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101-544: Chojnice was founded around 1205 in Gdańsk Pomerania (Pomeralia), a duchy ruled at the time by the Samborides , who had originally been appointed governors of the province by Bolesław III Wrymouth of Poland. Gdańsk Pomerania had been part of Poland since the 10th century, with few episodes of autonomy, yet under Swietopelk II , who came into power in 1217, it gained independence in 1227. The duchy extended roughly from

202-620: A Brandenburgian-Swedish force in the Battle of Prostken in Ducal Prussia . Gosiewski then ravaged Ducal Prussia, burning 13 towns and 250 villages, in a campaign that entered folklore because of the high death toll and the high number of captives deported to the Crimea . On 22 October, Gosiewski was defeated by Swedish forces in the Battle of Filipów and turned to Lithuania. Also on 22 October, besieged Dorpat surrendered to Alexis, while

303-582: A Livonian army of 2,200 infantry and 400 dragoons, Magnus de la Gardie 's 7,000 men in Prussia, and 6,933 men dispersed in garrisons along the Eastern Baltic coast. Alexis invaded Livonia in July with 35,000 men and took Dünaburg . In late July, Danzig was reinforced by a Dutch garrison, and a combined Danish and Dutch fleet broke the naval blockage imposed on Danzig by Charles X Gustav. On 28–30 July,

404-709: A Nazi activist - became a judge in Chojnice, and during his rule executions of the local population followed. On January 18, 1945, the Germans carried out a single large massacre in the Igły Valley, in which they murdered some 800 Poles. During the occupation, the Annunciation of Mary church was taken over by Protestants and its interior was devastated. The Pomeranian Griffin , Kashubian Griffin and Home Army Polish underground resistance organisations were active in

505-541: A Swedish force defeated a Russian army of 8,000 men commanded by Matvey V. Sheremetev in the Battle of Walk , however, a month later it was defeated by the Russians near Gdov , after that the actions were in the nature of mutual raids. In early 1658, Sweden and Russia agreed on a truce, resulting in the Treaty of Valiesar (Vallisaare, 1658) and the Treaty of Kardis (Kärde, 1661). The Russian war with Poland–Lithuania on

606-642: A Swedish-Brandenburgian army southwards. The following month saw the Swedish-Brandenburg-Transylvanian-Romanian-Cossack forces play cat and mouse with the Polish–Lithuanian forces, moving about all of the commonwealth without any major engagements, except the capture of Brest by Charles X Gustav in May, and the capture of Warsaw by Rákóczi and Gustaf Otto Stenbock on 17 June. Due to internal conflicts within

707-647: A combined Brandenburgian-Swedish army was able to defeat the Polish–Lithuanian army in the Battle of Warsaw , forcing John II Casimir to retreat to Lublin . In August, Alexis' army took Livonian Kokenhausen (Koknese), laid siege to Riga and Dorpat (Tartu) and raided Estonia, Ingria and Kexholm . On 4 October, John II Casimir stormed Łęczyca in Greater Poland before heading for Royal Prussia, and on 8 October, Wincenty Korwin Gosiewski with 12,000 to 13,000 Lithuanian and Crimean Tartar cavalry overran

808-490: A confederation led by the magnate and Polish–Lithuanian hetman Paweł Jan Sapieha at Wierzbołów . On 24 August, Charles X Gustav joined Wittenberg's forces. The Polish king John II Casimir left Warsaw the same month to confront the Swedish army in the west, but after some skirmishes with the Swedish vanguard retreated southwards to Kraków . On 8 September Charles X Gustav occupied Warsaw, then turned south to confront

909-432: A force of 14,500 Brandenburgers commanded by Frederick William , 10,600 Austrians commanded by Raimondo Montecuccoli , and 4,500 Poles commanded by Czarniecki. By January 1659, the allied forces stood at Fredriksodde , Kolding and Als . Charles X Gustav then tried a decisive assault on Copenhagen on 21 and 22 February, but was repelled. In 1659, the war was characterized by Swedish forces defending their strongholds on

1010-615: A force of 28,500 regulars and a noble levy of 18,000 to 20,000. Thereupon, Brandenburg actively participated in the war on the Swedish side, prompting John II Casimir Vasa to state that while his Tartars already had the Swedes for breakfast, he would now take Frederick William into custody, where neither sun nor moon would shine. Already in May 1656, Alexis of Russia had declared war on Sweden, taking advantage of Charles being tied up in Poland, and Livonia, Estonia and Ingria secured only by

1111-582: A fort in Swedish territory in 1651. Director-General Peter Stuyvesant named the outpost Fort Casimir after the Polish king, but it was captured and renamed Fort Trinity (Swedish: Trefaldigheten ) by Swedish governor Johan Risingh in May 1654. Following the outbreak of the Second Northern War in Europe, Stuyvesant retaliated. In the summer of 1655, he dispatched most of the colonial garrison to

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1212-669: A result of the Swedish invasion , however, it soon revived. In 1733–1744 the Baroque Jesuit Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built. A large fire destroyed the town again in 1742. After the first partition of Poland the town became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1772. The Prussians abolished the local government, which was restored in 1809. The cloth industry collapsed. The town

