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113-666: The China Coast Guard was formed in 2013 by combining the maritime branch of the People's Armed Police , the Border Security Force's Maritime Police, and the other maritime law enforcement agencies in China (the Fisheries Law Enforcement Command, General Administration of Customs , and China Marine Surveillance ). The unified Coast Guard has been in operation since July 2013. On July 1, 2018,

226-628: A Major General each. The 1st Mobile Contingent is based in Shijiazhuang , Hebei , south of Beijing . The Contingent covers northern and central China, including Beijing . The 1st Mobile Contingent consists of: The 2nd Mobile Contingent is headquartered in Fuzhou , with units concentrated in Fujian and surrounding provinces along the coast (covering eastern and southern China). The 2nd Mobile Contingent consists of: The incumbent Commander

339-550: A November 2024 state visit by Indonesian President Probowo Subianto to China, Indonesia and China signed a memorandum of understanding for "joint maritime development" in the area of the two countries "overlapping claims" near the Natuna Islands. Indonesia's Foreign Ministry subsequently issued a statement that the memorandum did not impact Indonesia's sovereignty or rights in the area and stating that in Indonesia's view

452-606: A blue stripe and the words "China Coast Guard" in English and Chinese. CCG ships have hull numbers in the format "Haijing-XX", where XX is a number (up to five figures). Due to the amalgamation of so many forces to form the CCG, the number of ship types and their denomination is very varied and very confusing, with ships often still being referred to with their old "Haijian" (for Marine Surveillance), "Haiguan" (for Customs) or "Yuzheng" (for FLEC) numbers, or referred with their numbers prior to

565-705: A claim for the waters within the Treaty Limits as part of Philippine territory. Carpio claims that this effectively binds the United Kingdom's successor countries, such as Malaysia and Brunei , to recognize Philippine ownership of the islands. In 1932, France occupied the Paracels and laid claims on the territory. China protested and filed a Note Verbale stating the Paracels were the "southernmost part of Chinese territory". According to Carpio, this can be interpreted as negating China's later claim towards

678-530: A constituent part of the Chinese Armed Forces (being subordinate to the PAP ), on wartime it would be placed under the operational control of the People's Liberation Army Navy , in which case it would be likely to play support roles and rear-area escort (like its USCG counterparts, which is also a branch of the military, its ships are not equipped for full military combat). The first set of duties of

791-667: A dash near the coast of Borneo. Protests followed from Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam. Modern PRC maps since 1984 have included a tenth dash to the east of Taiwan, but observers not aware of this continue to be surprised; the tenth dash is technically not inside the South China Sea. On 17 June 2024, China and the Philippines traded accusations over a collision in the South China Sea , with Manila saying its armed forces would resist Beijing's actions in

904-806: A different collection of countries: In 1734, the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines published the first edition of the Velarde map . In 1792, the Spanish colonial government of the Philippines named Scarborough Shoal Basinloc during a survey. The 1808 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino and the 1875 Carita General del Archipelago Filipino republished depictions from the Velarde map. According to retired Philippine Supreme Court justice Antonio Carpio , territories in these maps fell under

1017-666: A few years when it stated in 1949 through official international documents that the French claim was specifically "not attached to Vietnam" when the "former colony of Conchinchina was ceded to the Associated State", effectively blocking any claim of Vietnam towards the Spratlys. North Vietnam recognised China's claims on the Paracels and Spratlys during the Vietnam War as it was being supported by China. Only after winning

1130-420: A formation equivalent in rank to a PLA Division, is stationed, with the exception of Macau and Hong Kong . The provincial command is deputy corps leader grade ( Chinese : 副军级 ; pinyin : Fùjūnjí ), with the exception of Xinjiang and Beijing Commands, which are senior in rank ( Chinese : 正军级 ; pinyin : Zhèngjūnjí ; lit. 'corps leader grade'). A provincial Contingent

1243-660: A friendly visit to Vietnam, was reportedly contacted 45 nautical miles from the Vietnamese coast in the disputed South China Sea by a party identifying itself as the PLA Navy and stating that the ship was entering PRC waters. A spokesperson for the Indian Navy explained that as no ship or aircraft was visible, the INS Airavat proceeded on her onward journey as scheduled. The Indian Navy further clarified that "[t]here

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1356-625: A month. The Philippines claimed China deliberately hit its ship, while China asserted that the Philippine vessel was responsible. The U.S. condemned China's actions and expressed support for the Philippines as tensions in the region continued to escalate. In October 2024, China was reported to have upgraded its military presence on Triton Island to include a synthetic-aperture radar for tracking stealth aircraft , similar to other radar systems it has built further south in Subi Reef . During

1469-446: A third of the global maritime trade. 80 percent of China's energy imports and 39.5 percent of China's total trade passes through the South China Sea. Claimant states are interested in retaining or acquiring the rights to fishing stocks, the exploration and potential exploitation of crude oil and natural gas in the seabed of various parts of the South China Sea, and the strategic control of important shipping lanes . Maritime security

1582-515: A three-year agreement with PetroVietnam for developing long-term co-operation in the oil sector, and that it had accepted Vietnam's offer of exploration in certain specified blocks in the South China Sea. However, this agreement between India and Vietnam has provoked attacks from the PRC In response, PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu, without referring to India by name, stated: "As for oil and gas exploration activities, our consistent position

