68-515: The Chirchiq or Chirchik ( Uzbek : Chirchiq, Чирчиқ , Russian : Чирчик ) is a river of Uzbekistan , a major right tributary of the Syr Darya . It is 155 kilometres (96 mi) in length and its basin has an area of 14,900 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi). The principal tributary is the Ugom (right). The river is formed at the confluence of the rivers Chatkal and Pskem , which form
136-461: A 1995 reform, and brought the orthography closer to that of Turkish and also of Turkmen , Karakalpak , Kazakh (2018 version) and Azerbaijani . In 2021, it was proposed to change "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" to "ş", "ç", "ō" and "ḡ". These proposals were not implemented. In the western Chinese region of Xinjiang , in northern Afghanistan and in Pakistan , where there is an Uzbek minority,
204-475: A Turkic language, Uzbek is null subject , agglutinative and has no noun classes (gender or otherwise). Although Uzbek has no definite articles , it has indefinite articles bir and bitta . The word order is subject–object–verb (SOV). In Uzbek, there are two main categories of words: nominals (equivalent to nouns, pronouns, adjectives and some adverbs) and verbals (equivalent to verbs and some adverbs). Plurals are formed by suffix -lar ـلر. Nouns take
272-614: A forceful de-Turkification campaign in Iran. The Mughal Empire was an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of the Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan . From 1526, the Mughals invaded Hindustan , from their initial base in Kabul, and they eventually ruled most of South Asia by the late 17th and the early 18th centuries until the mid-19th century. The emperors were descendants of
340-577: A highly Oghuz-influenced variety of Karluk. All three dialects continue to exist within modern spoken Uzbek. After the independence of Uzbekistan, the Uzbek government opted to reform Northern Uzbek by changing its alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin in an attempt to stimulate the growth of Uzbek in a new, independent state. However, the reform never went into full application, and As of 2024 both alphabets are widely used, from daily uses to government publications and TV news. Uzbek language hasn't eclipsed Russian in
408-418: A last name with the suffix "-zai") simply because they speak Dari and are assimilated into Tajiki culture in the country within a process known as " de-tribalization ". The Hazara ethnic group speak a dialect of Persian called Hazaragi. Possibly Hazaras used to speak their previous native language that contained more of their native Turkic and Mongolic words within the vocabulary (before Hazaragi). However over
476-591: Is a sociological process of cultural change in which a non- Persian society becomes " Persianate ", meaning it either directly adopts or becomes strongly influenced by the Persian language , culture , literature , art , music , and identity as well as other socio-cultural factors. It is a specific form of cultural assimilation that often includes a language shift . The term applies not only to cultures, but also to individuals, as they acclimate to Persian culture and become "Persianized" or "Persified". Historically,
544-597: Is an Eighth Schedule language , the status and cultural heritage of which are recognised by the Constitution of India , also having official status in certain Indian states and territories, such as Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand , Delhi , Telangana and West Bengal . Geographically, Pakistan lies at the intersection of the Iranian plateau and Indian subcontinent . Urdu , the national medium of Pakistan ,
612-598: Is an Indo-Iranian language that has been historically influenced by Persian . Various languages spoken in Pakistan from the Indo-Aryan language family as well as the Iranian language family have also been influenced by Persian, itself a Western Iranian language . The Pakistani national anthem, Qaumi Taranah , is written almost entirely in Persian. The name "Pakistan", with both Pak ( پاک , 'pure') and
680-546: Is expressed by adding -ma after the verb root, or with auxiliary verb emas . Examples: Koʻrmay(man) کورمهی(من) "(I) don't see" Koʻrmoqchi emas(man) کورماقچی ایمس(من) "(I) don't want to see" The particle yoʻq ـیوق is used to mark the absence or prohibition of a noun or action. The gerund is formed with the verb root + ish ـیش. Persianization Persianization ( / ˌ p ɜːr ʒ ə ˌ n aɪ ˈ z eɪ ʃ ə n / ) or Persification ( / ˌ p ɜːr s ɪ f ɪ ˈ k eɪ ʃ ə n / ; Persian : پارسیسازی ),
