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51-622: Chongzuo is located in southwestern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region . It borders Nanning to the east, Baise to the north, Fangchenggang to the south and Lạng Sơn , Vietnam to the west. The Zuo or Left River and the You or Right River have their confluence in Chongzuo after which the river becomes the Yong River. Chongzuo is mountainous and hilly with numerous karst formations similar to Guilin and northern Vietnam's Ha Long Bay . Its area

102-699: A great deal of action in the 1884 Sino-French War . Largely ineffective within Vietnam, it was still able to repulse the French from China itself at the Battle of Zhennan Pass (modern Friendship Pass ) on 23 March 1885. Following the Wuchang Uprising , Guangxi seceded from the Qing Empire on 6 November 1911. The Qing governor, Shen Bingdan , initially remained in place but was subsequently removed by

153-518: A large battle. The red pigment is still bright and vivid and individual figures, weapons, and animals are easy to distinguish. The cliffs, part of the sacred Frog Mountain, were important site to the early Zhuang. In 214 BC, during the Qin dynasty, Chongzuo was part of the Xiang ( 象郡 ) commandry. Chinese general Feng Zicai beat back a French attack here at the Battle of Bang Bo in 1885. Sun Yat-sen fired

204-502: A layer that was initially dated to around 113,000 to 100,000 BP . A more thorough re-dating was later undertaken, and gives an estimated date of around 116,000 to 106,000 BP. Some of the large mammal remains discovered at Zhiren Cave include those from Pongo pygmaeus , Elephas kiangnanensis , Elephas maximus , Megatapirus augustus , Rhinoceros sinensis , Megalovis guangxiensis , Cervus unicolor , Ursus thibetanus , Arctonyx collaris and Panthera pardus . Around 25% of

255-476: A mutiny commanded by General Lu Rongting . General Lu's Old Guangxi clique overran Hunan and Guangdong as well and helped lead the National Protection War against Yuan Shikai 's attempt to re-establish an imperial government. Zhuang's loyalty made his Self-Government Army cohesive but reluctant to move far beyond its own provinces. Subsequent feuding with Sun Yat-sen led to defeat in

306-460: Is Nanning . Guangxi's location, in mountainous terrain in the far south of China, has placed it on the frontier of Chinese civilization throughout much of Chinese history . The current name "Guang" means "expanse" and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in 226 AD. It was given provincial level status during the Yuan dynasty , but even into the 20th century, it

357-459: Is 17,732 km (6,846 sq mi), 10,529 km (4,065 sq mi) of which is forested. Chongzuo's climate is humid subtropical and monsoon-influenced. January's average temperature is 14.1 °C (57.4 °F) and in July it is 28.9 °C (84.0 °F). Within the prefecture, the annual mean is 20.8–23 °C (69.4–73.4 °F). There are 330 frost-free days. Annual precipitation

408-539: Is 2,347,700. 88% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group. The rest include Han, Yao, and other ethnic groups. Forestry and agriculture are two of Chongzuo's biggest industries. Oranges, rice, beans, corn, cassava, cinnamon, bananas, vegetables, durian , pineapples, longan , and tea are all major crops, but sugarcane is the center of Chongzuo agriculture. Farm raised animals include beef and dairy cattle, sheep, ducks, chickens, geese, and bees. Aquaculture for fish

459-726: Is 99.7% Zhuang. The autonomous region also has sizable populations of indigenous Yao , Miao , Kam , Mulam , Maonan , Hui , Gin , Yi , Sui and Gelao peoples. Other ethnic minorities in Guangxi include the Manchu , Mongol , Korean , Tibetan , Hlai , and Tujia people. Religion in Guangxi The predominant religions in Guangxi among the Han Chinese are Chinese folk religions , Taoist traditions and Chinese Buddhism . The large Zhuang population mostly practices

510-598: Is a karstic cave in the Mulan Mountains that overlooks the Hejiang River in Chongzuo , Guangxi , China. Zhiren Cave is an early Late Pleistocene site that has yielded the fossil remains of possibly anatomically modern humans with some mixed archaic human features. The fossil remains were discovered by Chinese paleontologists in 2007. The fossils were covered by a continuous layer of flowstone ,

