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36-549: Minxin was founded in 1922 by Lai Manwai . Because Lai believed that cinema in China should serve the country's revolution and modernization, Minxin's early productions focused on documentaries dealing with educational, current affairs, and cultural topics. In 1925, Lai relocated Minxin from Hong Kong to Shanghai . Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang became a major focus of Minxin's films. Lai recorded Sun's public announcement of

72-407: A film exhibition company. In 1922, he founded the production company Minxin . Because Lai believed that cinema in China should serve the country's revolution and modernization, Minxin's early productions focused on documentaries dealing with educational, current affairs, and cultural topics. In 1925, Lai relocated Minxin from Hong Kong to Shanghai . Sun Yat-sen and the Kuomintang became

108-653: A major focus of Minxin's films. Lai recorded Sun's public announcement of the Northern Expedition , and documented Chiang Kai-shek's consolidation of power after Sun's death, including filming the progress of the Northern Expedition. Initially, Minxin released film from this period as news reels. Later, Lai compiled footage into an eighty-minute film which the KMT branch in Shanghai approved as

144-614: A network of unions with allegiance to the Kuomintang and under the control of Du Yuesheng. Some sources say that over 1,000 Communists and KMT leftists were arrested, some 300 were executed and more than 5,000 went missing; some state that 5,000 Communists and leftists were killed while others claim up to 10,000 were killed. Western news reports later nicknamed Gen. Bai "The Hewer of Communist Heads". Some National Revolutionary Army commanders with Communist backgrounds who were graduates of Whampoa Military Academy kept their sympathies for

180-754: The April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organizations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party or KMT). Following the incident, conservative KMT elements carried out a full-scale purge of communists in all areas under their control, and violent suppression occurred in Guangzhou and Changsha . The purge led to an open split between left-wing and right-wing factions in

216-399: The Northern Expedition , and documented Chiang Kai-shek's consolidation of power after Sun's death, including filming the progress of the Northern Expedition. Initially, Minxin released film from this period as news reels. Later, Lai compiled footage into an eighty-minute film which the KMT branch in Shanghai approved as the only long format film for party propaganda , making the film one of

252-546: The "Father of Hong Kong Cinema", was the director of the first Hong Kong film Zhuangzi Tests His Wife in 1913. In the film, Lai played the role of the wife, partly due to the reluctance of women to participate in show business at the time. Born in Yokohama , Japan , of Xinhui , Guangdong origin and raised in Hong Kong, he joined Sun Yat-sen 's Kuomintang party in 1911 and helped make anti- warlord movies. Lai

288-610: The April 12 Incident go back to the Kuomintang's alliance with the Soviet Union , formally initiated by the KMT founder Sun Yat-sen after discussions with Soviet diplomat Adolph Joffe in January 1923. The alliance included both financial and military aid and a small but important group of Soviet political and military advisors, headed by Mikhail Borodin . The Soviet Union's conditions for alliance and aid included co-operation with

324-729: The Communists hidden and were not arrested, and many switched their allegiance to the CCP after the start of the Chinese Civil War . During the White Terror , local Kuomintang officials specifically targeted short-haired women who had not been subjected to foot binding . These officials presumed that women who rejected foot binding and traditional hair styles were radicals. Kuomintang forces would cut off their breasts and shave their heads, displaying their mutilated corpses to cow

360-405: The KMT, were discredited and lost their leadership roles in the CCP. Chen was personally blamed, forced to resign and replaced by Qu Qiubai , who did not change Chen's policies in any fundamental way. The CCP planned for worker uprisings and revolutions in the urban areas. The White Terror completely routed the Communists, and only 10,000 party members out of 60,000 survived. The first battles of

396-651: The KMT, with Chiang Kai-shek establishing himself as the leader of the right-wing faction based in Nanjing , in opposition to the original left-wing KMT government based in Wuhan , which was led by Wang Jingwei . By 15 July 1927, the Wuhan regime had expelled the Communists in its ranks, effectively ending the First United Front , a working alliance of both the KMT and CCP under the tutelage of Comintern agents. For

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432-588: The Kuomintang, 39 members of the Kuomintang Central Committee in Wuhan publicly denounced Chiang Kai-shek as a traitor to Sun Yat-sen, including Sun's widow Soong Ching-ling immediately after the purge. However, Chiang was defiant, forming a brand new Nationalist Government to rival the Communist-tolerant Nationalist Government in Wuhan controlled by Wang Jingwei on 18 April. The purges garnered

468-653: The Nanjing government the support of much of the NRA, the Chinese merchant class, and foreign businesses, bolstering its economic and military position. The twin rival KMT governments, known as the Ninghan Split ( simplified Chinese : 宁汉分裂 ; traditional Chinese : 寧漢分裂 ; pinyin : Nínghàn Fēnliè ; Wade–Giles : Ning -han Fen -lie ), did not last long. In May 1927, Communists and peasant leaders in