748-526: Is no longer used in Uzbekistan except symbolically in limited texts or for the academic studies of Chagatai (Old Uzbek) . In 2019, an updated version of the Uzbek Latin alphabet was revealed by the Uzbek government, with five letters being updated; it was proposed to represent the sounds "ts", "sh", "ch", "oʻ" and "gʻ" by the letters "c", "ş", "ç", "ó" and "ǵ", respectively. This would've reversed
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#1732802382635816-485: Is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots in the political upheavals of the nineteenth century and the disintegration immediately following the Constitutional revolution of 1905–9. It was during this period that Iranism gradually took shape as a defensive discourse for constructing a bounded territorial entity – the "pure Iran" standing against all others. Consequently, over time there emerged among
884-413: Is taught in more than fifty higher education institutions around the world. Historically, the language under the name Uzbek referred to a totally different language of Kipchak origin. The language was generally similar to the neighbouring Kazakh , more or less identical lexically, phonetically and grammatically. It was dissimilar to the area's indigenous and native language, known as Turki , until it
952-493: The -ni ـنی suffix as a definite article; unsuffixed nouns are understood as indefinite. The dative case ending -ga ـگه changes to -ka ـکه when the noun ends in -k ـک, -g ـگ, or -qa ـقه when the noun ends in -q ـق, -gʻ ـغ (notice *tog‘qa → toqqa تاغقَّه). The possessive suffixes change the final consonants -k ـک and -q ـق to voiced -g ـگ and -gʻ ـغ, respectively ( yurak → yura g im یورک - یورگیم). Unlike neighbouring Turkmen and Kazakh languages, due to
1020-777: The Karluk or "Southeastern" branch of Turkic. External influences on Uzbek include Arabic , Persian , and Russian . One of the most noticeable distinctions of Uzbek from other Turkic languages is the rounding of the vowel / ɑ / to / ɒ / under the influence of Persian . Unlike other Turkic languages, vowel harmony is almost completely lost in modern Standard Uzbek, though it is still observed to some degree in its dialects, as well as in Uyghur. Different dialects of Uzbek show varying degrees of influence from other languages such as Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic (for example, in grammar) as well as Persian (in phonology), which gives literary Uzbek
1088-473: The Lake Charvak reservoir. It flows through about 30 km of canyon in the upper reaches. Below, the valley widens and eventually joins the Syr Darya . There are several dams on the river which serve both for electricity generation and irrigation. All main canals of Tashkent , such as Bozsu, Anhor , Salar, and Burijar are fed by the water from Chirchik. The river flows through or in close proximity to
1156-473: The Mughal Empire ). Chagatai contained large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords . By the 19th century, it was rarely used for literary composition and disappeared only in the early 20th century. Muhammad Shaybani ( c. 1451 – 2 December 1510), the first Khan of Bukhara , wrote poetry under the pseudonym "Shibani". A collection of Chagatai poems by Muhammad Shaybani is currently kept in
1224-570: The Osh Region of Kyrgyzstan (and mothertongue of the city Osh ), like the rest of Eastern, Southern and South-Eastern Kyrgyzstan ( Jalal-Abad Region ), the ethnic Kyrgyzes are, too, exposed to Uzbek, and some speak it fluently. This is a common situation in the rest of Central Asian republics, including: the Turkistan region of Kazakhstan , northern Daşoguz Welaýat of Turkmenistan , Sughd region and other regions of Tajikistan . This puts
1292-624: The Pahlavi script on the coinage was replaced with Arabic. The Abbasids , after 750, established their capital in what is now Iraq , eventually at Baghdad . A shift in orientation toward the east is discernible, which was encouraged by increased receptiveness to Persian cultural influence and the roots of the Abbasid revolution in Khorasan , now in Afghanistan A proverb complained about