561-814: Is also big. Chinese medicinal herbs are picked from the wild and also grown. Important mineral resources include manganese , gold, ferberite , coal, barite , bentonite , uranium, and vanadium . It is China's biggest manganese producer and the world's biggest producer of bentonite. Other industries include export infrastructure, paper , forest products such as timber and turpentine, building materials, pharmaceuticals, and electronics manufacturing. Chongzuo has amazing biodiversity with more than 4000 species of plants and more than 450 kinds of animals. There are more than 30 rare and protected animals including white headed and Indo-Chinese black langurs , crested striped hornbills , pangolins , and clouded leopards . 1/4 of China's wild animal species can be found in Chongzuo. Chongzuo

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612-671: Is between 1100-1300mm, much lower than other areas in Guangxi Chongzuo is one of the earliest centers of Zhuang culture. Important sites dating back to the Stone Age have been found here. The Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain along the Ming River at Huashan date back 1800 to 2500 year and are one of the largest groups of pictographs in China and in the world. On several cliff faces are hundreds of large red pictographs depicting

663-490: Is caused by typhoons blowing from the South China Sea . Guangxi is divided into fourteen prefecture-level divisions : all prefecture-level cities : These 14 prefecture-level cities are in turn subdivided into 111 county-level divisions (41 districts , 10 county-level cities , 48 counties , and 12 autonomous counties ). At the year-end of 2021, the total population is 48.85 million. The Han Chinese are

714-614: Is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. The most famous attraction is Detian Waterfall in Daxing County along the border with Vietnam. It is the second largest waterfall along a national border after Niagara Falls and was one of the crossing points for China's army during the brief Sino-Vietnamese War . Nearby there is the Tongling Gorge accessible only through a cavern from an adjoining gorge. Rediscovered only recently, it has many species of endemic plants, found only in

765-516: Is forested. Major cities in Guangxi include Nanning , Liuzhou , Guilin , and Beihai . Notable towns include Longmen  [ zh ] , Sanjiang , and Yangshuo . The Xi River system provides waterways which connect to the Pearl River Delta . Important seaports along Guangxi's short coastline on the Gulf of Tonkin include Beihai , Qinzhou , and Fangchenggang . Pinglu Canal

816-415: Is quite high in Guangxi, ranging from 1,080 millimetres (43 in) in drier zones to 1,730 millimetres (68 in) in wetter zones. The region also experiences monsoons, blowing from south-southwest from late April to the beginning of October. Most of the precipitation occurs between May and August. Microbursts can also occasionally occur in the extreme south of the region, from July to September. This

867-530: The 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War , Guangxi communities were important to the Chinese war effort. They supplied logistical support to the People's Liberation Army , including food and housing. Militia members from Guangxi performed tasks including building roads, bridges, trenches, other logistical efforts, and caring for the wounded. Located in the southern part of the country, Guangxi is bordered by Yunnan to

918-653: The Chinese Civil War , but joined the People's Republic in December 1949, two months after its founding. In 1952, a small section of Guangdong's coastline ( Qinzhou , Lianzhou (now Hepu County ), Fangchenggang and Beihai ) was given to Guangxi, giving it access to the sea. This was reversed in 1955, and then restored in 1965. The Guangxi Massacre , during the Cultural Revolution , involved

969-663: The Dali Kingdom in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279. Rather than ruling Lingnan as a subject territory or military district, the Mongolians then established Guangxi ("Western Expanse") as a proper province. The area nonetheless continued to be unruly, leading the Ming dynasty to employ the different local groups against one another. At the Battle of Big Rattan Gorge between

1020-653: The Liujiang hominid: controversially dated at 139,000–111,000 years BP). Guangxi Guangxi , officially the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China , located in South China and bordering Vietnam ( Hà Giang , Cao Bằng , Lạng Sơn , and Quảng Ninh Provinces ) and the Gulf of Tonkin . Formerly a province , Guangxi became an autonomous region in 1958. Its current capital

