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72-403: Capitán Carlos Palanca Tan Chueco , with wealthy Chinese businessmen Engracio Palanca Tan Kang , and Mariano Velasco Chua Cheng-co did a fund-raising in 1891 for the construction of a medical clinic where treatment was free of charge. Through funds coming from Chinese stores and special fees from Chinese people who arrived from China , the medical clinic expanded into a hospital. In 1893, it

144-468: A socio-political perspective, it forms a significant pole of language usage due to the popularity of Holo-language media. Douglas (1873/1899) also noted that Formosa ( Taiwan ) has been settled mainly by emigrants from Amoy (Xiamen), Chang-chew (Zhangzhou), and Chin-chew (Quanzhou). Several parts of the island are usually found to be specially inhabited by descendants of such emigrants, but in Taiwan,

216-619: A distinct descendant dialect form of Zhangzhou Hokkien has developed. In Penang , Kedah and Perlis , it is called Penang Hokkien while across the Strait of Malacca in Medan , an almost identical variant is known as Medan Hokkien . Many Chinese Filipinos profess ancestry from Hokkien-speaking areas; Philippine Hokkien is also largely derived from the Quanzhou dialect, particularly Jinjiang and Nan'an dialects with some influence from

288-460: A group are more mutually intelligible , but it is less so amongst the forementioned group, Quanzhou dialect, and Zhangzhou dialect. Although the Min Nan varieties of Teochew and Amoy are 84% phonetically similar including the pronunciations of un-used Chinese characters as well as same characters used for different meanings, and 34% lexically similar , , Teochew has only 51% intelligibility with

360-581: A mixture of the Zhangzhou and Quanzhou dialects, but rather it is formed on the foundation of the Tung'an dialect with further inputs from other sub-dialects. It has played an influential role in history, especially in the relations of Western nations with China , and was one of the most frequently learned dialects of Hokkien by Westerners during the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century. The Modern Representative form of Hokkien spoken around

432-572: A rebellion of the She people . In 885, (during the reign of Emperor Xizong of Tang ), the two brothers Wang Chao and Wang Shenzhi , led a military expedition force to suppress the Huang Chao rebellion. Waves of migration from the north in this era brought the language of Middle Chinese into the Fujian region, which gave Hokkien and all the other Min languages its literary readings . During around

504-1069: Is also a great mixture of emigrants from Swatow [ Shantou ] . In modern times though, a mixed dialect descended from the Quanzhou , Amoy, and Zhangzhou dialects , leaning a little closer to the Quanzhou dialect, possibly due to being from the Tung'an dialect, is spoken by Chinese Singaporeans , Southern Malaysian Chinese , and Chinese Indonesians in Riau province and the Riau Islands . Variants include Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien and Singaporean Hokkien in Singapore. Among Malaysian Chinese of Penang, and other states in northern mainland Malaysia and ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Medan, with other areas in North Sumatra , Indonesia,

576-440: Is also heavily based on Tung'an dialect while incorporating some vowels of Zhangzhou dialect, whereas Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien , including Singaporean Hokkien , is based on the Tung'an dialect, with Philippine Hokkien on the Quanzhou dialect, and Penang Hokkien & Medan Hokkien on the Zhangzhou dialect. There are some variations in pronunciation and vocabulary between Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects. The grammar

648-720: Is also preserved in the Nan'an dialect ( 色 , 德 , 竹 ) but are pronounced as -iak in Quanzhou Hokkien. * Haklau Min ( Hai Lok Hong , including the Haifeng and Lufeng dialect), Chaw'an / Zhao'an (詔安話), Longyan Min , and controversially, Taiwanese , are sometimes considered as not Hokkien anymore, besides being under Southern Min (Min Nan). On the other hand, those under Longyan Min , Datian Min , Zhenan Min have some to little mutual intelligibility with Hokkien, while Teo-Swa Min ,

720-587: Is generally the same. Additionally, extensive contact with the Japanese language has left a legacy of Japanese loanwords in Taiwanese Hokkien. On the other hand, the variants spoken in Singapore and Malaysia have a substantial number of loanwords from Malay and to a lesser extent, from English and other Chinese varieties, such as the closely related Teochew and some Cantonese . Meanwhile, in