1695-513: A treaty, where the United Kingdom recognized the territory of Philippines as it related to the boundaries of the Philippines and North Borneo which included Scarborough Shoal and islands in the Spratlys. This treaty is internationally binding, however in 1961 the United States sent a diplomatic note to the Philippines pointing out that neither country that signed agreed with the subsequent Philippines interpretation of this treaty as applying to

1808-693: A warning to China over aggressive and unsafe action by their Coast Guard and maritime militia. In 2023, the Coast Guard used water cannons on Philippines military ships in contested waters. In 2024, the PAFMM and CCG entered into a tense standoff with the Philippines over the Second Thomas Shoal . After the reform in 2018, CCG consists of three area commands (administratively sub-bureaus), subdivided into detachments (administratively local bureaus). Chinese Coast Guard ships are painted white with

1921-646: Is Major General Chen Hongwu, while the Political Commissar is Major General Yang Zhenguo. The People's Armed Police is not subordinated to the local government authorities. Instead, the People's Armed Police is composed of echelons corresponding to all government levels, from the Provincial (including Autonomous Regions or Municipalities directly under the central government) to the Township levels;

2034-459: Is Triton Island of the Paracels. In the 1944 revised edition, the handbook said China, Indochina, and the Philippines all claimed the Spratlys. According to retired Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, China held this position when it published another edition in 1947 and China's claim is "defective" under international law. In 1947 the Republic of China (ROC) published an " eleven-dash line " in

2147-485: Is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general. The mobile organization emerging from 2018 reforms consists of two large formations tasked with providing support to the whole national territory, should the need arise; These two Mobile Contingents ( Chinese : 机动总队 ; pinyin : Jīdòng Zǒngduì ) have a similar structure and are considered corps leader grade ( Chinese : 正军级 ; pinyin : Zhèngjūnjí ), one level higher than all of

2260-409: Is also an issue, as the ongoing disputes present challenges for shipping. According to researchers, claims to any of the features were not seriously made until the 19th or the early 20th century. The Paracel Islands, currently occupied by China, are contested by Taiwan and Vietnam. The Spratly Islands are claimed by all three, where Vietnam occupies the greatest number of features and Taiwan occupies

2373-755: Is armed with 76mm H/PJ-26 rapid fire naval guns, two auxiliary guns, and two anti-aircraft guns. A second unit, 2901 was deployed in 2020. Between mid 2021 and January 2023, the Coast Guard received 22 coastal defense Type 056 corvettes transferred from the Chinese People's Liberation Army Navy. A 2019 estimate of the total number of hulls that can be deployed by the CCG counted 140 regional and oceangoing patrol vessels (more than 1,000 tons displacement), 120 regional offshore patrol boats (500 to 999 tons), 450 coastal and riverine patrol craft (100 to 499 tons), and 600 inshore patrol boats/minor craft (<100tons). The Chinese Coast Guard has used modified versions of

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2486-490: Is deemed to be between 15,000 and 30,000 troops strong. Territorial disputes in the South China Sea Territorial disputes in the South China Sea involve conflicting island and maritime claims in the South China Sea made by Brunei , Indonesia , Malaysia , the Philippines , the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan (Republic of China/ROC), and Vietnam . The disputes involve

2599-685: Is estimated to have a total strength of 1.5 million. It was established in its current form in 1982, but similar security forces have operated since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the Maoist era, the PAP's predecessors were the Chinese People's Public Security Force , initially under the MPS, and later the Public Security Corps which was under the command of

2712-547: Is headquartered in Langfang , of Hebei . The People's Armed Police Academy started to recruit cadets in 1984; since 1997, it has begun to issue bachelor's degrees; in 2003 it was allowed to issue master's degrees. According to a 2019 source, it is subordinate to the Ministry of Public Security. The PAP Academy is a Corps Leader Grade command, and thus it is led by a major general who serves as Superintendent. All graduates to

2825-677: Is internal security. The first law on the People's Armed Police, the Law on the People's Armed Police Force (PAPF), was passed in August 2009, giving it statutory authority to respond to riots, terrorist attacks or other emergencies. Such units guard government buildings at all levels (including party and state organizations, foreign embassies and consulates), provide security to public corporations and major public events, as well as counter-terrorism and handling of public emergencies. Some units perform guard duty in civilian prisons and provide executioners for

2938-452: Is involved very often in rescue operations. It also supports the CMSA in enforcing maritime safety rules and inspect ships suspected of presenting risks to navigation. International cooperation and coordination is one of the official tasks of the CCG. Part of this is cooperation with friendly nations for mutually beneficial tasks (such as cooperating with Russia in fishery operations, as part of

3051-709: Is jointly held by the CCP central committee and the Central Military Commission (CMC), with the PAP no longer subordinate to the State Council. The reform was reportedly carried out in order to deprive the local Chinese Communist Party authorities of the power to use the PAP units to commit abuses or against the leadership in Beijing, especially after the Wang Lijun incident in which the PAP