1071-723: The Qin River and the Nanliu River both flow into the Gulf of Tonkin, several tributary rivers flow into the larger Xiang River in neighbouring Hunan province, and the Xi River system flows southeast through the autonomous region into the South China Sea . Along the border with Vietnam there is the Ban Gioc–Detian waterfall (pinyin: Dé Tiān Pùbù ), which separates the two countries. About one-quarter of Guangxi's area

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1122-525: The Song dynasty , the Two Guangs were formally separated as Guǎngnán Xīlù ( 廣南西路 ; 广南西路 ; 'vast south west region') and Guǎngnán Dōnglù ( 廣南東路 ; 广南东路 ; 'vast south east region'), which became abbreviated as Guǎngxī Lù ( 廣西路 ; 广西路 ) and Guǎngdōng Lù ( 廣東路 ; 广东路 ). Guangxi was also previously spelled as Kwangsi in postal and Wade–Giles romanizations. The spelling of

1173-954: The Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau , the Jiuwan Mountains and the Fenghuang Mountains both run through the north, the Nanling Mountains form the region's north-east border, and the Yuecheng and Haiyang Mountains both branch from the Nanling Mountains. Also in the north are the Duyao Mountains . The Duyang Mountains run through the west of Guangxi. Near the center of the region are the Da Yao and Da Ming Mountains . On

1224-545: The Zhuang folk religion centered around the worship of their ancestral god Buluotuo (布洛陀). According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 40.48% of the population believes and is involved in ancestor veneration , while 0.26% of the population identifies as Christian. The reports did not give figures for other types of religion; 59.26% of the population may be either irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities , Buddhism, Confucianism , Taoism, folk religious sects . The Yao , another numerous ethnic group inhabiting

1275-595: The "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Li also repulsed Tang Jiyao 's revolt and joined the Northern Expedition establishing control over other warlords by the Republic of China . His was one of the few Kuomintang units free from serious Chinese Communist Party (CCP) influence and was therefore employed by Chiang Kai-shek for the Shanghai massacre of 1927 . Within

1326-574: The 1920 and 1921 Guangdong–Guangxi War . After a brief occupation by Chen Jiongming 's Cantonese forces, Guangxi fell into disunity and profound banditry for several years until Li Zongren 's Guangxi Pacification Army established the New Guangxi clique dominated by Li, Huang Shaohong , and Bai Chongxi . Successful action in Hunan against Wu Peifu led to the Zhuang GPA becoming known as

1377-882: The Hundred Yue" ( 和集百越 ) until its collapse in 111 BC during the southward expansion of the Han dynasty . The name "Guangxi" can be traced to the "Expansive" or "Wide" province ( 廣州 ) of the Eastern Wu , which controlled southeastern China during the Three Kingdoms period. Guilin formed one of its commanderies. Under the Tang dynasty , the Zhuang moved to support Piluoge 's kingdom of Nanzhao in Yunnan , which successfully repulsed imperial armies in 751 and 754. Guangxi

1428-622: The People's Republic of China, Guangxi is also noted for the Baise Uprising , a failed CCP revolt led by Chen Zhaoli and Deng Xiaoping in 1929. In 1937, the Guangxi Women's Battalion was founded as a response to Soong Mei-ling 's appeal for women to support the Sino-Japanese War . Reports on the size of the battalion vary from 130 students, to 500, to 800. Being in the far south, Guangxi did not fall during

1479-617: The Song, who administered the area as the Guangnanxi ("West Southern Expanse") Circuit . Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam , the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people. His independent kingdom was short-lived, however, and the tattooed Song general Di Qing returned Guangxi to China. The Yuan dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of

1530-529: The Zhuang and the Yao in 1465, 20,000 deaths were reported. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, parts of Guangxi were ruled by the powerful Cen ( 岑 ) clan. The Cen were of Zhuang ethnicity and were recognized as tusi or local rulers by the Chinese emperors. The Qing dynasty left the region alone until the imposition of direct rule in 1726, but the 19th century was one of constant unrest. A Yao revolt in 1831