792-454: Is important to its meaning. A basic sentence follows the subject–verb–object pattern (i.e. a subject is followed by a verb then by an object ), though this order is often violated because Hokkien dialects are topic-prominent . Unlike synthetic languages , seldom do words indicate time , gender and plural by inflection. Instead, these concepts are expressed through adverbs, aspect markers, and grammatical particles, or are deduced from

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864-474: Is nearby Taiwan, where immigrants from Fujian arrived as workers during the 40 years of Dutch rule , fleeing the Qing dynasty during the 20 years of Ming loyalist rule , as immigrants during the 200 years of rule by the Qing dynasty , especially in the last 120 years after immigration restrictions were relaxed, and even as immigrants during the period of Japanese rule . The Taiwanese dialect mostly has origins with

936-586: Is portrayed just like Carlos Palanca where he is dressed as a mandarin bureaucrat with a blue-tasseled cap, advocating to open a Chinese consulate in Manila with himself as consul general. Later in 1898, Carlos Palanca's son, Engracio, would later serve as the first official consul general of Qing China to Spanish Philippines, appointed on July 28, 1898 and approved for service in September 1898, and arriving by January 1899, due to some delays on approval by

1008-475: Is reportedly the native language of up to 80% of the ethnic Chinese people in the Philippines, among which is known locally as Lán-nâng-uē ("Our people's speech"). Hokkien speakers form the largest group of overseas Chinese in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Southern Fujian is home to four principal Hokkien dialects: Chiangchew , Chinchew , Tung'an , and Amoy , originating from

1080-657: Is the Romance of the Litchi Mirror , with extant manuscripts dating from 1566 and 1581. In the early 17th century, Spanish friars in the Philippines produced materials documenting the Hokkien varieties spoken by the Chinese trading community who had settled there in the late 16th century: These texts appear to record a primarily Zhangzhou-descended dialect with some attested Quanzhou and Teo-Swa features, from

1152-637: The American colonial era , would ascribe him as his godfather using his name too and later started the La Tondeña Distillery in Manila by 1902, which later became part of San Miguel Corporation (SMC) and was renamed as Ginebra San Miguel in 2003. For Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien's legacy, streets were named after him and a memorial and statue of himself were made displayed in the Manila Chinese Cemetery , primarily at

1224-587: The Fujian region, which in ancient times was originally Minyue country, populated with non-Chinese Baiyue , causing the region for the first time in ancient times to incorporate Old Chinese dialects of which would later become Min Chinese . The massive migration of Han Chinese into Fujian region mainly occurred after the Disaster of Yongjia . The Jìn court fled from the north to the south, causing large numbers of Han Chinese to move into Fujian region. They brought

1296-526: The Minnan region , in the southeastern part of Fujian in southeastern mainland China . It is also referred to as Quanzhang (Chinese: 泉漳 ; pinyin: Quánzhāng ), from the first characters of the urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou . Taiwanese Hokkien is one of the national languages in Taiwan . Hokkien is also widely spoken within the overseas Chinese diaspora in Singapore , Malaysia ,

1368-404: The Minnan region . The Hokkien spoken in most areas of the three counties of southern Zhangzhou have merged the coda finals -n and -ng into -ng. The initial consonant j ( dz and dʑ ) is not present in most dialects of Hokkien spoken in Quanzhou, having been merged into the d or l initials. The -ik or -ɪk final consonant that is preserved in the native Hokkien dialects of Zhangzhou and Xiamen

1440-579: The National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) also have the same MOAs with the hospital. Other Chinese hospitals and health care serving local Chinese communities: Carlos Palanca (born 1844) Carlos Palanca (1844–1901), also known as Tan Quien Sien ( Hokkien Chinese : 陳謙善 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Khiam-siān ) or Tan Chuey Leong ( Hokkien Chinese : 陳最良 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Chòe-liông ) or Tan Chueco ( Hokkien Chinese : 陳最哥 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Chòe-ko ),

1512-582: The Old Chinese spoken in the Central Plain of China from the prehistoric era to the 3rd century into Fujian that later became Min, which later split off into its respective branches, of which Hokkien descends from the Southern Min branch of it. In 677 (during the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang ), Chen Zheng , together with his son Chen Yuanguang , led a military expedition to suppress