1313-687: A result of the Teutonic rule, in German terminology the name of Prussia was also extended to annexed Polish lands like Vistula/Eastern Pomerania, although it was never inhabited by Baltic Prussians but by the Slavic Poles. After the area was reintegrated with Poland in 1466 both names were in use: Pomerania was used when referring to the Pomeranian Voivodeship (Gdansk Pomerania) and Chełmno Voivodeship , while Royal Prussia

1414-400: Is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is " Cfb ". (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Chojniczanka Chojnice football club is based in the town. Chojnice is twinned with: Gda%C5%84sk Pomerania Gdańsk Pomerania ( Polish : Pomorze Gdańskie ; Kashubian : Gduńsczé Pòmòrzé ; German : Danziger Pommern ) is

1515-791: Is located in the medieval town walls and Człuchów Gate. The town also has a number of medieval and early modern buildings, including several churches. The most prominent churches are the Gothic Basilica of the Beheading of St. John the Baptist in Chojnice  [ pl ] and the Baroque Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Church in Chojnice  [ pl ] . Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there

1616-706: Is the Little Northern War, which however might also refer to the 1741–43 war. In Poland, the term "The Deluge" is also ambiguous, as it is sometimes used for a broader series of wars against Sweden , Brandenburg , Russia, Transylvania and the Cossacks . In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia had ended the Thirty Years' War , during which the Swedish Empire emerged as a major European power. In

1717-557: The Battle of Sandomierz at the cost of his artillery and baggage. A Swedish relief force under Frederick of Baden-Durlach was destroyed by Czarniecki on 7 April in the Battle of Warka . In the same month, John II Casimir with the Lwów Oath proclaimed Virgin Mary queen of Poland, and promised to lift the burdens inflicted on the peasantry if he regained control. On 25 June 1656, Charles X Gustav signed an alliance with Brandenburg:

1818-857: The Borowiacy speaking the Greater Polish dialects of Polish. The Kashubians are organized in the Kashubian-Pomeranian Association . Second Northern War The Northern War of 1655–1660, also known as the Second Northern War , First Northern War or Little Northern War , was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), the Tsardom of Russia ( 1656–58 ), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60),

1919-677: The Cossacks there was practically no participation of the Cossack Hetmanate in that war. Worn out from previous campaigns and requesting Bohdan Khmelnytsky to break with Sweden, Alexis of Russia eventually signed the Truce of Vilna or Niemież with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and did not engage the Swedish army in any major battle throughout 1657 even though he still reinforced his armies in Livonia. On 18 June,

2020-607: The Duchy of Prussia , formerly a Polish fief, as a fief from Charles X Gustav. The Brandenburgian garrisons in Royal Prussia were withdrawn, and when Marienburg (Malbork) surrendered in March, Danzig remained the only town not under Swedish control. The rapid Swedish invasion and occupation of the Polish–Lithuanian territories became known in Poland as the " (Swedish) deluge ." The "deluge" and religious differences between

2121-651: The Dutch Republic had agreed on a petition in the First Concert of the Hague , urging Sweden to settle for peace with Denmark on the terms of Roskilde, and peace talks mediated by France were taking place throughout 1659. The colony of New Sweden lay along the Delaware River , a territory claimed but not settled by Dutch New Netherland . The Swedish colonists were the preferred trading partners of

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2222-620: The Gazeta Chojnicka , the first Polish language newspaper, appeared in the town. Chojnice experienced the heaviest Germanisation in Gdańsk Pomerania. After the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles had become effective in 1920, Chojnice together with 62% of the former province of West Prussia was re-integrated into the Second Polish Republic , which regained independence in 1918, and Polish troops entered

2323-565: The Habsburg monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway ( 1657–58 and 1658–60 ). The Dutch Republic waged an informal trade war against Sweden and seized the colony of New Sweden in 1655, but was not a recognized part of the Polish–Danish alliance. In 1655, Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was already occupied by Russia . The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as

2424-471: The Kashubia , Kociewie and Tuchola Forest regions. The Lębork and Bytów Land is considered by the Polish historiography a part of Kashubia (and thus Gdańsk Pomerania), while German historiography tends to treat it as a part of Farther Pomerania . Gdańsk Pomerania has been inhabited by ethnic Kashubians , Kociewians and Borowians, respectively. A small portion of Gdańsk Pomerania in the eastern part of

2525-553: The Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War , in 1410, the town was briefly occupied by Polish troops. In 1440 the town joined the Prussian Confederation , which opposed Teutonic rule, however, it later left the organisation. In 1454 King Casimir IV Jagiellon re-incorporated the territory to the Kingdom of Poland , and the townspeople overthrew the pro-Teutonic town council in attempt to join Poland, however