504-654: The Nationalist government reorganized the Military Commission and placed Chiang under its jurisdiction while it secretly plotted to arrest him. Chiang found out about the plot, which most likely led to his determination to purge the CCP from the KMT. In response to the advances of the NRA, Communists in Shanghai began to plan uprisings against the warlord forces controlling the city. On 21–22 March, KMT and CCP union workers, led by Zhou Enlai and Chen Duxiu , launched an armed uprising in Shanghai and defeated

540-494: The Wuhan Nationalist Government's policy of cooperation with the CCP. On 11 April, Chiang issued a secret order to all provinces under the control of his forces to purge Communists from the KMT. Before dawn on 12 April, gang members began to attack district offices controlled by the union workers, including Zhabei , Nanshi , and Pudong . Under an emergency decree, Chiang ordered the 26th Army to disarm

576-403: The Wuhan area were repeatedly attacked by Nationalist generals. On 1 June, Joseph Stalin sent a telegram to the Communists in Wuhan, calling for mobilisation of an army of workers and peasants. This alarmed Wang Jingwei, who decided to break with the Communists and come to terms with Chiang Kai-shek. On the Communists' side, Chen Duxiu and his Soviet advisers, who had promoted cooperation with

612-553: The alliance among prominent KMT members. Internal conflicts between left- and right-wing leaders of the KMT with regards to the United Front with the CCP continued right up to the launch of the Northern Expedition . Plans for a Northern Expedition originated with Sun Yat-sen. After his expulsion from the government in Peking , he had by 1920 made a military comeback and gained control of some parts of Guangdong province. His goal

648-501: The earliest party films in China. By the end of the 1920s the company was in dire financial straits, as it struggled to compete with the much larger Mingxing Film Company as well as other studios, such as the Shaw brothers' Tianyi Film Company . It was ultimately saved by Lai's old friend Luo Mingyou, who suggested a pooling of resources to create a new company - the famous Lianhua Studios . Thus, in 1930, China Sun Motion Picture Company

684-400: The event as either the April 12 Counter-revolutionary Coup ( simplified Chinese : 四一二反革命政变 ; traditional Chinese : 四一二反革命政變 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Fǎngémìng Zhèngbiàn ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Fan -ko -ming Cheng -pien ) or the April 12 Massacre ( Chinese : 四一二慘案 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Cǎn'àn ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Ts'an -an ). The roots of

720-728: The first elements of what would become the People's Liberation Army . By the time the CCP Central Committee was forced to flee Shanghai in 1933, Mao had established peasant-based soviets in Jiangxi and Hunan provinces, turning the Communist's base of support from urban proletariat to the countryside , where the People's War would be fought. In June 1928, the National Revolutionary Army captured

756-692: The growth of KMT authority and military strength, the struggle for control of the Party's direction and leadership intensified. In January 1927, the NRA, commanded by Chiang Kai-shek captured Wuhan and went on to attack Nanchang , and KMT leader Wang Jingwei and his left-wing allies, along with the Chinese Communists and the Soviet agent Borodin, transferred the seat of the Nationalist Government from Guangzhou to Wuhan. On 1 March,

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792-509: The growth of the influence of the Communists, who continued to organize daily mass student protests and labor strikes to demand the return of Shanghai international settlements to Chinese control. With Bai's army firmly in control of Shanghai, on 2 April the Central Control Commission of KMT, led by former Chancellor of Peking University Cai Yuanpei , determined that the CCP actions were anti-revolutionary and undermined

828-442: The national interest of China, and it voted unanimously to purge the Communists from the KMT. On 5 April, Wang Jingwei arrived in Shanghai from overseas and met with the CCP leader Chen Duxiu. After their meeting they issued a joint declaration re-affirming the principle of cooperation between the KMT and the CCP, despite urgent pleas from Chiang and other KMT elders to eliminate Communist influence. When Wang left Shanghai for Wuhan

864-554: The next day, Chiang asked Green Gang leader Du Yuesheng and other gang leaders in Shanghai to form a rival union to oppose the Shanghai labor union controlled by the Communists, and made final preparations for purging CCP members. On 9 April, Chiang declared martial law in Shanghai and the Central Control Commission issued the "Party Protection and National Salvation" proclamation ( simplified Chinese : 保党救国 ; traditional Chinese : 保黨救國 ; pinyin : Bǎo dǎng jiùguó ; Wade–Giles : Pao tang chiu -kuo ), denouncing

900-477: The only long format film for party propaganda , making the film one of the earliest party films in China. Prior to Chiang's anti-communist purge , Lai maintained strong political relationships with both anti-communists and communists. He continued working across the political spectrum thereafter. In 1930, he co-founded one of the "Big Three" studios of the 1930s, Lianhua Film Company , with Lo Ming-yau . Lianhua, together with other leading Shanghai studios,