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1584-560: The Philippines (especially Metro Manila ), are also mixed languages , with Hokkien as the base lexifier . Hokkien speakers in different regions refer to the language as: In parts of Southeast Asia and in the English-speaking communities, the term Hokkien ( [hɔk˥kiɛn˨˩] ) is etymologically derived from the Hokkien pronunciation of Fujian ( Hok-kiàn ), the province from which the language hails. In Southeast Asia and

1656-428: The Philippines , Indonesia , Cambodia , Myanmar , Hong Kong , Thailand , Brunei , Vietnam , and elsewhere across the world. Mutual intelligibility between Hokkien dialects varies, but they are still held together by ethnolinguistic identity. In maritime Southeast Asia , Hokkien historically served as the lingua franca amongst overseas Chinese communities of all dialects and subgroups , and it remains today as

1728-446: The Philippines , there are also a few Spanish and Filipino ( Tagalog ) loanwords, while it is also currently a norm to frequently codeswitch with English , Tagalog, and in some cases other Philippine languages , such as Cebuano , Hiligaynon , Bicol Central , Ilocano , Chavacano , Waray-waray , Kapampangan , Pangasinense , Northern Sorsogonon , Southern Sorsogonon , etc. Tong'an, Xiamen, Taiwanese, Singaporean dialects as

1800-470: The Sanxiang dialect of Zhongshan Min , and Qiong - Lei Min also have historical linguistic roots with Hokkien, but are significantly divergent from it in terms of phonology and vocabulary, and thus have almost little to no practical face-to-face mutual intelligibility with Hokkien. The Xiamen dialect is a variant of the Tung'an dialect. Majority of Taiwanese , from Tainan , to Taichung , to Taipei ,

1872-607: The Spanish colonial army . Years later, he would become a successful businessman and an established political figure in the local Chinese community of Binondo , Manila . He lived at a house and owned a store in Calle Rosario (modern Quintin Paredes St.) of Binondo , Manila . In nearby Calle San Fernando (modern San Fernando St.), he would report to work as Gobernadorcillo de los Sangleyes or Capitan Chino in

1944-591: The Tribunal de los Sangleyes (Chinese Tribunal), the Communidad de Chinos , and the Gremio de Chinos (Chinese Guild). Carlos Palanca had one son, Engracio Palanca Tan Kang ( Chinese : 陳綱 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Kang ) and a daughter, Alejandra Palanca, who would later marry Emiliano Boncan, scion of another powerful Hokkien merchant family, who in turn intermarried with leading mestizo families, like

2016-691: The Tung'an , Quanzhou and Zhangzhou variants, but since then, the Amoy dialect, also known as the Xiamen dialect, has become the modern prestige representative for the language in China. Both Amoy and Xiamen come from the Chinese name of the city ( 厦门 ; Xiàmén ; Ē-mûi ); the former is from Zhangzhou Hokkien, whereas the latter comes from Mandarin. There are many Min Nan speakers among overseas Chinese communities in Southeast Asia, as well as in

2088-502: The cha-po͘-kiáⁿ and cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ pronunciation differ only in the second syllable in consonant voicing and in tone . Unlike Mandarin, Hokkien retains all the final consonants corresponding to those of Middle Chinese. While Mandarin only preserves the [n] and [ŋ] finals, Hokkien also preserves the [m] , [p] , [t] and [k] finals and has developed the glottal stop [ʔ] . The vowels of Hokkien are listed below: (*)Only certain dialects The following table illustrates some of

2160-785: The Amoy Dialect" , and Rev. Carstairs Douglas 's 1873 dictionary, "Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, with the Principal Variations of the Chang-Chew and Chin-Chew Dialects" , and its 1899 New Edition with Rev. Thomas Barclay . Hokkien has one of the most diverse phoneme inventories among Chinese varieties, with more consonants than Standard Mandarin and Cantonese . Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Chinese varieties. These include

2232-552: The Amoy dialect. There are also Hokkien speakers scattered throughout other parts of Indonesia—including Jakarta and the island of Java —Thailand, Myanmar , East Malaysia , Brunei, Cambodia , and Southern Vietnam, though there is notably more Teochew and Swatow background among descendants of Chinese migrants in Peninsular Malaysia , Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, and Southern Vietnam. Variants of Hokkien dialects can be traced to 2-4 main principal dialects of origin:

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2304-619: The Chang-chew [Zhangzhou] prefecture; Manila and other parts of the Philippines have great numbers from Chin-chew [Quanzhou] , and emigrants are largely scattered in like manner in Siam [Thailand] , Burmah [Myanmar] , the Malay Peninsula [peninsular Malaysia] , Cochin China [Southern Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos] , Saigon [ Ho Chi Minh City ] , &c. In many of these places there

2376-555: The Chinese consul general in Havana , Cuba during its US military rule , but then would return again by 1900 in Manila to serve as interim consul during US military rule of the Philippines. Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien would later pass away in September 1901 at the age of 57 years old, passing his role to other cabecillas (community leader). Carlos Palanca Tan Guin Lay , a successful influential Chinese Filipino businessman during

2448-522: The Chong Hock Tong Temple, in the same land he had donated for the cemetery and temple's founding. This business-related biographical article from the Philippines is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hokkien Hokkien ( / ˈ h ɒ k i ɛ n / HOK -ee-en , US also / ˈ h oʊ k i ɛ n / HOH -kee-en ) is a variety of the Southern Min languages, native to and originating from

2520-567: The English press, Hokkien is used in common parlance to refer to the Southern Min dialects of southern Fujian, and does not include reference to dialects of other Sinitic branches also present in Fujian such as the Fuzhou language ( Eastern Min ), Pu-Xian Min , Northern Min , Gan Chinese or Hakka . The term Hokkien was first used by Walter Henry Medhurst in his 1832 Dictionary of

2592-817: The Heart Institute was built with renowned cardiologist Dy Bun Yok as Director and Manual Chua-Chiaco Jr. as the Chief in Cardiovascular Surgery . The present director CGHMC is James Dy. In 2014, the hospital renewed a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with the Intelligence Service Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP) assuring its personnel of free medical care at the CGHMC in the event they get injured while performing their duty. The Philippine National Police (PNP) and

2664-690: The Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language, According to the Reading and Colloquial Idioms , considered to be the earliest English-based Hokkien dictionary and the first major reference work in POJ, though its romanization system differs significantly from modern POJ. In this dictionary, the word Hok-këèn was used. In 1869, POJ was further revised by John Macgowan in his published book A Manual Of The Amoy Colloquial . In this book, këèn

2736-486: The Limjaps. As an affluent businessman and Chinese community leader, he along with Lim Ong donated land for the Manila Chinese Cemetery and financed the construction of the Chong Hock Tong Temple built in 1878 there, the oldest surviving Chinese temple in Manila, Philippines, with syncretic features of Buddhism , Taoism , ancestral veneration , and Christianity . During the late 19th century, Chinese migrants to

2808-412: The Philippines in 1856 when he was twelve years old as an apprentice in a draper business by his relative. Initially he was poor and uneducated, but he later taught himself how to read and write, such as Spanish and Classical Chinese . Later, he converted to Roman Catholicism in the 1860s and adopted his non-Chinese name from an influential padrino (godfather), Colonel Carlos Palanca y Gutierrez of

2880-566: The Philippines were required to gain appropriate documentation from the Spanish consulate in Amoy (Xiamen) first before settling in the Philippines. As early as the 1880s, Carlos along with other Chinese cabecillas (community leaders) petitioned Beijing under Qing China and the Spanish authorities of the Philippines to set up a Qing consulate in Manila instead, especially for the protection of

2952-470: The Taiwanese city of Tainan heavily resembles the Tung'an dialect. All Hokkien dialects spoken throughout the whole of Taiwan are collectively known as Taiwanese Hokkien, or Holo locally, although there is a tendency to call these Taiwanese language for historical reasons. It is spoken by more Taiwanese than any Sinitic language except Mandarin, and it is known by a majority of the population; thus, from

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3024-454: The Tong'an Hokkien|Tung'an dialect (Cheng 1997) whereas Mandarin and Amoy Min Nan are 62% phonetically similar and 15% lexically similar. In comparison, German and English are 60% lexically similar. Hainanese , which is sometimes considered Southern Min, has almost no mutual intelligibility with any form of Hokkien. Hokkien is an analytic language ; in a sentence, the arrangement of words