2626-635: The Russian siege of Swedish-held Riga was lifted . John II Casimir meanwhile took Bromberg (Bydgoszcz) and Konitz in Royal Prussia, and from 15 November 1656 until February 1657 stayed in Danzig , where a Swedish siege had to be lifted due to Dutch intervention , just 55 kilometers away from Charles X Gustav's quarters in Elbing . In the Treaty of Labiau on 20 November, Charles X Gustav of Sweden granted Frederick William of Brandenburg full sovereignty in

2727-794: The Susquehannock , who at that time were the most powerful indigenous group in the Susquehanna River valley and rivals to the Iroquois Confederacy further north. The Iroquois in turn were allies of the Dutch. The Dutch–Polish alliance in Europe left its mark in New Netherland. Among the small Polish community in New Amsterdam was Daniel Liczko , a military officer who took part in an expedition to erect

2828-577: The Swedish throne, Russian forces were advancing into the unprotected Commonwealth , and by focusing on the northeast these drew close to the Swedish sphere of interest at the Baltic coast . Seeing the great success on the Russian side, Sweden also decided to intervene, among other reasons using the explanation that it was to protect the Protestant population in Poland. Having a close relationship with

2929-657: The Swedish Deluge . The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a Swedish protectorate , the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa fled to the Habsburgs . Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia initially supported the estates in Royal Prussia , but allied with Sweden in return for receiving the Duchy of Prussia as a Swedish fief. Exploiting

3030-858: The Teutonic Knights took over the town, and Chojnice became part of the State of the Teutonic Order . Under Winrich von Kniprode the defensive capabilities and inner structures of the town were improved considerably. Around the middle of the 14th century the stone church of St. John was built. At the same time the Augustinians from the town of Stargard in Pomerania settled in the town; they opened their monastery in 1365. Textile production flourished, and between 1417 and 1436 Konitz became an important centre for textile production. During

3131-479: The Torstenson War while Sweden was busy elsewhere. Brandenburg left the alliance with Sweden when granted full sovereignty in the Duchy of Prussia by the Polish king in the treaties of Wehlau and Bromberg . Frederick III's war on Sweden gave Charles X Gustav a reason to abandon the Polish–Lithuanian deadlock and fight Denmark instead. After marching his army to the west and making a dangerous crossing of

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3232-645: The Torstenson War , a theater of the Thirty Years' War, Sweden had defeated the former Baltic great power Denmark-Norway. Sweden had been at peace with Russia since the Treaty of Stolbovo had ended the Ingrian War in 1617. Sweden had remained in a state of war with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth since the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29) , which was concluded by the repeatedly renewed truce ( Altmark , Stuhmsdorf ). In 1651, an unsuccessful congress

3333-411: The Treaty of Cardis in 1661. In English language, German, Russian and Scandinavian historiography, these conflicts were traditionally referred to as First Northern War . The term "Second Northern War", coined in Polish historiography ( Druga Wojna Północna ), has lately been increasingly adopted by German and English language historiography. Another ambiguous term referring to the Second Northern War

3434-593: The Treaty of Kėdainiai with Sweden on 17 August 1655, placing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania under Swedish protection. Though Radziwiłł had been negotiating with Sweden before, during his dispute with the Polish king, Kėdainiai provided a clause stipulating that the two parts of the Commonwealth, Poland and Lithuania, need not fight each other. Part of the Lithuanian army opposed the treaty however, forming

3535-531: The Treaty of Marienburg granted Greater Poland to Frederick William in return for military aid. While the Brandenburgian elector was free of Swedish vassalage in Greater Poland, he remained a Swedish vassal for the Duchy of Prussia . Brandenburgian garrisons then replaced the Swedish ones in Greater Poland, who went to reinforce Charles X Gustav's army. On 29 June however, Warsaw was stormed by John II Casimir , who had drawn up to Charles X Gustav with

3636-516: The Treaty of Oliva with Poland–Lithuania, the Habsburgs and Brandenburg in April and the Treaty of Copenhagen with Denmark in May. Sweden was to keep most of her gains from Roskilde, the Duchy of Prussia became a sovereign state, and otherwise, the parties largely returned to the status quo ante bellum. Sweden had already concluded a truce with Russia in 1658, which gave way to a final settlement in

3737-406: The Vistula Spit around the abandoned village of Polski is now part of the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia . In Polish language, the area was called Pomorze ('Pomerania') since the Middle Ages . In the early 14th century the Teutonic Knights invaded and annexed the region from Poland into their monastic state , which already included historical Prussia , located east of the region. As

3838-400: The liberum veto since 1652. As a consequence, the Commonwealth lacked a sufficient defense. In January 1654, the anti-Polish alliance of Pereiaslav was concluded between the rebellious Cossack Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Alexis of Russia , who was in control of a well-equipped army that was undergoing modernization. In 1654, when Charles X Gustav succeeded his cousin Christina on

3939-437: The " snaphaner " led by Lorenz Tuxen and Svend Poulsen (" Gøngehøvdingen ") ambushed Swedish forces. The Swedish garrison of Bornholm was forced to surrender to Danish insurgents, with the commander killed. In Royal Prussia (Eastern Pomerania in contemporary Poland), Thorn had fallen already in December 1658, but Elbing and Marienwerder withstood. On 24 November, Sweden had to abandon Funen and Langeland after