3164-558: Is that putting the paramilitary "White Hulls" (the CCG) and the "Blue Hulls" (the PAFMM) at the forefront avoids the dangerous escalation that would happen if the unambiguously military "Gray Hulls" (the PLAN ) were involved in an incident. The CCG is very active in patrolling those rights. The result is a significant number of incidents of varying levels of tension. In 2019, the United States issued

3277-487: Is that we are opposed to any country engaging in oil and gas exploration and development activities in waters under China's jurisdiction. We hope the foreign countries do not get involved in South China Sea dispute." An Indian foreign ministry spokesman responded, "The Chinese had concerns, but we are going by what the Vietnamese authorities have told us and we have conveyed this to the Chinese." The Indo-Vietnamese deal

3390-504: The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leadership. The history of the People's Armed Police is as long as that of the People's Republic, and its origin can be traced back to the People's Liberation Army, which was responsible for both defending the nation from foreign invasions and maintaining internal security. Although the force was officially established in 1982, its constituent units stretch back to 1949. In July 1949,

3503-629: The Gulf of Tonkin amidst warming ties with Ho Chi Minh 's North Vietnam . The ROC government on Taiwan has continued to use eleven dashes to this day. In August 1951, Zhou Enlai , then the PRC's foreign minister, claimed that the Paracel and Spratly Islands "have always been Chinese territory". During the 1951 San Francisco peace conference, the Soviet Union made a motion to grant the Paracels and

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3616-482: The PLAN had transferred two repurposed Type 053 Frigates (renamed Type 728 cutter after the remodeling) (44102, ex-509 Changde ; 46103, ex-510 Shaoxing) to the Coast Guard and re-numbered them as Haijing 1002 & Haijing 1003 . At the time these ships were the largest vessels in the China Coast Guard inventory. Three more Type 053s were transferred in 2015 (31239, 31240, 31241). In May 2017, it

3729-507: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) during wartime. Unlike the civilian People's Police , the PAP is a specialized paramilitary force reporting directly to the Central Military Commission (CMC). PAP officers and soldiers wear dark olive green uniforms, different from pine green uniforms of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF) or the light blue and black uniforms of the People's Police. The PAP

3842-650: The Spanish-American War , Spain lost and ceded the territory of the Philippines to the United States through the 1898 Treaty of Paris . The 1898 Treaty of Paris created a treaty line, where Scarborough Shoal, the Spratly Islands, and parts of Tawi-tawi continued to be under Spanish sovereignty. This led to talks between Spain and the United States, which ended upon the signing of the 1900 Treaty of Washington , which rectified retroactively

3955-505: The United Kingdom have conducted freedom of navigation operations (FONOP) in the region. A 2016 arbitration tribunal , without determining the sovereignty of any of the islands, concluded that China lacks historical titles to the maritime areas within the nine-dash line . The ruling was rejected by both the PRC and ROC. The disputes involve both maritime boundaries and islands. There are several disputes, each of which involves

4068-585: The Wakhan Corridor and in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region . The People's Armed Police is the main force for both bilateral and trilateral counterterrorism operations (mainly reconnaissance patrols in remote areas), being deployed south of Shaymak; the PAP has also conducted training for Tajik security forces. The People's Armed Police Headquarters is the leading and commanding organ that directs and administers all

4181-650: The Xi'an MA60 airliner known as the MA60H as marine patrol aircraft. The Harbin Z-9 has also been used by the Chinese Coast Guard. CCG ships are staffed by People’s Armed Police personnel. China Coast Guard Academy is a dedicated institution that provides training for personnel entering the CCG. The CCG has dozens of bases and facilities up and down the coast of China, some very small, their variegated nature again

4294-792: The capital . The Central Column provided security for the inauguration ceremony of the People's Republic. From December 1949 to May 1950, regional security forces, along with the now dissolved Central Column, had been consolidated into divisions under the PSF. The PSF was assigned to the PLA and became the PLA Public Security Force in September 1950, and the PLA Public Security Corps in July 1955, reporting under

4407-505: The (ongoing) renumbering. Before the unification of the CCG, the typical Border Guard Maritime Police boats included the 130 ton Type 218 patrol boat (100 boats), armed with twin 14.5mm machine guns, assorted speedboats, and few larger patrol ships. The largest ship in Chinese Border Patrol Maritime Police service was the 1,500 ton Type 718 cutter (31101 Pudong). In March 2007, it was reported that

4520-474: The 1898 Treaty of Paris. As of 2023, the United States takes no position on sovereignty over the geographic features of the South China Sea. In 1909 the Chinese reacted to Japanese interest in exploiting guano in the Paracel Islands by mapping them, stationing Chinese navy personnel, and hoisting a flag to reassert Chinese sovereignty. In 1930, the United States and the United Kingdom signed

4633-557: The 2006 UNCLOS arbitration exclusion for sovereignty and boundary limitations disputes. Because the PRC did not participate in the arbitration, the arbitrators based their view of the PRC position on its 2014 white paper and letters sent to the tribunal from the PRC's ambassador to the Netherlands . In 2016, the Philippines won the case, and the international court effectively invalidated the dash line. Beginning in 2015, China's People's Liberation Army Air Force began patrolling