936-519: The populace. During the White Terror, the Kuomintang killed more than one million people, primarily peasants. More than 10,000 communists were executed in Changsha within 20 days. The Soviet Union officially terminated its cooperation with the KMT while Wang, fearing retribution as a Communist sympathizer, fled to Europe. The Wuhan Nationalist government soon disintegrated, leaving Chiang as

972-711: The rest of 1927, the CCP would fight to regain power, beginning the Autumn Harvest Uprising . With the failure and the crushing of the Guangzhou Uprising at Guangzhou however, the power of the Communists was largely diminished, unable to launch another major urban offensive. In KMT historiography, the event is occasionally referred to as the April 12 Purge ( simplified Chinese : 四一二清党 ; traditional Chinese : 四一二清黨 ; pinyin : Sìyī'èr Qīng Dǎng ; Wade–Giles : Ssu -i -erh Ch'ing Tang ), while Communist historiography refers to

1008-402: The small Chinese Communist Party . Sun agreed to let the Communists join the KMT as individuals but ruled out an alliance with them or their participation as an organized bloc. In addition, he demanded that the Communists, upon joining the KMT, adhere to KMT ideology and observe party discipline. Following their admission to the KMT, Communist activities, often covert, soon attracted opposition to

1044-525: The sole legitimate leader of the Kuomintang. In the years after April 1927, 300,000 people were killed in Hunan in three years of warfare against the Communists while many Hakkas and She people 's whole families killed in the mountains, including infants, while young women were sold to prostitution. About 80,000 people were killed in Hunan's Liling and about 300,000 Hunanese civilians were killed in Hunan's Chaling County, Leiyang, Liuyang and Pingjiang. For

1080-617: The ten-year Chinese Civil War began with armed Communist insurrections in Changsha, Nanchang, and Guangzhou. During the Nanchang Uprising in August, Communist troops under Zhu De were defeated but escaped from Kuomintang forces by withdrawing to the mountains of Jiangxi. In September Mao led a small peasant army in the Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan. It was brutally crushed and the survivors retreated to Jiangxi as well, forming

1116-539: The warlord forces of the Zhili clique . The victorious union workers occupied and governed urban Shanghai except for the international settlements prior to the arrival of the NRA's Eastern Route Army, led by Generals Bai Chongxi and Li Zongren . After the Nanking Incident in which foreign concessions in Nanjing were attacked and looted, both the right wing of the Kuomintang and Western powers became alarmed by

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1152-480: The workers' militias; that resulted in more than 300 people being killed and wounded. The union workers organized a mass meeting denouncing Chiang Kai-shek on 13 April, and thousands of workers and students went to the headquarters of the 2nd Division of the 26th Army to protest. Soldiers opened fire, killing 100 and wounding many more. Chiang dissolved the provisional government of Shanghai, labor unions and all other organizations under Communist control, and reorganized

1188-568: Was absorbed into the newly formed Lianhua. By 1936, however, Lai split off from the now declining Lianhua in control of Lianhua's Studio No. 1. This studio then formed the basis of a newly independent "Minxin Film Company." This article about a film studio is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lai Man-Wai Lai Man-wai ( Chinese : 黎民偉 ; pinyin : Li Minwei ; September 25, 1893 – October 26, 1953), also romanised as Lay Min-wei or M.W. Ray , considered

1224-613: Was born in 1893 in Yokohama , Japan to Chinese parents. He grew up in Hong Kong . Liu's earliest exposure to cinema was watching a newsreel from the Russo-Japanese War . In 1913, Lai founded a drama troupe in Hong Kong. He collaborated with Ukrainian-American filmmaker Benjamin Brodsky in the production of two short fiction films. Lai was a member of Sun Yat-sen's Revolutionary Alliance. In 1921, Lai founded

1260-868: Was destroyed when the Empire of Japan attacked Shanghai in 1937. Lai returned to Hong Kong in 1938 and retired. He was married to Lim Cho-cho , a Vancouver -born actress. His daughter Lai Suen and granddaughter Gigi Lai are both actresses. His story was documented in Lai Man-wai: Father of Hong Kong Cinema by Choi Kai-kwong in 2001. Lai Man-wai is portrayed in Stanley Kwan 's 1991 biopic of actress Ruan Lingyu , Center Stage by Hong Kong actor, Waise Lee . Shanghai massacre [REDACTED] Republic of China [REDACTED] Chinese Communist Party [REDACTED] China portal The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927,

1296-762: Was to extend his control over all of China, particularly Peking. After Sun's death from cancer in March 1925, KMT leaders continued to push the plan, and after they had purged Guangzhou's Communists and Soviet advisors during the " Canton Coup " on 20 May 1926, they finally launched the Expedition that June. Initial successes in the first months of the Expedition soon saw the KMT National Revolutionary Army (NRA) in control of Guangdong and large areas in Hunan , Hubei , Jiangxi and Fujian . With

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