3096-561: The United States ( Hoklo Americans ). Many ethnic Han Chinese emigrants to the region were Hoklo from southern Fujian, and brought the language to what is now Myanmar, Vietnam , Indonesia (the former Dutch East Indies ) and present day Malaysia and Singapore (formerly Malaya and the British Straits Settlements ). Most of the Min Nan dialects of this region have incorporated some foreign loanwords. Hokkien

3168-494: The Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy, With the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and Chin-chew Dialects , where the language was referred to as the "Language of Amoy" or as the "Amoy Vernacular" and by 1883, John Macgowan would publish another dictionary, the English and Chinese Dictionary of the Amoy Dialect . Due to possible conflation between the language as a whole with its Xiamen dialect , many proscribe referring to

3240-714: The changing acting Spanish Governor-Generals during the Philippine Revolution , which from July 28, 1898 to January 1899, Carlos Palanca Tan Quien Sien acted instead as the de-facto acting consul general. His son's tenure would be cut short though due to the change in political control from the Spanish authorities to the Americans after the Philippine Revolution on 1899 and complaints to the American authorities from Cantonese , British , and German merchants that Carlos had previously made enemies of. Also due to

3312-559: The cities of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, historical Tung'an County ( 同安縣 , now Xiamen and Kinmen ) and the Port of Amoy , respectively. In the late 1800s, the Amoy dialect attracted special attention, because Amoy was one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the Treaty of Nanking , but before that it had not attracted attention. The Amoy dialect is adopted as the 'Modern Representative Min Nan'. The Amoy dialect cannot simply be interpreted as

3384-433: The consultants of the hospital. More improvements happened from the 1950s onward. Guillermo A. Cu Un-jieng Sr. Chest Pavilion was inaugurated 1953 by her daughter Sor Esperanza Ma. A. Cu-Unjieng and prominent philanthropists. In 1957, Cheng Tsai Jun Memorial 100-bed Charity Wards were established. Two years later, Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center had another facelift. A bigger Emergency Building with three stories

3456-474: The context. Different particles are added to a sentence to further specify its status or intonation . A verb itself indicates no grammatical tense . The time can be explicitly shown with time-indicating adverbs. Certain exceptions exist, however, according to the pragmatic interpretation of a verb's meaning. Additionally, an optional aspect particle can be appended to a verb to indicate the state of an action. Appending interrogative or exclamative particles to

3528-603: The eastern part of Namoa in China; Taiwan; Metro Manila , Metro Cebu , Metro Davao and other cities in the Philippines ; Singapore; Brunei; Medan , Riau and other cities in Indonesia ; and from Perlis , Kedah , Penang and Klang in Malaysia. Hokkien originated in the southern area of Fujian province, an important center for trade and migration, and has since become one of the most common Chinese varieties overseas. The major pole of Hokkien varieties outside of Fujian

3600-550: The economic and physical well-being of Chinese migrants and expatriates. At some point, he would later also have Carlos Palanca Tan Guin Lay as a protégé. In 1891, Carlos Palanca along with his son, Engracio, and Mariano Velasco Chua Cheng-co financed the establishment of the Chinese General Hospital , the oldest hospital for the Chinese community in the Philippines. It was also in this same year that José Rizal's second novel, El Filibusterismo (1891),

3672-644: The first medical director and the new hospital was inaugurated in 1921. He also served as consultant for the Philippine Health Service because of his expertise in the bubonic plague . Also in the same year when the Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing was also founded. The hospital's operation was affected during World War II . Directors and those with higher positions in the hospital became political prisoners of war , followed by mass evacuation. To keep

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3744-620: The former as "Amoy", a usage that is more commonly found in older media and some conservative institutions. In the classification used by the Language Atlas of China , the Quanzhang branch of Southern Min consists of the Min varieties originating from Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen and the eastern counties of Longyan ( Xinluo and Zhangping ). Hokkien is spoken in the southern seaward quarter of Fujian, southeastern Zhejiang , as well as