1360-716: The Pashtuns and the Baloch people in western Pakistan has solidified Persianate culture in the country; this presence was further boosted following the influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan as a consequence of the Afghanistan conflict . In March 2007, the Tajik President , Emomali Rahmon changed his surname from Rakhmonov to Rahmon , getting rid of the Russian "-ov" ending . and removed his patronymic of Sharipovich out of respect for Tajik culture . Following
1428-550: The Tajiks , who are Persian speakers. While Pashtuns dominated the country since they constitute the majority of the population of Afghanistan, Persian culture still permeated. In the early history of Afghanistan as an independent country, many Pashtuns moved into urbanized areas and adopted Dari as their language. As a result, many ethnic Pashtuns in Afghanistan identify themselves as Tajiks but still have Pashtun names (such as
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#17328023826351496-649: The Timurids who had embraced Persian culture , converted to Islam and resided in Turkestan , and they were the ones responsible for the spread of Persian and Islamic culture to Central Asia . At the height of their power around 1700, they controlled most of the Indian Subcontinent and Afghanistan and spread Persian culture throughout, just as their predecessors the Turkic Ghaznavids and
1564-702: The Topkapı Palace Museum manuscript collection in Istanbul . The manuscript of his philosophical and religious work, Bahr al-Khudā , written in 1508, is located in London. Shaybani's nephew Ubaydullah Khan (1486-1540) skillfully recited the Quran and provided it with commentaries in Chagatai. Ubaydulla himself wrote poetry in Chagatai, Classical Persian, and Arabic under the literary pseudonym Ubaydiy. For
1632-524: The Turkic -speaking lands of Iran, the Caucasus and Central Asia . The ultimate purpose of persuading these populations to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was the latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis, which contrary to Pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become the strongest advocates of
1700-575: The 1930s with the aim of Persianization of the Azeris and other minorities appeared to take a leaf from the writings of the reformist-minded intellectuals in the previous decade. In the quest of imposing national homogeneity on the country where half of the population consisted of ethnic minorities, the Pahlavi regime issued in quick succession bans on the use of Azeri on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies, and, finally, in
1768-483: The Afghanistan Constitution cited Dari as one of its two official languages alongside Pashto . Although the latter is the designated national language, Dari remains the lingua franca . There are modern initiatives that attempt to "Pashto-ize" all governmental communication. Since Dari is the language of the bureaucracy, Persian-speaking Afghans dominated it. Persianization is especially seen in
1836-825: The Arabic-based script is still used. In the early 21st century, in Afghanistan, standardization, publication of dictionaries, and an increase in usage (for example in News agencies' website, such as that of the BBC ) has been taking place. Words are usually oxytones (i.e. the last syllable is stressed), but certain endings and suffixal particles are not stressed. Consonants in brackets are only attested in loanwords. Standard Uzbek has six vowel phonemes. Uzbek language has many dialects: contrary to many Turkic languages, Standard Uzbek no longer has vowel harmony , but other dialects (Kipchak Uzbek and Oghuz Uzbek) retain vowel harmony. As
1904-476: The Constitutional movement romantic nationalism was adopted by the Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the irredentist policies threatening the country's territorial integrity. In their view, assuring territorial integrity was a necessary first step on the road to establishing the rule of law in society and a competent modern state which would safeguard collective as well as individual rights. It
1972-495: The Kazakh scholar Serali Lapin , who lived at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, "there is no special Sart language different from Uzbek. Russian researchers of the second half of the 19th century, like L. N. Sobolev, believed that "Sart is not a special tribe, as many tried to prove. Sart is indifferently called both Uzbek and Tajik, who live in the city and are engaged in trade. In Khanate of Khiva , Sarts spoke
