Misplaced Pages

#38961

22-872: Chinese Turkestan , also spelled Chinese Turkistan , is a geographical term or historical region corresponding to the region of the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang (south of the Tian Shan mountain range) or Xinjiang as a whole which was under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. It is considered a part of the Chinese Tartary that covered the Inner Asian regions ruled by the Qing dynasty. The Europeans commonly used this term especially during

44-930: A coalition government . Notable examples include the Sinn Féin's participation in the Northern Ireland Executive since 1999, the New Flemish Alliance's participation in the Federal Government of Belgium in 2014–2019 and Lega' s frequent participation in the Italian government . Examples of regional parties that do not generally campaign for greater autonomy or federalism include most provincial parties in Canada , most regional and minority parties in Europe , notably including

66-836: Is a mild proponent of Venetian independence), the Martinican Progressive Party in Martinique and the Communist Party of Réunion in Réunion (both French overseas territories ) and the New Macau Association in Macau (China). In some countries, the development of regionalist politics may be a prelude to further demands for greater autonomy or even full separation, especially when ethnic, cultural and economic disparities are present. This

88-1143: Is disputed by China ). Federalist and/or autonomist regional parties include the Coalition Avenir Québec in Quebec (Canada), the New Progressive Party and the Popular Democratic Party in Puerto Rico (a commonwealth of the United States ), Femu a Corsica and the Party of the Corsican Nation in Corsica (France), Lega Nord and its sister/successor party Lega in northern Italy (the party has, at times, advocated Padania 's independence and its "national section" in Veneto , Liga Veneta ,

110-964: The Basque Nationalist Party and Euskal Herria Bildu in the Basque Country (Spain and France), Together for Catalonia and the Republican Left of Catalonia in Catalonia and the Catalan Countries (Spain and France), the Galician Nationalist Bloc in Galicia (Spain), South Tyrolean Freedom and Die Freiheitlichen in South Tyrol (Italy), factions of Lega and several minor parties in northern Italy (Italy), nominally

132-985: The Christian Social Union in Bavaria ( Germany ), most political parties in Belgium, most political parties in Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), the Istrian Democratic Assembly in Istria ( Croatia ), the Alliance of Primorje-Gorski Kotar in Primorje-Gorski Kotar (Croatia) and most political political parties in India . Regional parties with an autonomist/federalist or separatist agendas have included

154-830: The Persian -speaking Tajiks and established several small principalities in Central Asia, giving their name Turkestan (or Turkistan). They then ruled over the region (later fell under the overlordship of the Mongols including the Chagatai Khanate and the Dzungar Khanate ) until they were subjugated by the Chinese Qing dynasty during the final phase of the Dzungar–Qing Wars in the 1750s. Thence

176-1189: The Sardinian Action Party and several minor parties in Sardinia . In developing countries they include the Polisario Front in Western Sahara ( Morocco ), the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad in Azawad ( Mali ), the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda in the Cabinda Province ( Angola ), all national liberation movements and the Democratic Progressive Party in Taiwan (a country whose sovereignty

198-585: The Chinese often called this region Tian Shan Nan Lu (Chinese: 天山南路), meaning the area in Xinjiang  south of the Tian Shan Mountains. The term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") can also refer to Xinjiang as a whole in some sources, and the term was also sometimes used by Qing officials in English-language writings. It gradually lost popularity in the 20th century worldwide after

220-544: The European name of Chinese Turkestan (or Chinese Turkistan), similar to the name Russian Turkestan which was controlled by the Russian Empire and Afghan Turkestan in northern Afghanistan . The term “Chinese Turkestan” or “Chinese Turkistan” was commonly used by Europeans during the period of the Qing dynasty to specifically refer to the region (as a part of Chinese Tartary that was ruled by Qing China), while

242-506: The area of the Persian Gulf . This article about geography terminology is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Regionalism (politics) Regionalism is a political ideology that seeks to increase the political power , influence and self-determination of the people of one or more subnational regions . It focuses on the "development of a political or social system based on one or more" regions , and/or