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4746-498: The 2015 Counter-terrorism Law. According Armed Police Force University professor Zhou Jian, counterterrorism is a task provided by law for the People's Armed Police and operating missions abroad is an “irreplaceable means”. The People's Armed Police sent personnel abroad to receive training or provide training and participates in counter-terrorism exercises, especially across Central Asia in bilateral and multilateral agreements. PAP special operations forces are also deployed in

4859-562: The 2018 reforms, Specialist Corps other than the Transportation Corps have been placed under other ministries. China Coast Guard (CCG) was transferred from State Council to PAP command, and the Transportation Corps has some units under the Mobile Contingents. The Border Defense Corps and Guards Corps have been absorbed by the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). The Firefighting and Forestry Corps were merged with

4972-500: The 90s to the 2000s. To this day, the PRC controls all of the islanda in the Paracels. In the Spratlys, Vietnam controls the most islands with 29 in total, while the Philippines has control of eight islands, Malaysia with 5, the PRC with 5, and the ROC with 1. However, in 2011, tensions started to increase again in the territory. In February, the Chinese frigate Donguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats near Jackson atoll. In May,

5085-648: The CCG according to the China Coast Guard Law include seven law enforcement tasks: Another set of responsibilities come from Maritime safety . While maritime safety, SAR , and the enforcement of the rules of marine safety is the main remit of the China Maritime Safety Administration , and the leading organ in active SAR is the China Rescue and Salvage Bureau , the CCG, as the main maritime law enforcement agency,

5198-695: The CMC decided to establish the Ministry of Public Security (MPS) with Luo Ruiqing as its minister to organize the public security forces in the nation. In August 1949, several security and public order units of the Fourth Field Army were consolidated into the Central Column of the Chinese People's Public Security Force (PSF) to guard the Party and State leaders and to keep the public order in

5311-524: The Central Military Commission of the CCP and the National Defense Council of the People's Republic. Luo Ruiqing was appointed as the commander and political commissar of the PSF in September 1950 and remained on the posts until 1959, retaining the command of the PSF. As of 1960, the Public Security Corps was organised in 8,200-strong Public Security Divisions, which were deemed not capable of independent, sustained, full-scale combat operations. After numerous reorganizations and transfers of control between

5424-615: The China Coast Guard was transferred from the civilian control of the State Council and the State Oceanic Administration , to the People's Armed Police , ultimately placing it under the direct command of the Central Military Commission . Its new commander was a PLAN officer, emphasizing its new role as a paramilitary force. In June 2018, the China Coast Guard was granted maritime rights and law enforcement akin to civilian law enforcement agencies in order to carry out law enforcement against illegal activities, keep peace and order, as well as safeguarding security at sea, in all areas involved with

5537-425: The Chinese Coast Guard service have served on U.S. Coast Guard cutters. The worsening of US-China relationships in the last few years (as of 2024), in particular the ongoing conflict regarding the South China Sea (in which the CCG is directly involved) have all but ended the co-training missions with the USCG, although the purely civilian CMSA still keeps a very close working relationship with its counterparts in

5650-411: The Chinese claims do not have a legal basis. Critics of the memorandum who were quoted by the South China Morning Post contended that the wording could support China's position regarding the South China Sea claims. On 20 July 2011, the PRC, Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam agreed a set of preliminary guidelines on the implementation of the DOC (Declaration of Conduct of Parties in

5763-463: The Chinese embassies of Baghdad and Kabul for the purposes of protection of diplomatic staff and property. Since 2011, the People's Armed Police has also conducted operations along the Mekong river with the security forces of Thailand , Myanmar and Cambodia . These operations are aimed against organized crime. Since 2014, the People's Republic of China established a security cooperation with Tajikistan and Afghanistan on Afghan border, near

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5876-434: The Coast Guard. The People's Armed Police Headquarters, placed at Theater Command Grade, include five Departments directly under the Headquarters: Being of Theatre Command Grade, the People's Armed Police is led by a full General. The People's Armed Police has a number of training institutions, likely overseen by the Training Bureau of the Staff Department. New constables of the People's Armed Police are drawn from

5989-429: The Johnson Reef, and after the clash, China occupied the Johnson Reef. In 1990, 1994, and 1997, the People's Republic of China released An Atlas of Ancient Maps of China in three volumes. According to Philippine judge Antonio Carpio, no ancient map showed Chinese sovereignty over any territory south of Hainan . In 1994, the PRC occupied Mischief Reef , located some 250 miles from the Philippine coast. Occupation

6102-418: The Maritime Police and China Marine Surveillance) conducted periodic joint-training sessions with other navies in the North Pacific, including the US Coast Guard service. The Chinese Coast Guard has also participated in the annual North Pacific Coast Guard Agencies Forum in Alaska, along with the US, Canadian, Japanese, South Korean, and Russian Coast Guards. As part of an exchange program, around 109 members of

6215-404: The PLA and the MPS, the People's Armed Police was created on 19 June 1982, combining the previous armed police, border guards and fire brigades . The headquarter was set up in the MPS as a subordinate department. The establishment of the PAP highlighted the efforts to increase the professionalization of the security apparatus, as well as the absorption of numerous PLA demobilized personnel, in