4040-534: The Americas until the acquisition of Saint Barthélemy from France in 1784. On 15 September, while the bulk of the Dutch garrison was still in New Sweden, 500 Munsee occupied New Amsterdam in what in known as the Peach War . No bloodshed occurred until the Dutch opened fire as the Munsee were preparing to depart. In response the Munsee attacked Pavonia and Staten Island . Stuyvesant later reported 40 deaths and 100 captives taken. Many Dutch settlers from outlying farms took refuge at Fort Amsterdam . The cause of

4141-459: The Delaware River and led a squadron of ships to attack New Sweden. The Dutch recaptured Fort Trinity on 11 September and besieged the Swedish capital at Fort Christina for ten days before Risingh surrendered on 15 September. This effectively marked the end of New Sweden, but for a time the Swedish and Finnish settlers continued to enjoy local autonomy with their own militia, religion, court and lands. Sweden had no further territorial presence in

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4242-438: The Duchy of Prussia in return for military aid, and in the Treaty of Radnot allied himself with the Transylvanian George II Rákóczi who invaded Poland–Lithuania from the southeast. John II Vasa found an ally in Leopold I of Habsburg , whose armies crossed into Poland–Lithuania from the southwest. This triggered Frederick III of Denmark 's invasion of the Swedish mainland in early 1657, in an attempt to settle old scores from

4343-508: The Duchy of Prussia in return for a more active participation in the war. In the Treaty of Radnot on 6 December, Charles X Gustav promised to accept George II Rákóczi of Transylvania as king of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania in return for his entrance into the war. Rákóczi entered the war in January 1657, crossing into the commonwealth with a force of 25,000 Transylvanian-Wallachian-Moldavian men and 20,000 Cossacks who reinforced Kraków before they met with Charles X Gustav, who had led

4444-421: The German police as part of the Intelligenzaktion , an action against the Polish intelligentsia . In total, by January 1940 900 Poles and Jews from Chojnice and its surrounding villages were killed, including parliamentarians, teachers, merchants, postal workers, border guards, priests, farmers. The site of the massacres was the Igły Valley near Chojnice, later also known as the Valley of Death. Hans Kruger -

4545-444: The Hetmanate did not participate in the actions due to poor health conditions. Sweden, at that time an expansionist empire with an army designed to be maintained by the revenues of occupied territory , was conscious that a direct attack on her main adversary Russia could well result in a Dano-Polish–Russian alliance. Also, Sweden was prevented from forming a Swedish–Polish alliance by the refusal of John II Casimir to drop his claims to

4646-440: The Jesuits founded a school, which under the name Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Filomatów Chojnickich w Chojnicach is today one of the oldest high schools in Poland. In the year 1627 a fire destroyed parts of the town. During the Second Northern War (against Sweden, 1655–1660) the Battle of Chojnice (1656) was fought. The town suffered heavily from the siege, plundering and fire, especially in 1657. Cloth production declined as

4747-473: The Nazi German invasion of Poland Wehrmacht troops occupied Chojnice on September 1, 1939, in the morning at 4:45 o'clock. This invasion gave rise to the Battle of Chojnice . From the beginning of the German occupation , German militiamen attacked their Jewish and Polish neighbors. On 26 September 1939 forty people were shot, followed by a priest and 208 psychiatric patients. From late October 1939 through early 1940, mass executions were conducted by SS and

4848-489: The Norwegian province Trøndelag to Sweden. Yet, Swedish-held territory in Poland had been reduced to some towns in Royal Prussia , most notably Elbing , Marienburg and Thorn . With Transylvania neutralized and Brandenburg defected, Charles X Gustav's position in the region was not strong enough to force his stated aim, the permanent gain of Royal Prussia. He was further pressed militarily when an Austro-Polish army laid siege to Thorn in July 1658, and diplomatically when he

4949-402: The Peach War has been the subject of debate. The armed protest and raids may have been triggered by the murder of a Munsee woman who was stealing peaches from the orchard of a Dutch colonist. Many historians, however, have speculated that the Peach War was orchestrated by the Susquehannock in response to the Dutch attack on New Sweden. After renegotiating land rights and securing the release of

5050-682: The Polish uprisings of 1830 and 1863 in the Russian Partition of Poland. The organisation probably ceased to exist in the 1860s, because in 1870, a new youth philomath organization Mickiewicz was founded, named after the Polish national poet Adam Mickiewicz . In 1901, due to the threat of repressions by the German authorities, the organization was dissolved to be reactivated after a few months. Among local philomaths were prominent Polish-Kashubian activists and writers Aleksander Majkowski , Florian Ceynowa and Jan Karnowski , future minister and senator in independent Poland Leon Janta-Połczyński  [ pl ] , priest, historian and co-founder of

5151-422: The Prince of Transylvania, Sweden had intentions to defeat Catholic Poland. Sweden also drew the rising Cossack Hetmanate to its side that stood in strong opposition to the Polish government and promised military support if the Cossacks would break with the Russians. Bohdan Khmelnytsky sent an expedition headed by the Kiev colonel to Halychyna which soon turned back due to mutiny within its ranks. The leader of

