The Marañón River basin, at a low point in the Andes which made it an attractive location for trade between the Inca Empire and the Amazon basin , once harbored numerous languages which have been poorly attested or not attested at all. Those of the middle reaches of the river, above the Amazon basin, were replaced in historical times by Aguaruna , a Jivaroan language from the Amazon which is still spoken there. The languages further upriver are difficult to identify, due to lack of data. The region was multilingual at the time of the Conquest, and the people largely switched to Spanish rather than to Quechua, though Quechua also expanded during Colonial times.
17-621: For the extinct language, see Chirino language . See also: Chirinos Chirino is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: José Leonardo Chirino (1754–1796), revolutionary Martín Chirino (1925–2019), Spanish sculptor Pedro Chirino (1557–1635), Spanish historian and Jesuit missionary Rogelio Chirino (born 1946), Cuban sprint canoeist Willy Chirino (born 1947), American singer Pedro Almíndez Chirino , Spanish conquistador See also [ edit ] Chirinos [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
34-653: A family of indigenous American languages which were spoken in Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia . Two Chon languages are well attested: Selk'nam (or Ona), spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory in the northeast of Tierra del Fuego; and Tehuelche spoken by the people of the same name who occupied territory north of Tierra del Fuego. The name 'Chon', or Tshon , is a blend of 'Tehuelche' and 'Ona'. The Selk'nam people were widely studied by anthropologists such as Martin Gusinde and Anne Chapman throughout
51-465: A final syllable -pud and onsets mwe-, pwe-, bwe- . Those suggest that they may have been related, and possibly were all Barbacoan. Adelaar (2004:397) finds this more likely than a proposal that Puruhá and Cañar were Chimuan languages (see). In Peru , and further up in the Andes there were also numerous languages. Apart from Mochica and Cholón , the languages of northern Peru are largely unrecorded;
68-531: A wider area of northern Peru. This may be the Cholón word for water; the place name Salcot or Zalcot is found three times in Cajamarca, as well as being the name of a Cholón village meaning 'black water'. Four words are attested from Capallén ( Copallín ): quiet [kjet] 'water', chumac 'maize', olaman 'firewood', ismare 'house'. The word for water resembles the toponymic element -cat . However, this
85-526: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Chirino language In Ecuador , at the province of Loja , were Palta , Malacato , Rabona , Bolona , and Xiroa . Historical sources suggest these were closely related, and there is some evidence that Palta (see) was a Jivaroan language . The name Xiroa may be a variant of Jivaro . Rabona is attested by a few words, some of which seem to be Jivaroan, but others of which appear to be Candoshí ; since these are plant names, they say little about
102-415: Is insufficient to identify Copallén as a Cholón language. It was spoken in villages of Llanque, Las Lomas, and Copallen, department of Cajamarca . Five words are recorded: yema 'water', moa 'maize', oyme 'firewood', lalaque [lalake] 'fire', tie 'house'. These do not correspond to any known language or family, so Tabancale (Tabancal) is unclassified and potentially a language isolate . It
119-835: The Chachapoya culture . The Chachapoya, originally from the region of Kuelap to the east of the Marañón, were conquered by the Inca shortly before the Spanish conquest, and many were deported after the Inca Civil War. They sided with the Spanish and achieved independence for a time, but were then deported again by the Spanish, where most died of introduced disease. Their language is essentially unattested apart from toponyms and several hundred family names. Family names are mostly short and have been distorted through adaptation to Quechua;
136-513: The Chillao people , are recorded: unga 'water', umague [umaɡe] 'maize', chichache 'fire'. Connections have been suggested with Candoshí (the word for water is similar to that of Chinino) and Arawakan , but the evidence is insufficient. The following is a vocabulary table for Patagón, Bagua, Chacha, Copallén, Tabancale, Chirino, and Sácata combined from data given in the sections above: Chonan languages The Chonan languages are
153-411: The surname Chirino . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chirino&oldid=1056232744 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
170-580: The 20th century. However, their language went extinct in the 1970s. The northern Tehuelche were conquered and later assimilated by the Mapuche during the Araucanization of Patagonia . Some 1.7 million Mapuche continue to live in Chile and southwest Argentina. Further south they traded peacefully with y Wladfa , the colony of Welsh settlers . Some Tehuelche learnt Welsh and left their children with
187-495: The attested Marañón languages are Patagón ( Patagón de Perico ), Bagua ( Patagón de Bagua ), Chacha (Chachapoya), Copallén, Tabancale, Chirino, and Sácata (Chillao). Patagón ( Patagón de Perico , not to be confused with the Chonan languages of Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia ): Four words are recorded, tuná 'water', anás 'maize', viue 'firewood', coará 'sheep' (evidently the word for ' sloth '). These suggest that Patagón
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#1732783223890204-440: The classification of the language, and Adelaar (2004:397) leaves it unclassified. Bolona is essentially unattested. North of the basin were Puruhá (scarcely attested), Cañar (known primarily from characteristic place names), Panzaleo (sometimes classified as Paezan ), Caranqui (until the 18th century, seemingly Barbacoan), and Pasto (Barbacoan). Apart possibly from Panzaleo, these languages have elements in common, such as
221-571: The family the Teushen language —once spoken by the Teushen , located between the Tehuelche and Puelche —though it is poorly attested. Viegas Barros (2005) attempts to demonstrate that Puelche to the north is related to the Chon languages and would constitute one branch of an extended Chonan family. This proposal has been picked up by Lyle Campbell . Based on the scanty evidence that is available,
238-403: The only one which can be identified is Oc or Occ [ox] , which according to oral history means 'puma' or 'bear' (Adelaar 2004:407). Chachapoya toponyms ending in -gach(e), -gat(e), -gote are found near water. Between the town of Cajamarca and the Marañón river is a similar toponymic element, attested variously as -cat(e), -cot(e), -gat(e), -got(e) , with -cat found further across
255-403: The settlers for their education. A solid photographic record was made of this people. However, they were later nearly exterminated in the late 19th-century government-sponsored genocides of Patagonia. Of some 5000 speakers in 1900, as of 2005 there were about 20 speakers left. Tehuelche language is now extinct as of 2019. The Haush spoke a language similar to Ona. Some scholars also add to
272-510: Was one of the Cariban languages , and therefore, like Aguaruna, from the Amazon (Adelaar 2004:405–406). Bagua ( Patagón de Bagua ) is attested by three words, tuna 'water', lancho 'maize', nacxé 'come here'. Tuna 'water' suggests it may be a Cariban language, like Patagón de Perico, but is insufficient evidence for classification. Chacha is the name sometimes given to the language of
289-459: Was spoken in Aconipa, department of Cajamarca . The Chirino were one of the principal peoples of the area. Based on the four words which were recorded, yungo 'water', yugato 'maize', xumás 'firewood', paxquiro [paʃˈkiɾo] 'grass', their language would appear to be related to Candoshi (Torero 1993, Adelaar 2004:406). Three words of the language of Sácata (Zácata), apparently that of
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