6328-449: The PLA. The PAP has been compared by both Chinese and foreign scholars with the gendarmerie forces found in many countries, most famously the French Gendarmerie , but the main inspiration for the PAP's establishment and operation came from the Internal Troops of the Soviet Union and related paramilitary forces of the Eastern Bloc such as the East German Alert Units , adapted to the specific military-political culture and thinking of

6441-430: The PLAN in naval operations. While the People's Armed Police is principally charged with internal security and guarding key facilities and installations, it also operates as part of the international security efforts of the People's Republic of China, against both terrorism and organized crime. Mathieu Duchâtel for The National Bureau of Asian Research identifies the legal basis of the PAP missions abroad in Article 71 of

6554-484: The Paracel and Spratly Islands. During World War II, the Empire of Japan used the islands in the South China Sea for various military purposes and asserted that the islands were not claimed by anyone when the Imperial Japanese Navy took control of them. Manila claims that their actual sovereignty was under the American territory of the Philippines at that time. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , China Handbook (1937–1943) stated that its southernmost territory

6667-412: The Paracels and the Spratlys via passage of the June 2012 "Vietnamese Law of the Sea". Tensions at Scarborough Shoal began on April 8, 2012, after the attempted apprehension by the Philippine Navy of eight mainland Chinese fishing vessels near the shoal, beginning the Scarborough Shoal standoff between the Philippine Navy and the Chinese Coast Guard. The experience of the dispute later prompted

6780-424: The Paracels and the Spratlys. The Geneva Accords of 1954, which ended the First Indochina War , gave South Vietnam control of the Vietnamese territories south of the 17th Parallel. The South Vietnamese government claimed the Paracels in the Spratly despite no actual sovereignty on the Spratlys. In 1955, France clarified through international notes that the Spratlys belonged to "the French Union, not Vietnam",

6893-427: The People's Armed Police had a dual command structure including the Central Military Commission (CMC) and the State Council through the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). Prior to the 2018 reform, the People's Armed Police was further divided into eight corps: Internal Guard, Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Transportation, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Safeguard Corps. The Internal Guard Corps, which makes up for

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7006-426: The People's Armed Police. However, the People's Armed Police also conducts exclusive patrols. The PAP maintains both a division-sized mechanized infantry unit and a rapid deployment light motorized infantry unit, these units are tasked with responding to any possible armed mutinies by PLA soldiers. In wartime deployments the PAP can act as light infantry supporting the PLAGF in local defense missions and in support of

7119-426: The Philippines through Presidential Decree No. 1596, declared the north-western part of the Spratly Islands (referred to therein as the Kalayaan Island Group) as Philippine territory. In 1988, the PRC and Vietnam fought each other near the Johnson Reef . The PRC had obtained a permit from the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to build five observation posts for the conduction of ocean surveys, and one of

7232-418: The Philippines to initiate an the South China Sea arbitration against the PRC. The PRC December 2014 white paper ("On the Matter of Jurisdiction in the South China Sea Arbitration Initiated by the Republic of the Philippines") focused on the contention that the dispute was not subject to arbitration because it was ultimately a matter of sovereignty, not exploitation rights. The PRC also cited its signing of

7345-419: The Public Security Corps, were then under the direct supervision of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). By law however, the PAP operates separately from the PLA. and, in terms of conducting public security operations and relevant capability building, the PAP Headquarters is under the leadership and command of the Ministry of Public Security (MPS). From 1 January 2018, command of the People's Armed Police

7458-574: The South China Sea) which would help resolve disputes. This set of guidelines is based on an earlier agreement, also called DOC, from 2002, between China and the ASEAN Member States. The agreement was described by the PRC's assistant foreign minister, Liu Zhenmin, as "an important milestone document for cooperation among China and ASEAN countries". Some of the early drafts acknowledged aspects such as "marine environmental protection, scientific research, safety of navigation and communication, search and rescue and combating transnational crime ", although

7571-452: The South China Sea, including the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands. In China's view, these disputed areas are within its Air defense identification zone (ADIZ). The United States Air Force does not accept this view, and flies its military planes through the area without informing China. In September 2018, a South Korean navy destroyer travelled into what China saw as its territorial waters. A South Korean government official said

7684-402: The South China Sea. Chinese names for the island groups, which were regarded as under Chinese administrative jurisdiction, were announced in December 1947 by the ROC Ministry of the Interior. In 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC), which defeated the ROC in the Chinese Civil War , announced that it had inherited this claim. The PRC later revised the claim by removing two of its dashes in

7797-446: The Specialist Corps were responsible in constructing and maintaining highways and roads, surveying mineral deposits, fighting forest fires, and constructing large scale waterworks like dams and levees as well as for water works maintenance. The PAP is also called upon in emergency rescue and disaster relief operations within the PRC via the specialist and public security forces which can be forward deployed during such operations. With

7910-426: The Spratlys to China, but it was defeated by vote. Japan relinquished control of the islands in the South China Sea with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco on 9 September 1951 but did not specify the new status of the islands. Tran Van Huu as Vietnamese representative stated that “in order to annul the seeds of possible disputes, we claim our sovereignty over Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagos”, referring to

8023-440: The Spratlys. He also said that when France formally claimed six features in the Spratly Islands in July 1933, it did so for itself, not as a representative of French Indochina and its successors such as Vietnam, although another source disagrees with that assertion. Accounts also differ as to whether China (and Japan) protested the 1933 French claim or not. By May 1939, the Japanese occupied much of Southeast Asia, including