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5252-430: The Protestant Reformation officially, and Protestants took over the parish church. The Roman Catholic priest Jan Siński died in the following turmoil. In 1555 King Sigismund II Augustus confirmed religious freedom for the city. In 1616 the St. John's church was restored to the Catholics thanks to local parish priest Jan Doręgowski. In 1620 the first Jesuits came into the town and began the Counter Reformation . In 1622

5353-464: The Swedish crown and the unwillingness of the Polish–Lithuanian nobility to make the territorial and political concessions an alliance with Sweden would eventually cost, final negotiations in Lübeck during February 1655 ended without a result. Thus, Sweden opted for a preemptive attack on the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to occupy its yet available territories before the Russians. Swedish forces entered Poland–Lithuania from Swedish Pomerania in

5454-613: The Swedish force was split with Carl Gustaf Wrangel heading west to clear Bremen-Verden and Charles X Gustav heading north to clear Jutland . When these aims were achieved, Charles X Gustav in September moved to the Swedish port of Wismar and ordered his navy into the inconclusive Battle of Møn. Meanwhile, Polish forces led by general Stefan Czarniecki ravaged southern Swedish Pomerania , and destroyed and plundered Pasewalk , Gartz (Oder) and Penkun . The Habsburg and Brandenburg allies however were reluctant to join Czarniecki, and against John II Casimir's wish decided against taking

5555-669: The Swedish king. The Pauline monastery Jasna Góra in Częstochowa successfully resisted a Swedish siege throughout November 1655 to January 1656. On 20 November a manifesto was issued in Opole (Oppeln) calling for public resistance and the return of John II Casimir, and in December a peasant force took Nowy Sącz . On 29 December, the partisan Tyszowce Confederation was constituted under participation of Lanckoroński and Potocki, and on 1 January 1656 John II Casimir returned from exile. Later in January, Stefan Czarniecki joined in, and by February most Polish soldiers who were in Swedish service since October 1655, had switched sides to that of

5656-422: The Toruń Scientific Society Stanisław Kujot  [ pl ] , co-founder and president of the first Polish scientific society in the United States Dominik Szopiński, as well as priests and activists Bernard Łosiński  [ pl ] and Konstantyn Krefft  [ pl ] , who were later murdered by the Germans in Nazi concentration camps in 1940. One of the main escape routes for insurgents of

5757-496: The aforementioned treaties secured Brandenburg the Lands of Lauenburg and Bütow at the border of Brandenburgian Pomerania , while the Bishopric of Ermeland was returned to Poland. The attack of Frederick III of Denmark in June 1657, aimed at regaining the territories lost in 1645 , provided an opportunity for Charles X Gustav to abandon the unfortunate Polish–Lithuanian battlefields. With 9,950 horse and 2,800 foot, he marched through Pomerania and Mecklenburg . In Holstein ,

5858-408: The area. In 1943, local Poles managed to save some kidnapped Polish children from the Zamość region, by buying them from the Germans at the local train station. In February 1945 the Red Army captured the town. During the fighting about 800 soldiers died, and the town centre was heavily damaged. After the end of World War II Polish authorities began the reconstruction of the city. In 1945–1975, it

5959-460: The combined Austrian and Polish–Lithuanian forces without Swedish support, and after a pursuit into Ukraine he was encircled and forced to capitulate, with the rest of the Transylvanian army defeated by the Tartars. Brandenburg changed sides in return for Polish withdrawal of claims to Ducal Prussia , declaring Frederick William the sole sovereign in the Duchy with the treaties of Wehlau on 19 September and Bromberg on 6 November. In addition,

6060-470: The confederation. Charles X Gustav, with a force of 11,000 horse, reacted by pursuing Czarniecki's force of 2,400 men, confronting and defeating him in the Battle of Gołąb in February 1656. Charles X Gustav then intended to take Lwow, but his advance was halted in the Battle of Zamość , when he was nearly encircled by the growing Polish–Lithuanian armies under Sapieha and Czarniecki, and barely escaped on 5 and 6 April breaking through Sapieha's lines during

6161-411: The council with the Teutonic Knights recaptured the town shortly after. On 18 September 1454 the Polish army led by King Casimir IV Jagiellon lost the Battle of Chojnice . During the subsequent Thirteen Years' War there were attempts of the townspeople to resist the Teutonic Knights. Shortly before the end of the war the troops of the Teutonic Order, led by Captain Kaspar Nostitz von Bethe , surrendered

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6262-436: The defeat in the Battle of Nyborg . In January 1660, Sweden lost the Livonian fortress Mitau . Meanwhile, conflicts arose within the anti-Swedish alliance between the Habsburgs and Poland–Lithuania when the Habsburgs demanded ever more contributions while not showing the war efforts Poland–Lithuania had expected. With the Russo-Polish War ongoing, most Polish–Lithuanian forces were tied up in Ukraine . England, France and