2040-738: The Middle East at the beginning of the twentieth century was the collapse of the Ottoman and the Russian empires. The idea of a greater homeland for all Turks was propagated by pan-Turkism, which was adopted almost at once as a main ideological pillar by the Committee of Union and Progress and somewhat later by other political caucuses in what remained of the Ottoman Empire. On the eve of World War I, pan-Turkist propaganda focused chiefly on
2108-870: The Persianization of morals by Turks. Two major powers in West Asia rose, the Persian Safavids and Ottoman Turks. The Safavids reasserted Persian culture and hegemony over South Caucasus , Eastern Anatolia , Mesopotamia and other regions. Many khans, begs and other rulers adopted Persian customs and clothing and patronized Persian culture. They founded the city of Derbent in the North Caucasus (now in Dagestan , Russia ). Many ethnic peoples adopted many aspects of Persian culture and contributed to their persianization. In modern times,
Chirchiq (river) - Misplaced Pages Continue
2176-599: The Persians. .... In the middle of April 1918, the Ottoman army invaded Azerbaijan for the second time. ... Contrary to their expectations, however, the Ottomans did not achieve impressive success in Azerbaijan. Although the province remained under quasi-occupation by Ottoman troops for months, attempting to win endorsement for pan-Turkism ended in failure. ... The most important political development affecting
2244-541: The Russian Federation. According to Russian government statistics, 4.5 million workers from Uzbekistan, 2.4 million from Tajikistan , and 920,000 from Kyrgyzstan were working in Russia in 2021, with around 5 million being ethnic Uzbeks. Estimates of the number of native speakers of Uzbek vary widely, from 35 up to 40 million. Ethnologue estimates put the number of native speakers at 35 million across all
2312-612: The Turkic-speaking peoples of the southern Caucasus, in Iranian Azerbaijan and Turkistan in Central Asia, with the ultimate purpose of persuading them all to secede from the larger political entities to which they belonged and to join the new pan-Turkic homeland. It was this latter appeal to Iranian Azerbaijanis which, contrary to pan-Turkist intentions, caused a small group of Azerbaijani intellectuals to become
2380-551: The Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate had done. In general, from its earliest days, Persian culture and language was spread in South Asia by various Persianised Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. Babur , the founder of the Mughal Empire , identified his lineage as Timurid and Chagatai Turkic , and his origin, milieu, training and culture were Persian culture. He was largely responsible for
2448-408: The Uzbek political elite of the 16th century, Chagatai was their native language. For example, the leader of the semi-nomadic Uzbeks, Sheibani Khan (1451–1510), wrote poems in Chagatai. The poet Turdiy (17th century) in his poems called for the unification of the divided Uzbek tribes: "Although our people are divided, but these are all Uzbeks of ninety-two tribes. We have different names – we all have
2516-517: The case of the " Kabulis ", the long-established families from Kabul (usually Pashtuns completely immersed in Persian culture). Persianization is also reinforced by the incidence of urbanization in the country, which influenced the characteristics of the ethnic groups of Afghanistan . The two most significant ethnic groups in Afghanistan are the Pashtuns, who are speakers of the Pashto language, and
2584-483: The cities Xoʻjakent , Gʻazalkent , Chirchiq , Tashkent , Yangiyoʻl , and Chinoz . A number of hydroelectric dams are built along the river. This article related to a river in Uzbekistan is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Uzbek language Uzbek is a Karluk Turkic language spoken by Uzbeks . It is the official and national language of Uzbekistan and formally succeeded Chagatai , an earlier Karluk language also known as Turki , as
2652-468: The country's intelligentsia a political xenophobia which contributed to the formation of Iranian defensive nationalism. It is noteworthy that, contrary to what one might expect, many of the leading agents of the construction of an Iranian bounded territorial entity came from non Persian-speaking ethnic minorities, and the foremost were the Azerbaijanis, rather than the nation's titular ethnic group,