8136-632: The US Navy. In March 2021, more than two hundred Chinese fishing boats were seen moored around Whitsun Reef in the Spratly Islands , a reef claimed by the Philippines as part of its exclusive economic zone . Philippines Defense Secretary Delfin Lorenzana accused China of "provocative action of militarizing the area". On 28 August 2023, China's Ministry of Natural Resources published a map with ten dashes interpreted as an eastern move of

8249-558: The US and Japan. As China's claims of sovereign waters are extensive and overlap with several other countries , enforcing this doctrine has created a very large number of incidents and controversies involving the CCG. These often escalate to skirmishes and tense brinkmanship in what has been called grey-zone operations . The CCG is at the forefront of these incidents (often alongside the People's Armed Forces Maritime Militia ). The probable reason for that usage, according to international analysts

8362-794: The Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship clashed with three Chinese maritime patrol vessels some 600 km south of China's Hainan island. Beginning in 2012, the islands became more increasingly militarized. The ROC started the construction of an antenna tower and runway on the Taiping island in February, allowing the island to accommodate various military aircraft. On the Vietnam occupied Sand Cay and West Reef islands, upgrades and land reclamation projects were also started at this time. Vietnam formally staked its claims to

8475-558: The West Philippine Sea shall be resisted by the Armed Forces of the Philippines," Gilberto Teodoro , Manila's defense secretary, said in a statement. "China's actions are the true obstacles to peace and stability in the South China Sea." On August 31, 2024, the Philippines and China accused each other of intentionally ramming coast guard vessels in the disputed South China Sea, following their fifth maritime clash in

8588-492: The academy are commissioned into the PAP as Second Lieutenants (equivalent of Ensigns for those commissioned into the Coast Guard). The People's Armed Police Logistics Academy is a training body aimed to train People's Armed Police personnel in handling logistics. According to Unit Tracker, the university include subjects as applied economics, military and paramilitary logistics, as well as engineering. The Logistics Academy

8701-412: The area, but from 2014 to 2016 China's construction activity outpaced them. By 2023, China had reclaimed around five square miles with its artificial islands, at least one of which housed military equipment. China's actions in the South China Sea have been criticized as part of its " salami slicing "/" cabbage wrapping " strategies. Since 2015, the United States and other states such as France and

8814-585: The area. It conducted surveys around the Paracels and the People's Liberation Army Navy built a harbor and wharf on Wood Island (in the Paracels) in 1971. In 1974, when a North Vietnamese victory in the Vietnam War began to seem probable, the PRC used military force in the Paracel Islands and took Yagong Island and the Crescent group of reefs from South Vietnam. The "Operation Tran Hung Dao 48"

8927-564: The bottom. The three olive stripes represents the People's Armed Police responsible for the three main tasks and force composition of maintaining national political security and social stability, maritime rights protection and law enforcement, and defense operations. On 21 March 2018, the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party unveiled a reform plan for the People's Armed Police Force. Under this plan,

9040-562: The bulk of PAP, is under the PAP Headquarters and reports thus to the party central committee and the CMC (Central Military Commission). The Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, and Transportation Corps, collectively known as the Specialist Corps, were by then under the joint leadership of PAP Headquarters and their respective ministries in the State Council. The Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, collectively known as

9153-438: The coastal, near sea, and open ocean areas of its jurisdiction (and international waters). These actions include principally law enforcement tasks such as interdicting smuggling, illegal fisheries control, and protecting the environment (such as stopping coral fishing and pollutant dumping). The CCG also serves as an armed border guard, protecting China's claimed maritime borders, which often leads to conflict and controversy. As

9266-406: The disputed waters, the latest in an increasingly testy series of confrontations. The U.S. State Department condemned what it called "escalatory and irresponsible" actions by China and reaffirmed that its mutual defense treaty with the Philippines applied to any armed attacks on Philippine armed forces, vessels, or aircraft anywhere in the South China Sea. "China's dangerous and reckless behavior in

9379-469: The establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the paramilitary public security force has been reorganized numerous times. The current designation since 1982, the People's Armed Police , was first used between 1959 and 1963. The People's Armed Police is formally regulated by the People's Armed Police Law of the People's Republic of China ( 中华人民共和国人民武装警察法 ), adopted and effective since 27 August 2009. The People's Armed Police's primary mission

9492-446: The fire department of the  MPS and reorganized as China Fire and Rescue (CF&R), it was placed under the Ministry of Emergency Management . The Gold Corps and Hydropower Corps have been transformed into state-owned enterprises under the supervision of the relevant State Council ministries ( Ministry of Natural Resources and China National Gold Group Corporation and China Aneng Construction Corporation, respectively). From

9605-496: The general military conscription pool, but they are trained in the People's Armed Police basic training units. According to Zi Yang, the state of the education and training system as of 2016 suffered of issues which negatively affected the quality of education. The People's Armed Police Academy tasked with officer education and training for duties related to the missions entrusted to the People's Armed Police, including, since 2001, UN peacekeeping. The People's Armed Police Academy