6363-451: The disadvantageous Treaty of Roskilde on 26 February 1658. Sweden had won its most prestigious victory, and Denmark had suffered its most costly defeat. Denmark was forced to yield the provinces of Scania , Halland , Blekinge and the island of Bornholm . Halland had already been under Swedish control since the signing of the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, but they now became Swedish territory indefinitely. Denmark also had to surrender

6464-409: The east of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as far as Lublin , with only Lwow (Lviv, Lemberg) remaining under Polish–Lithuanian control. In late October, Charles X Gustav headed northwards and left Wittenberg in Kraków with a mobile force of 3,000 Swedish and 2,000 Polish troops, and an additional number scattered in garrisons, to control the southern part of the Swedish-occupied commonwealth. In

6565-415: The following days, most of the Polish army surrendered to Sweden: on 26 October Koniecpolski surrendered with 5,385 men near Kraków, on 28 October Field Crown Hetman Stanisław Lanckoroński and Great Crown Hetman Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki surrendered with 10,000 men, and on 31 October the levy of Mazovia surrendered after the Battle of Nowy Dwór . Meanwhile, Russian and Cossack forces had occupied

6666-423: The frozen straits in the winter of 1657/58, he surprised the unprepared Frederick III on the Danish isles and forced him into surrender. In the Treaty of Roskilde , Denmark had to abandon all Danish provinces in what is now Southern Sweden. The anti-Swedish allies meanwhile neutralized the Transylvanian army and Polish forces ravaged Swedish Pomerania . In 1658 Charles X Gustav decided that instead of returning to

6767-465: The fulfillment of some provisions of the Treaty of Roskilde by postponing payments and not blocking foreign fleets from access to the Baltic Sea, and with half of the 2,000 Danish soldiers that were obliged by Roskilde to enter Swedish service deserting, the Swedish king embarked from Kiel with a force of 10,000 men on 16 August. While everyone expected him to head for Royal Prussia, he disembarked on Zealand on 17 August, and headed for Copenhagen , which

6868-404: The hostages, the Dutch resettled most of their abandoned territory and constructed several additional fortifications. Stuyvesant decreed that "like our neighbors of New England ," the New Netherland colonists must now "concentrate themselves... in the form of towns, villages and hamlets, so that they may be the more effectually protected" against future attacks. Notably, the Staten Island colony

6969-421: The hurt religious feelings of the Roman Catholic population under Protestant occupation and organizing Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the Tyszowce Confederation , John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656. Russia took advantage of the Swedish setback, declared war on Sweden and pushed into Lithuania and Swedish Livonia . Charles X Gustav then granted Frederick William full sovereignty in

7070-426: The main geographical region within Pomerelia (also known as Vistula Pomerania, Eastern Pomerania, and previously Polish Pomerania) in northern Poland , covering the bulk of Pomeranian Voivodeship . In contrast to Pomerelia and its synonyms, the term does not cover the historical areas of Chełmno Land and Michałów Land , sometimes with the addition of Lubawa Land. The area has traditionally been divided into

7171-419: The new Second Polish Republic and was organized into the Pomeranian Voivodeship . After World War II , Poland gained the remainder of the area including the city of Gdańsk , except the village of Polski , which was annexed by the Soviet Union . The indigenous population of the area are the Slavic Kashubians , who speak the Kashubian dialect of the Pomeranian language , as well as the Kociewiacy and

7272-566: The north, the Royal Prussian nobles concluded a defensive alliance with the Electorate of Brandenburg on 12 November in the Treaty of Rinsk , permitting Brandenburgian garrisons. Danzig (Gdansk), Thorn (Torun) and Elbing (Elblag) had not participated in the treaty, with Thorn and Elbing surrendering to Sweden. In the Treaty of Königsberg on 17 January 1656, Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia, took

7373-455: The other hand resumed in 1658. Like Sweden, John II Casimir was also looking for allies to break the deadlock of the war. On 1 December 1656, he signed an alliance with Ferdinand III of Habsburg in Vienna , essentially a declaration of Ferdinand III's intend to mediate a peace rather than provide military aid, which did not come into effect until Ferdinand's death on 2 April 1657. The treaty

7474-533: The primarily Protestant Swedes and the primarily Catholic Poles, resulting in cases of maltreatment and murder of Catholic clergy and monks as well as cases of looting of Catholic churches and monasteries, gave rise to some partisan movements in the Swedish-occupied territory. A guerilla force attacked a small Swedish garrison at Koscian in October 1655 and killed Frederick of Hesse , brother-in-law of

7575-627: The remaining Swedish strongholds in Poland–Lithuania, he would rather attack Denmark again. This time, Denmark withstood the attack and the anti-Swedish allies pursued Charles X Gustav to Jutland and Swedish Pomerania. Throughout 1659, Sweden was defending her strongholds in Denmark and on the southern Baltic shore, while little was gained by the allies and a peace was negotiated. When Charles X Gustav died in February 1660, his successor settled for