2720-577: The course of centuries, as the native language got extinct (just like some of the other Turkic and Mongolic languages that got extinct), the Hazaras adopted Hazaragi, a dialect of the Persian language, hence the result of Persianization. There are many Turkic and Mongolic words still preserved and used in the Hazaragi vocabulary. Medieval India during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire
2788-400: The court mannerisms. Arab provincial governors were either persianized Arameans or ethnic Persians; certainly, Persian remained the language of official business of the caliphate until the adoption of Arabic toward the end of the 7th century, when, in 692, minting began at the caliphal capital, Damascus . The new Islamic coins evolved from imitations of Sasanian and Byzantine coins, and
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2856-561: The eastern variant is Uyghur. Karluk is classified as a dialect continuum . Northern Uzbek was determined to be the most suitable variety to be understood by the most number of speakers of all Turkic languages despite it being heavily Persianized , excluding the Siberian Turkic languages . A high degree of mutual intelligibility found between certain specific Turkic languages has allowed Uzbek speakers to more easily comprehend various other distantly related languages. Uzbek, being
2924-579: The first recorded episode of persianization dates back to Alexander the Great , who, after conquering the Persian Empire in the 4th century BCE, adopted Persian dress, customs and court mannerisms; married a Persian princess, Stateira II and made subjects cast themselves on their faces when approaching him, in Persian-style, known to Greeks as the custom of proskynesis , a symbolic kissing of
2992-595: The fostering of the culture by his descendants and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian Subcontinent (and Afghanistan), with brilliant literary, artistic and historiographical results. Many works of art such as the Taj Mahal , Humayun's Tomb and the Badshahi Mosque are of Persian Islamic architecture, with Persian names. Persian was the official language of the Mughal courts. By 1964,
3060-620: The government sector since Russian is used widely in sciences, politics, and by the upper class of the country. However, the Uzbek internet, including Uzbek Misplaced Pages , is growing rapidly. Uzbek has been written in a variety of scripts throughout history: Despite the official status of the Latin script in Uzbekistan, the use of Cyrillic is still widespread, especially in advertisements and signs. In newspapers, scripts may be mixed, with headlines in Latin and articles in Cyrillic. The Arabic script
3128-580: The hand that Persians paid to their social superiors. Persian dress and practices were also observed by Peucestas , who was later made satrap of Persis , where he conciliated the favour of the Persians to his rule in exchange for those of the Macedonians. After the fall of the Sasanian dynasty in 651, the Umayyad Arabs adopted many of the Persian customs, especially the administrative and
3196-524: The impression of being a mixed language. In February 2021, the Uzbek government announced that Uzbekistan plans to fully transition the Uzbek language from the Cyrillic script to a Latin -based alphabet by 1 January 2023. Similar deadlines had been extended several times. As of 2024, most institutions still use both alphabets. Uzbek is the western member of the Karluk languages, a subgroup of Turkic;
3264-656: The literary language of Uzbekistan in the 1920s. Uzbek is spoken as either a native or second language by around 32 million people around the world, making it the second-most widely spoken Turkic language after Turkish . There are two major variants of the Uzbek language: Northern Uzbek, or simply "Uzbek", spoken in Uzbekistan , Kyrgyzstan , Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan and China ; and Southern Uzbek , spoken in Afghanistan and Pakistan . Both Northern and Southern Uzbek are divided into many dialects. Uzbek and Uyghur are sister languages and they constitute
3332-958: The loss of "pronominal -n- " there is no irregularity in forming cases after possessive cases ( uyida "in his/her/its house", as opposed to Turkmen öýü n de , though saying uyi n da اویینده is also correct but such style is mainly used in literary contexts). Uzbek verbs are also inflected for number and person of the subject, and it has more periphrases . Uzbek uses some of the inflectional (simple) verbal tenses: -(a)ylik (biz) ـهیلیک (بیز) -∅ (sen) ـ (سین) -(i)ng (siz) ـینگ (سیز) -(i)nglar (sizlar) ـینگلر (سیزلر) -sin (u) ـسین (او) -sinlar (ular) ـسینلر (اولر) koʻr aylik ! کورهیلیک (1st person plural) koʻr ! کور (2nd person informal singular) koʻr ing ! کورینگ (2nd person formal singular/plural) koʻr inglar ! کورینگلر (2nd person formal plural) koʻr sin ! کورسین (3rd person singular) koʻr sinlar ! کورسینلر (3rd person plural) Vowels marked with parentheses in