9718-533: The initial Vietnamese attack, the PRC launched what they regarded as a "counterattack in self-defense". The United States, in the middle of détente with the PRC , gave a non-involvement promise to the PRC, which enabled the People's Liberation Army Navy to take control of the South Vietnamese islands. In the later half of 1970s, the Philippines and Malaysia began referring to the Spratly Islands as being included in their own territory. On 11 June 1978,

9831-517: The islands, reefs, banks, and other features of the region, including the Spratly Islands , Paracel Islands , Scarborough Shoal , and various boundaries in the Gulf of Tonkin . The waters near the Indonesian Natuna Islands , which some regard as geographically part of the South China Sea, are disputed as well. An estimated US$ 3.36 trillion worth of global trade passes through the South China Sea annually, which accounts for

9944-685: The issue of oil and natural gas drilling remains unresolved. "Following the spirit of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea (DOC), China and ASEAN countries actively advanced the consultations on the Code of Conduct (COC) in the South China Sea," with the forecast that the COC will be completed by 2021. On 22 July 2011, the INS Airavat , an Indian amphibious assault vessel on

10057-437: The largest, Taiping Island . Brunei, Malaysia, and the Philippines also claim some of the features in the island chain. By the 1970s, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam had militarily occupied one or more of the Spratly Islands. By 2015, the PRC had established 8 outposts, Malaysia 5, the Philippines 8, Taiwan 1, and Vietnam 48. For decades, the Philippines and Vietnam were the most active in building artificial islands in

10170-544: The maintenance of public order. The People's Armed Police assists the regular police in operations where violent opposition is expected, in roadblocks and the protection of crime scenes. The People's Armed Police is also involved in anti-crime campaigns. In order maintenance activities, the People's Armed Police uses the preventive patrol, under the leadership of the public security organs, and sometimes in conjunction with them. When dealing with mass incidents, with gang activities and other risk situations, responsibility shifts to

10283-543: The mid and late 1990s, CCP general secretary Jiang Zemin significantly expanded and strengthened the PAP, with more than 100,000 new troops. Jiang praised the PAP, describing it as " a major force for maintaining state security and social stability, the People's Armed Police shoulders a massive and formidable burden " and deployed it extensively in Xinjiang and Tibet . Up until 2013, the China Coast Guard

10396-479: The navy destroyer was taking refuge from a typhoon and not challenging maritime claims, but he declined to comment on whether Seoul believed the disputed waters belonged to China. A Chinese Defense Ministry spokesman said the ship broke Chinese law by entering its 12-nautical-mile-wide territorial sea around the Paracel Islands without seeking prior permission, but said Beijing accepted South Korea's explanation. In late 2019, China intensified its military activities in

10509-479: The non-combatant elements of the PAP, the Gold, Forestry, Hydropower, Border Defense, Firefighting, and Guard Corps, are to be removed and the CCG is to be consolidated with PAP. As of March 2018, the PAP is working with the Central Committee and the relevant organs for the transfer of non-combatant elements into civil service. The Transportation Corps is the only remaining component of the Specialist Corps. Until 2018,

10622-562: The permitted observation posts was allowed to be located in the Spratly islands region. The PRC chose to build its observation post on the Fiery Cross Reef , which was isolated from the other islands in the region and was not occupied by any state at the time. When it started to build the observation post in the terra nullius Fiery Cross Reef, Vietnam sent its navy to the area to monitor the situation. The two states clashed near

10735-409: The plan for the opening and operation of an Arctic passage). More critical is cooperation with neighboring states on matters of mutual interest, in particular fisheries and smuggling. The frequency of that cooperation often correlates with the state of bilateral relationships, but institutional connections do remain continuously active. In the 2000s and early 2010s, the Chinese Coast Guard (Before 2013,

10848-603: The provincial contingents other than Xinjiang and Beijing Commands. Units of the Mobile Contingents mostly originate from former 14 PAP's Divisions. Each Mobile Contingent maintains a Staff, a Political Work Department and a Discipline Inspection Department at the Deputy Corps Leader Grade. The mobile Contingents, like their predecessor 14 Divisions, are mainly responsible for dealing with terrorism, violent crime, riots, and public security threats. Being of Corps leader grade, Mobile Contingents are led by

10961-538: The reduction of Chinese activities in the Natuna islands. Indonesia also invoked the South China Sea Arbitration ruling, a major blow to Chinese claims in the region. On 22 December 2020, the PRC claimed that the guided missile destroyer John S McCain had been "expelled" after it “trespassed” into Chinese territorial waters close to the Spratly Islands. However this claim has been disputed by

11074-413: The result of the Coast Guard's mixed origin. The following are some of the largest and most significant. People%27s Armed Police The People's Armed Police Force is a Chinese paramilitary organization primarily responsible for internal security , riot control , counter-terrorism , disaster response , law enforcement and maritime rights protection as well as providing support to

11187-470: The sovereignty of Spanish Philippines, including Scarborough Shoal (called Panacot in the indigenous language in the maps) and the Spratly Islands ( Los Bajos de Paragua in the maps). China has a different perspective, asserting that maps produced in 1775, 1810 and 1817 include the Spratly and Paracel islands as Chinese territory. Vietnam's first maps extending its territory to the Spratly Islands were published in 1830 under Emperor Minh Mang. After