3816-477: The hospital functioning, the principal, chief nurse, some graduate and some student nurses, two junior resident physicians, and some male helpers was made part of a skeleton staff . In 1945, more than five hundred victims of shrapnel and bullets were admitted to the Chinese General Hospital, even occupying all available spaces in the corridors. Antonio Nubia was installed as director with Manuel Chua-Chiaco Sr. as assistant director after World War II . The hospital

3888-606: The late 17th century when sea bans were lifted, the Port of Xiamen , which overshadowed the old port of Yuegang , became Fujian's main port where trade was legalized. From then, the Xiamen dialect, historically "Amoy", became the main principal dialect spoken overseas, such as in Taiwan under Qing rule , British Malaya , the Straits Settlements ( British Singapore ), British Hong Kong , Spanish Philippines (then later American Philippines ), Dutch East Indies ,and French Cochinchina , etc. Historically, Xiamen had always been part of Tung'an County until after 1912. The Amoy dialect

3960-443: The more commonly seen sound shifts between various dialects. Pronunciations are provided in Pe̍h-ōe-jī and IPA . According to the traditional Chinese system, Hokkien dialects have 7 or 8 distinct tones, including two entering tones which end in plosive consonants. The entering tones can be analysed as allophones , giving 5 or 6 phonemic tones . In addition, many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to

4032-583: The most spoken variety of Chinese in the region, including in Singapore , Malaysia , Philippines , Indonesia , and Brunei . This applied to a lesser extent to mainland Southeast Asia . As a result of the significant influence and historical presence of its sizable overseas diaspora, certain considerable to ample amounts of Hokkien loanwords are also historically present in the languages it has had historical contact with in its sprachraum , such as Thai . Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien , in northern Malaya of Malaysia , and Hokaglish , spoken sporadically across

4104-488: The old port of Yuegang (modern-day Haicheng , an old port that is now part of Longhai ). Chinese scholars produced rhyme dictionaries describing Hokkien varieties at the beginning of the 19th century: Rev. Walter Henry Medhurst based his 1832 dictionary, "A Dictionary of the Hok-këèn Dialect of the Chinese Language" , on the latter work. Other popular 19th century works are also like those of Rev. John Macgowan's 1883 dictionary, "English and Chinese Dictionary of

4176-411: The original two being, the Quanzhou ( 泉州 ; Choân-chiu / Chôaⁿ-chiu ) and Zhangzhou ( 漳州 ; Chiang-chiu / Cheng-chiu ) dialects, and in later centuries Xiamen/Amoy ( 廈門 ; Ē-mn̂g / Ēe-mûi ) and Tong'an ( 同安 ; Tâng-oaⁿ ) as well. The Amoy and Tong'an dialects are historically mixtures of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects , since they are the geographic and linguistic midpoint between the two, while

4248-458: The recent death of Carlos' wife around 1899, his son decided to step down as consul-general by March 1899 to observe a period of mourning. By April 15, 1899 though, his son would instead help the Communidad de Chinos found the Anglo-Chinese School (modern-day Tiong Se Academy ), the first and oldest Chinese Filipino school in the Philippines, offering foreign language, math, science, and the Confucian classics . Later, his son would instead act as

4320-437: The rest of the Hokkien dialects spoken in Taiwan and Southeast Asia are respectively derived from varying proportions of the above principal dialects in southern Fujian. During the Three Kingdoms period of ancient China, there was constant warfare occurring in the Central Plains of China. Ethnic Han Chinese gradually migrated from Henan to the mouth of the Yangtze to the coasts of Zhejiang and later began to enter into

4392-498: The retention of the /t/ initial, which is now /tʂ/ (pinyin zh ) in Mandarin (e.g. 竹 ; 'bamboo' is tik , but zhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Chinese varieties. Along with other Min languages, which are not directly descended from Middle Chinese , Hokkien is of considerable interest to historical linguists for reconstructing Old Chinese. Hokkien has aspirated , unaspirated as well as voiced consonant initials. For example,

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4464-403: The traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words. This means that Hokkien dialects have between 5 and 7 phonemic tones. Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Hokkien is spoken in a variety of accents and dialects across