3400-455: The most vociferous advocates of Iran's territorial integrity and sovereignty. If in Europe 'romantic nationalism responded to the damage likely to be caused by modernism by providing a new and larger sense of belonging, an all-encompassing totality, which brought about new social ties, identity and meaning, and a new sense of history from one's origin on to an illustrious future',(42) in Iran after
3468-539: The most widely spoken indigenous language in Central Asia , is as well spoken by smaller ethnic groups in Uzbekistan and in neighbouring countries. The language is spoken by other ethnic groups outside Uzbekistan. The popularity of Uzbek media , including Uzbekfilm and RizanovaUz, has spread among the Post-soviet states , particularly in Central Asia in recent years. Since Uzbek is the dominant language in
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#17328023826353536-476: The move, a large number governments officials and civil servants Tajikified their own names. In April 2016, this practice became officially mandated by law. As far as Iran is concerned, it is widely argued that Iranian nationalism was born as a state ideology in the Reza Shah era, based on philological nationalism and as a result of his innovative success in creating a modern nation-state in Iran. However, what
3604-505: The number of L2 speakers of Uzbek at a varying 1–5 million speakers. The Uzbek language has a special status in countries that are common destination for immigration for Uzbekistani citizens. Other than Uzbekistan and other Central Asian Republics , the ethnic Uzbeks most commonly choose the Russian Federation in search of work. Most of them however, are seasonal workers, whose numbers vary greatly among residency within
3672-568: The place-name suffix of -stan , are drawn directly from the Persian language. These modern linguistic developments are rooted primarily in the rule of various Indo-Islamic dynasties on the Indian subcontinent , most notably the Mughals , who established Persian and later Urdu as official and court languages across the region during the British India era as well as after the partition of India . The presence of Iranian peoples such as
3740-502: The publication of books. Azeri was reduced to the status of a language that only could be spoken and hardly ever written. As the Persianization campaign gained momentum, it drew inspiration from the revivalist spirit of Zoroastrian national glories. There followed even more invasive official practices, such as changing Turkic-sounding geographic names and interference with giving children names other than Persian ones. While cultivating cordial relations with Kemalist Turkey, Reza Shah carried on
3808-495: The recognized dialects. The Swedish national encyclopedia, Nationalencyklopedin , estimates the number of native speakers to be 38 million, and the CIA World Factbook estimates 30 million. Other sources estimate the number of speakers of Uzbek to be 34 million in Uzbekistan, 4.5 million in Afghanistan, 1,630,000 in Pakistan, 1,500,000 in Tajikistan, about 1 million in Kyrgyzstan, 600,000 in Kazakhstan, 600,000 in Turkmenistan, and 300,000 in Russia. The Uzbek language
3876-411: The region was that of the Kara-Khanid Khanate from the 9th–12th centuries, a confederation of Karluks , Chigils , Yagma , and other tribes. Uzbek (along with Uyghur) can be considered the direct descendant of Chagatai, the language of great Turkic Central Asian literary development in the realm of Chagatai Khan , Timur (Tamerlane), and the Timurid dynasty (including the early Mughal rulers of
3944-534: The same blood. We are one people, and we should have one law. Floors, sleeves and collars – it's all – one robe, So the Uzbek people are united, may they be in peace." Sufi Allayar (1633–1721) was an outstanding theologian and one of the Sufi leaders of the Khanate of Bukhara. He showed his level of knowledge by writing a book called Sebâtü'l-Âcizîn . Sufi Allayar was often read and highly appreciated in Central Asia. The term Uzbek as applied to language has meant different things at different times. According to