SECTION 10

#1732772170039

264-612: The emergence of a regional identity . In Europe, regional identities are often derived from the Migration Period but for the contemporary era are also often related to the territorial transformations that followed World War I and those that followed the Cold War . Some regions are entirely invented, such as the Middle East , which was popularised in 1902 by a military strategist , Alfred Thayer Mahan , to refer to

286-597: The fall of the Qing dynasty, although it was still being used in various publications during the eras when the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China ruled the region. During the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang ( Dzungaria and Southern Xinjiang ) or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region , whereas others typically use

308-403: The governing bodies and political powers within a region, at the expense of a centralized government , will benefit local populations by improving regional or local economies, in terms of better fiscal responsibility , regional development , allocation of resources, implementation of localist policies and plans, competitiveness among regions and, ultimately, the whole country, consistent with

330-399: The name "Xinjiang" to refer to the autonomous region of China. As a result, the term "Chinese Turkestan" (or "Chinese Turkistan") has largely been replaced by other terms nowadays, although it retains a certain degree of relevance. Historical region The fundamental principle underlying this view is that older political and mental structures exist which exercise greater influence on

352-410: The national, normative, or economic interests of a specific region, group of regions or another subnational entity, gaining strength from or aiming to strengthen the "consciousness of and loyalty to a distinct region with a homogeneous population", similarly to nationalism . More specifically, "regionalism refers to three distinct elements: movements demanding territorial autonomy within unitary states;

374-796: The organization of the central state on a regional basis for the delivery of its policies including regional development policies; political decentralization and regional autonomy". Regions may be delineated by administrative divisions , culture , language and religion , among others. Regionalists' demands occur in "strong" forms (such as sovereigntism , separatism , sovereignty , secession and independence ), as well as more "moderate" campaigns for greater autonomy (such as states' rights , decentralization or devolution ). Strictly speaking, regionalists favour confederations over unitary nation states with strong central governments . They may, however, embrace intermediate forms of federalism . Proponents of regionalism usually claim that strengthening

396-640: The period of the Qing dynasty to denote the division of Turkestan into territories controlled by the Chinese and the Russians, with the latter controlling Russian Turkestan in the west. Eastern Central Asia was historically referred to as the Western Regions under the control of the Han dynasty and Tang dynasty of China. Over the course of the history the Turkic people Uzbeks and Uyghurs conquered

418-1103: The pre-existing nation state . In developed , Western , liberal-democratic countries, secessionist parties include the Parti Québécois in Quebec ( Canada ), the Scottish National Party and the Scottish Greens in Scotland ( United Kingdom ), Plaid Cymru in Wales (United Kingdom) and, to some extent, Sinn Féin in Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), the New Flemish Alliance and Vlaams Belang in Flanders ( Belgium ), Corsica Libera in Corsica ( France ),

440-617: The principle of subsidiarity . Regionalism, autonomism , separatism and nationalism are interrelated concepts, yet they often have different and sometimes opposite meanings. For instance, in Spain "regionalism" is regarded as strongly associated with "nationalism" and, often, "separatism", whereas in Italy , it is generally seen as a synonym of " federalism " and the opposite of "nationalism". In some cases movements or parties campaigning for independence may push for federalism or autonomy within

462-407: The spatial-social identity of individuals than is understood by the contemporary world, bound to and often blinded by its own worldview - e.g. the focus on the nation-state. Definitions of regions vary, and regions can include macroregions such as Europe , territories of traditional sovereign states or smaller microregional areas . Geographic proximity is generally the required precondition for

SECTION 20

#1732772170039

484-751: Was demonstrated, among other examples, in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. Political parties that are regional are not necessarily regionalist parties. A "regional party" is any political party with its political base in a single region, whatever its objectives and platform may be, whereas "regionalist" parties are a subset of regional parties that specifically campaign for greater autonomy or independence in their region. Because regional parties – including regionalist parties – often cannot receive enough votes or legislative seats to be politically powerful, they may join political alliances or seek to be part of

#38961