7676-490: The retreating Polish king. The kings met at the Battle of Żarnów on 16 September, which like the next encounter at the Battle of Wojnicz on 3 October was a victory for Sweden. John II Casimir was exiled to Silesia while Kraków surrendered to Charles X Gustav on 19 October. On 20 October, a second treaty was ratified at Kėdainiai in the north. The Union of Kėdainiai unified Lithuania with Sweden, with Radziwiłł recognizing Charles X Gustav as Grand Duke of Lithuania. Over

7777-491: The river Vistula in the east, to the rivers Łeba or Grabowa in the west, and from the rivers Noteć and Brda in the south-west and south, to the Baltic Sea in the north. By 1282 the duchy had returned to Poland. The town's name is Polish in origin and comes from the name of the river Chojnica (today named Jarcewska Struga) that was located near the town. The name first appears in written documents in 1275. In 1309

7878-471: The siege laid on Greifswald by the Brandenburgian prince-elector, and major general Paul Wirtz , who from besieged Stettin managed to capture the Brandenburgian ammunition depot at Curau and took it to Stralsund . The Brandenburgians withdrew ravaging the countryside while retreating. In the occupied and annexed Danish provinces, guerilla movements pressed Swedish garrisons. After an uprising, Norwegians took Trondheim in late 1658. In Scania and Zealand ,

7979-486: The south, immediately stabilizing the situation in southern Poland by conquering Kraków , while Denmark attacked Swedish Bremen-Verden and turned to Jämtland and Västergötland in July. When Charles X Gustav left the Commonwealth and headed westwards for an anti-Danish counterstrike, the Swedish–Brandenburgian–Transylvanian alliance broke apart. Rákóczi of Transylvania was unable to withstand

8080-413: The southern Baltic coast against allied assaults. A combined force of 17,000 Austrians and 13,000 Brandenburgers led by general Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches invaded Swedish Pomerania , took and burned Greifenhagen , took Wollin island and Damm , besieged Stettin and Greifswald without success, but took Demmin on 9 November. Counterattacks were mounted by general Müller von der Lühnen , who lifted

8181-665: The town in 1466 to the Polish army led by Piotr Dunin , after a three-month siege, as the last Teutonic-held town in Gdańsk Pomerania . After the Second Peace of Thorn of 1466 the Teutonic Knights renounced any claims to Chojnice, and the town became again part of Poland. In this time the Barons of Betha who traditionally ruled the city left the town and took up residence in the Prussian and Austrian courts. The town

8282-425: The town. A local citizen, Barbara Stammowa, symbolically broke shackles on the balcony of the town hall - in revenge Nazis murdered her in 1939 when the town was re-occupied by Germany . In the interwar period two official visits of Presidents of Poland to Chojnice took place, as Stanisław Wojciechowski visited the town in 1924 and Ignacy Mościcki in 1927. In 1932 a regional museum was opened in Chojnice. During

8383-508: The town. The influence of World War II is evident in the 1948 census showing that the population was reduced by 1,900 people compared to 1933. After World War II Germans inhabitants either fled or were expelled from the city in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement . Detailed data as of 31 December 2021: The Museum of History and Ethnography in Chojnice opened in 1932. It was damaged during World War II and reopened in 1960. It

8484-670: The unsuccessful Polish November Uprising from partitioned Poland to the Great Emigration led through the town. In 1911 the first Polish secret scout troop in the Prussian Partition of Poland was established in the town by Szczepan Łukowicz  [ pl ] , who as a military officer later fought in defense of Poland during the Polish–Soviet War (1920) and the German Siege of Warsaw (1939) , and

8585-808: The war to the Holy Roman Empire fearing the start of a new Thirty Years' War . The harsh winter of 1657/58 had forced the Dano-Norwegian fleet to stay in port, and the Great and Little Belts separating the Danish isles from the mainland were frozen. After entering Jutland from the south, a Swedish army of 7,000 veterans undertook the March across the Belts ; on 9 February 1658, the Little Belt

8686-594: The weakness of the Swedish efforts. The Dutch Republic withdrew its blockade but was soon convinced by Denmark to support them again. France and England intervened for Sweden and the situation again teetered on the edge of a major conflict. However, the Danish statesman Hannibal Sehested negotiated a peace treaty without any direct involvement by foreign powers. The conflict was resolved with the Treaty of Copenhagen (1660) . Sweden returned Bornholm and Trøndelag to Denmark. The treaty of 1660 established political borders between Denmark, Sweden and Norway which have lasted to

8787-493: The west, and Livonia in the north. The division on the western flank consisted of 13,650 men and 72 artillery pieces commanded by Arvid Wittenberg who entered Poland on 21 July 1655 and another 12,700 to 15,000 commanded by Charles X Gustav who followed in August, while the division on the northern flank consisted of 7,200 men commanded by Magnus De la Gardie who had already seized Dünaburg with them on 12 July. On

8888-549: The western front, Wittenberg was opposed by a Polish levy of 13,000 and an additional 1,400 peasant infantry. Aware of the military superiority of the well-trained Swedish army, the nobles of Greater Poland surrendered to Wittenberg on 25 July in Ujście after the Battle of Ujście , and then pledged loyalty to the Swedish king. Wittenberg established a garrison in Poznań (Posen). On the northern front, Prince Janusz Radziwiłł signed