4012-422: The suffixes are dropped if the verb root already ends on a vowel. (e.g. Qara قره + (i)ng ـینگ = Qarang! قرهنگ; "Look!" ) Third person plural is commonly replaced by third person singular. In the simple past and conditional tenses, the possessive suffixes are used at the end of the verb. Otherwise, the full pronoun suffix is used, except in the imperative. The third person is usually not marked. Negative
4080-436: The term is often used in connection with non-Persian speakers like the Azeris and the Kurds . It has been argued that modern Iranian nationalism was established during the Pahlavi era and was based on the aim of forming a modern nation-state . What is often neglected is that Iranian nationalism has its roots before the Pahlavi, in the early 20th century. On the eve of World War I , Pan-Turkist propaganda focused on
4148-405: The term was commonly applied to refer to changes in the cultures of non- Iranian peoples living within the Persian cultural sphere , particularly during the early and middle Islamic periods , such as Arabs and various Caucasian (such as Georgian , Armenian and Dagestani ) and Turkic peoples , including the Seljuks , the Ottomans , and the Ghaznavids . The term has also been applied to
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#17328023826354216-553: The territorial integrity of Iran. After the constitutional revolution in Iran, a romantic nationalism was adopted by Azerbaijani Democrats as a reaction to the pan-Turkist irredentist policies emanating from modern Turkey and threatening Iran's territorial integrity. It was during this period that Iranism and linguistic homogenization policies were proposed as a defensive nature against all others. Contrary to what one might expect, foremost among innovating this defensive nationalism were Iranian Azerbaijanis. They viewed that assuring
4284-405: The territorial integrity of the country was the first step in building a society based on law and modern state. Through this framework, their political loyalty outweighed their ethnic and regional affiliations. The adoptions of this integrationist policies paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. According to Tadeusz Świętochowski , in 1930s, the term
4352-408: The transmission of aspects of Persian culture, including language, to the non-Persian peoples in the regions surrounding the Iranian plateau (also known as Persia ), such as Anatolia and the Indian subcontinent . Unlike the Ancient Greeks and the Roman Empire , the ancient Persian Achaemenid Empire was not concerned with spreading its culture to the many peoples that it conquered. Arguably,
4420-467: Was changed to Chagatai by western scholars due to its origins from the Chagatai Khanate . The ethnonym of the language itself now means "a language spoken by the Uzbeks ." Turkic speakers probably settled the Amu Darya , Syr Darya and Zarafshon river basins from at least 600–650 AD, gradually ousting or assimilating the speakers of the Eastern Iranian languages who previously inhabited Sogdia , Bactria and Khwarazm . The first Turkic dynasty in
4488-439: Was heavily influenced by the Persian language and culture. The resulting Indo-Persian culture produced poets, such as Amir Khusrau . The influence of Persian on Old Hindi led to the development of the Hindustani language , which further developed into the present-day standardized varieties of Hindi and Urdu . Hindi is the official language of India alongside English and the lingua franca of North India . Urdu
4556-408: Was used to describe the official policy pursued by Reza Shah Pahlavi to assimilate the ethnic minorities in Iran (Iranians as well as Non-Iranians). In particular, within this policy the Azerbaijani language was banned for use on the premises of schools, in theatrical performances, religious ceremonies and in the publication of books. Swietochowski writes: The steps that the Teheran regime took in
4624-424: Was within this context that their political loyalty outweighed their other ethnic or regional affinities. The failure of the Democrats in the arena of Iranian politics after the Constitutional movement and the start of modern state-building paved the way for the emergence of the titular ethnic group's cultural nationalism. Whereas the adoption of integrationist policies preserved Iran's geographic integrity and provided
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