4536-408: The various forms of the dialects mentioned prior are a good deal mixed up. The varieties of Hokkien in Southeast Asia originate from these dialects. Douglas (1873) notes that Singapore and the various Straits Settlements [such as Penang and Malacca ] , Batavia [Jakarta] and other parts of the Dutch possessions [Indonesia] , are crowded with emigrants, especially from

4608-450: The word 開 ; khui ; 'open' and 關 ; kuiⁿ ; 'close' have the same vowel but differ only by aspiration of the initial and nasality of the vowel. In addition, Hokkien has labial initial consonants such as m in 命 ; miā ; 'life'. Another example is 查埔囝 ; cha-po͘-kiáⁿ / ta-po͘-kiáⁿ / ta-po͘-káⁿ ; 'boy' and 查某囝 ; cha-bó͘-kiáⁿ / cha̋u-kiáⁿ / cha̋u-káⁿ / chő͘-kiáⁿ ; 'girl', which for

4680-509: Was a late 19th century local Sangley Chinese community leader, government official, diplomat, legal mediator, lawyer and businessman in the Philippines then part of the Spanish East indies of the Spanish Empire . During the latter part of the Spanish colonial era in the islands he served three times (1875-1877, 1885, and 1894) as the Gobernadorcillo de los Sangleyes or Capitan Chino (Chinese Captain) or cabecilla (leader) in Binondo , Manila and two times as interim headman. He

4752-413: Was also the first acting consul general of Qing China to Spanish Philippines from July 28, 1898 to January 1899. Palanca was born on June 6, 1844, named in Hokkien Chinese : 陳謙善 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : Tân Khiam-siān (later romanized in Spanish Philippines as "Tan Quien Sien" ) in Tong'an ( 同安 ; Tâng-oaⁿ ), Amoy , Fukien , Qing China . His mother was named Lim Chia . He first came to

4824-423: Was changed to kien as Hok-kien ; from then on, "Hokkien" is used more often. Historically, Hokkien was also known as " Amoy ", after the Zhangzhou Hokkien pronunciation of Xiamen ( Ēe-mûi ), the principal port in southern Fujian during the Qing dynasty , as one of the five ports opened to foreign trade by the Treaty of Nanking . In 1873, Carstairs Douglas published the Chinese–English Dictionary of

4896-411: Was constructed in 1971. The School of Nursing Building with six stories was completed in 1975. And in 1983, a six-storey annex to the Main Building was built. Lim Ka-sian was appointed new director and James G. Dy as president of the Philippine Chinese Charitable Association in 1990s. Every department was expanded and computerisation and updating of medical equipment and appliances happened. In 1996,

4968-472: Was immediately reconstructed in 1946 through the help of Chinese communities. In 1948, the Charity Pavilion was constructed across the main building. The hospital was refurbished in 1950. The hospital also catered training and teaching, as approved by Pedro Mayuga, former Director of the Philippine Bureau of Medical Services of the Department of Health . Luis Guerrero, Antonio G. Sison, Jose Albert, Florencio Quintos, Rosendo R. Llamas, and Fortunato Guerrero were

5040-439: Was named "Hospital de Chinos". During the American colonization in 1898, Capitan Tan Chueco became the first Chinese Acting Consul. Hospital de Chinos became inadequate for the swelling number of Chinese residents in Manila, Philippines . A fund raising campaign was done to construct the first Chinese General Hospital (CGH) with updated facilities in 1917. One of the most noted doctors during his time, Dr. José Tee Han-kee became

5112-449: Was released, where it describes a certain character known as Quiroga the Chinaman. In Rizal's Chinese Overcoat , Alfonso Ang asserts that the character Quiroga in José Rizal 's novel El Filibusterismo was based on Palanca. Wilson (2004) also asserts this, that Rizal portrayed the character of Quiroga the Chinaman as a tacky and duplicitous opportunist, as a form of critique on Carlos Palanca's political and economic influence. Quiroga

5184-507: Was the main prestige form of Hokkien known from the late 17th century to the Republican era. Due to this, dictionaries, bibles and other books about Hokkien from recent centuries and even to this day in certain places, like schools and churches, of certain countries, the Hokkien language is still known as "Amoy". Several playscripts survive from the late 16th century, written in a mixture of Quanzhou and Chaozhou dialects. The most important

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