8989-467: Was built in the town. A new railway line to Nakel ( Nakło ) was opened in 1894. In the year of 1900 the town obtained both a water supply system and an electricity power plant. In 1902 a railway line to Berent ( Kościerzyna ) was opened. During the time span 1900–1902 the Konitz ritual murder case & antisemitic pogrom was committed by the Germans. In 1909 a sewage system was installed in the town. In 1912

9090-461: Was crossed and the island Funen (Fyn) captured within a few days, and soon thereafter Langeland , Lolland and Falster . On 25 February, the Swedish army continued across the Great Belt to Zealand where the Danish capital Copenhagen is located. Although only 5,000 men made it across the belts, the Swedish attack was completely unexpected; Frederick III was compelled to surrender and signed

9191-591: Was defended by 10,650 Danes and 2,000 Dutch. This time however, the town did not surrender, and a long siege ensued. When Swedish forces took Kronborg in September, they controlled both sides of the Øresund , yet in November a Dutch fleet broke the Swedish naval blockade of Copenhagen in the Battle of the Sound . Meanwhile, the anti-Swedish alliance had deployed an army to Denmark, to confront Charles X Gustav with

9292-494: Was gone and the Treaty of Oliva was signed on 23 April. Sweden was accepted as sovereign in Swedish Livonia , Brandenburg was accepted as sovereign in Ducal Prussia , and John II Casimir withdrew his claims to the Swedish throne, though he was to retain the title for life. All occupied territories were restored to their pre-war sovereigns. However, Denmark was not keen on peace after its recent successes and witnessing

9393-512: Was however renewed and amended on 27 May by Ferdinand's successor Leopold I of Habsburg , who agreed in Vienna to provide John II Casimir with 12,000 troops maintained at Polish expense; in return, Leopold received Kraków and Posen in pawn. Receiving the news, Frederick III of Denmark promptly declared war on Sweden, and by June the Austrian army entered the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from

9494-412: Was murdered by the Germans during World War II . In 1864 a telegraph connection to Szczecin (then Stettin ) began operation. In 1868 the town was connected to the railway network. This improved industrial development quite considerably. In 1870 a gas power plant was installed. The town was connected in 1873 by the railway to Dirschau ( Tczew ) and in 1877 by railway to Stettin . In 1886 a new hospital

9595-477: Was not reoccupied for several years. Its patroon was Cornelis Melyn , former chairman of the Council of Eight Men and a political rival of Stuyvesant; he had been imprisoned without trial earlier in the year. Melyn and his family defected to English New Haven soon after his release. Charles X Gustav fell ill in early 1660 and died on 23 February of that year. With his death, one of the major obstacles to peace

9696-722: Was organised in Lübeck to mediate peace talks between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania. On the other hand, the Commonwealth, under king John II Casimir Vasa since 1648, experienced a crisis resulting both from the Cossack Khmelnytsky Uprising in the southeast and from the paralysis of the administration due to the internal quarrels of the nobility, including feuds between the king and the Lithuanian hetman Janusz Radziwiłł and feuds among disagreeing sejmiks who had been able to stall each other's ambitions with

9797-604: Was part of the Pomeranian Voivodeship, and during the time span 1975–1998 the town belonged to the Bydgoszcz Voivodeship . In 2002 a new, modern hospital was opened on the north-west outskirts of the town. The population of Chojnice has increased generally since the 18th century. However, World War I and World War II , reduced the town's population. When the regulations of the Treaty of Versailles became effective in 1920, many Germans left

9898-403: Was subject to anti-Polish policies, including Germanisation . At the local gymnasium, Polish was taught only two hours a week, in 1815-1820 and 1846–1912, and in 1889 the history of Polish literature was removed from the curriculum, while Polish history was not taught at all. Probably in 1830 a secret organization of Polish students was established in the local school. Some Polish students joined

9999-479: Was then located in the Człuchów County in the Pomeranian Voivodeship . Chojnice was an important center of cloth production in Poland. Cloth production was the main branch of the local economy, and in 1570, clothiers constituted 36% of all craftsmen in the town. To this day, one of the main streets in the town center is called Ulica Sukienników ("Clothiers' Street"). In the 16th century the city council accepted

10100-518: Was urged by France to settle. France was unwilling to intervene militarily, and Sweden could not afford to violate the Peace of Westphalia by attacking the Habsburg and Brandenburgian possessions in the Holy Roman Empire , which would likely have driven several Germans into the anti-Swedish alliance. Thus, Charles X Gustav opted to instead attack Denmark again. When the Danes stalled and prolonged

10201-752: Was used as the name of the wider province, which, however, also included the Malbork Voivodeship and the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia , covering the Prussian historical areas of Pomesania , Pogesania and Warmia . After the Partitions of Poland , the area was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia and formed part of the newly established province of West Prussia , and the name Pomerania was not used by Prussian or German authorities in relation to this region. Following World War I and Poland's independence, much of this area became part of

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