11300-504: The state. The PAP also maintains tactical counter-terrorism (CT) units such as the Snow Wolf Commando Unit (SWCU) and various Special Police Units (SPUs). In the Chinese policing system, the People's Armed Police concentrates on managing protests otherwise referred to as "mass incidents" and protecting important facilities and events, while the public security officers focus on handling crime and issues related to

11413-632: The territorial organization is that of the PAP Internal Guard Corps ( Chinese : 内卫部队 ; pinyin : Nèiwèi Bùduì ). The thirty-one Internal Guard Contingents are responsible for security duty of important political and economic facilities and government buildings at all levels (including party and state organizations, foreign embassies, and consulates), municipal armed patrol, and security duty for senior government officials. Within each provincial level division , an IGC Contingent ( Chinese : 总队 ; pinyin : Zǒngduì ),

11526-401: The units and provides guidance to it. The PAP has a commander, a political commissar and several deputy commanders and deputy political commissars. The PAP also has departments responsible for logistical and political matters and several speciality departments. Following adjustment and reorganization, the People's Armed Police is mainly composed of the territorial forces, the mobile forces, and

11639-468: The use of marine resources, protection of marine environment, regulation of fishery, and anti-smuggling. The Coast Guard Law of 1 February 2021 allows CCG ships to use lethal force on foreign ships that do not obey orders to leave Chinese waters. In June 2024, a domestic regulation came into force empowering the CCG to detain foreign vessels and persons up to 60 days. The CCG duty is to perform regular patrols and reactive actions (such as Search and Rescue) on

11752-406: The wake of growing unrest. The PAP was led by both the local government and superior PAP forces, which is called "Dual-Leadership" (双重领导) . In practice, the local government (including the local party committee, local people's government and the local public security bureau) carries more weight. However, there were many confusions and loopholes caused by this ambiguous organization structure. In

11865-459: The war and conquering South Vietnam did North Vietnam retract its recognition and admitted it recognised them as part of China to receive aid from China in fighting the Americans. In June 1977 discussions with China's Li Xiannan during a time of rising tensions between China and Vietnam , Pham receded from this position, stating that the 1958 recognition of China's sovereignty over the Paracels

11978-434: The waters of Indonesia 's Natuna islands, which China claims as its territory. By January 2020, Chinese fishing boats, escorted by Chinese coast guard vessels, conducted activities near the northern islands of Natuna, which falls under Indonesian exclusive economic zone (EEZ). This led to a stand-off between Indonesia and China, triggering Indonesia to send its war ships to the territory. The Indonesian response resulted to

12091-649: Was a campaign conducted by the South Vietnamese Navy in February 1974 to station troops on unoccupied islands to assert Vietnam's sovereignty over the Spratly archipelago after the Battle of the Paracel Islands. The government of the PRC wanted to prevent the Paracel islands from falling under the control of North Vietnam, which at the time was an ally of the Soviet Union . After not resisting during

12204-661: Was a part of the PAP. In 2013, it was separated and transferred to the direct control of the Ministry of Public Security and the State Oceanic Administration . However, in March 2018, it was announced that the Coast Guard would be placed under the People's Armed Police Force once again since the State Oceanic Administration was disbanded, but now as an independent branch reporting directly to PAP headquarters. Until 31 December 2017,

12317-575: Was allegedly abused by provincial party secretary Bo Xilai to surround the US Consulate in Chongqing after a falling out with Wang , the police chief of Chongqing at the time. Under the 2018 reforms, local authorities now need central approval in order to deploy the PAP. On 10 January 2018, the PAP received a new flag following the design of the branch flags of the PLA with three olive stripes at

12430-416: Was made in the middle of an energy resources race in the Spratlys, where China lacked a presence, while the other countries were starting their oil exploration businesses. Mischief Reef marked the first time the PRC had a military confrontation with the Philippines, an ally of the United States. The occupation and/or control of most parts of the Spratly and Paracel islands did not change significantly from

12543-549: Was no confrontation involving the INS Airavat. India supports freedom of navigation in international waters, including in the South China Sea, and the right of passage in accordance with accepted principles of international law. These principles should be respected by all." In September 2011, shortly after the PRC and Vietnam signed an agreement seeking to contain a dispute over the South China Sea, India's state-run explorer, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) said that its overseas investment arm, ONGC Videsh Limited, had signed

12656-470: Was only made under the pressure of the United States of America's war against Vietnam. In the 1970s, the discovery of the potential for petroleum resources in the South China Sea prompted an increase in occupation activity by claimants. From 1971 to 1973, the Philippines began occupying five features and South Vietnam began occupying six. Concerned that its claims would be weakened by the activity of other claimants, China increased its physical presence in

12769-534: Was reported that China had deployed the 12,000 ton Zhaotou-class patrol cutter China Coast Guard Haijing 3901 (cutter No. 1123 in USI numbers), later renumbered Haijing 5901 , to patrol its claimed islands in the disputed South China Sea. The CCG 5901 is the world's biggest coast guard cutter, and is larger than the U.S. Navy's 9,800 ton Ticonderoga -class guided-missile cruisers or the 8,300-9,300 ton Arleigh Burke -class guided missile destroyers. The CCG 3901 cutter

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