estate. In projecting the project's first profit in 2001, Goh also admitted that most of this profit would come from

4347-423: The project. The Singaporean government would later reduce its stake to just 35% in 1999, in an effort to incentivize the local government to support the SIP. As part of their partial pullout, Singapore recalled all but three of its civil servants involved in the project, and sold power and water treatment plants to their Chinese partners. It also downsized its development commitments, announcing it would lead

4416-515: The risks. When the radical innovations eventually become the new technological paradigm, the newcomer companies leapfrog ahead of the formerly leading firms. Similarly a country which has leadership can lose its hegemony and be leapfrogged by another country. This has happened in history a few times. In the late eighteenth century, the Netherlands was leapfrogged by the UK, which was the leader during

4485-427: The sale of residential land, as opposed to industrial land. The scenic lakes in the park, the presence of an international school, and pension schemes by companies in the park which helped with apartment purchases all helped make the residential land in the park highly desirable. From 1998 to 2001, apartment prices in the industrial park rose by more than 50%. While the industrial side of the project struggled to turn

4554-482: The source of its own downfall. In consequence, when a radical innovation occurs, it does not initially seem to be an improvement for leading nations, given their extensive experience with older technologies. Lagging nations have less experience; the new technique allows them to use their lower wages to enter the market. If the new technique proves more productive than the old, leapfrogging of leadership occurs. Brezis and Krugman have applied this theory of leapfrogging to

4623-511: The whole nineteenth century, and in turn the US leapfrogged the UK, and became the hegemonic power of the 20th century. There are several reasons for this. Brezis and Krugman (1993, 1997 ) suggest a mechanism that explains this pattern of "leapfrogging" as a response to occasional major changes in technology. In times of small and incremental technological change, increasing returns to scale tend to accentuate economic leadership. However, at times of

4692-536: The whole territory. According to his statement, the suggestions made during the public debate were taken into consideration. In particular, there will not be any polluting industries in Great Stone. In response to criticism of the project, Alexander Lukashenko said:"There is no need to shout out that there won’t be enough land or something similar. Everyone will get everything. We will not infringe on or offend our people. If someone feels uncomfortable locating nearby

4761-447: The world population has no access to electricity and another third has only poor access. Reliance on traditional biomass fuels for cooking and heating can have a serious impact on health and the environment. There is not only a direct positive link between sustainable renewable energy technologies and climate change mitigation , but also between clean energy and issues of health, education and gender equity . A frequently cited example

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