1581-495: The antiviral oseltamivir . Guangxi is one of China's key production centers for nonferrous metals. The region holds approximately 1/3 of all tin and manganese deposits in China. Liuzhou is the main industrial center and a major motor vehicle manufacturing center. General Motors have a manufacturing base here in a joint venture as SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile . The city also has a large steel factory and several related industries. The local government of Guangxi hopes to expand

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1632-549: The comparative context is lacking in East Asian Late Pleistocene fossils. Zhiren 2 shows evidence for dental winging in its lower incisors, a feature that has only been found in Homo sapiens . Zhiren 3 contains a mix of archaic and modern human features. The most significant aspect of Zhiren 3 is that it has a distinctively modern human chin. Coupled with the dating, Zhiren 3 could possibly represent

1683-460: The earliest modern human fossil in East Asia. However, many were skeptical of this conclusion, since this would significantly push back the general consensus on the dating of human migration out of Africa . Peter Bellwood also cites the lack of archaeological finds (such as Neanderthal stone tools or tooth pendants) associated with the fossils. This article relating to archaeology in

1734-651: The first cannon shot of the anti-Qing revolution in Chongzuo in 1907. In the 1930s, after fomenting rebellion in other parts of Guangxi, Deng Xiaoping helped organize the peasants and workers here during the Longzhou rebellion and eventually formed the Red Army's 8th Army. Later, in 1979, the Chinese army invaded Vietnam from here. Chongzuo has 1 district, 1 county-level city, 5 counties, 57 towns, 72 townships, 146 residential communities, and 1,724 villages. District: County-level city: Counties: Chongzuo's population

1785-435: The gorge, and used to be used as a hideout by local bandits whose treasure is occasionally still found in the cliff-side caves. West of Chongzuo city, there are several forest and animal preserves, some with minor tourist facilities. These findings might give some support to the claim that modern humans from Africa arrived at southern China about 100,000 years BP ( Zhiren Cave , Mulanshan ), Chongzuo City: 100,000 years BP; and

1836-582: The killing of 100,000 to 150,000 in the region in 1967 and 1968. While some development of heavy industry occurred in the 1960s and 1970s, the region remained largely a scenic tourist destination. Even the economic growth of the 1990s seemed to leave Guangxi behind. However, in recent years, there has been a growing amount of industrialization and increasing concentration on cash crops. Per capita GDP has risen as industries in Guangdong transfer production to comparatively lower-wage areas in Guangxi. During

1887-514: The large mammal species discovered at the site are now extinct. Three pieces of hominin remains were identified: two upper molars ( Zhiren 1 and Zhiren 2 ) and an anterior mandible ( Zhiren 3 ). The fossils are believed to have belonged to at least two different individuals, as Zhiren 1 and Zhiren 3 are unlikely to have come from the same individual. When compared to Late Pleistocene fossils from western Eurasia, Zhiren 1 and Zhiren 2 are smaller and would be classified as modern; however,

1938-653: The largest ethnic group in Guangxi. Han Chinese populations in Guangxi largely live along the autonomous region's southern coast and eastern portions. Of these, the main subgroups are those that speak Yue and Southwestern Mandarin varieties of Chinese . Qinzhou and Goulou Yue are spoken in the southern and eastern regions, respectively. Pinghua is spoken in Nanning and Guilin. There are Hakka-speaking regions in Luchuan County , Bobai County and in some areas bordering Vietnam. Guangxi has over 16 million Zhuangs ,

1989-512: The largest minority ethnicity in China. Over 90 percent of Zhuang in China live in Guangxi, especially in the central and western regions. High concentrations of Zhuang people can be found in Nanning , Liuzhou , Chongzuo , Baise , Hechi , and Laibin . The highest concentration of ethnic Zhuang people is found in the county-level city of Jingxi , with a 2021 publication by the People's Government of Guangxi stating that Jingxi's population

2040-786: The population. Various regional languages and dialects such as Pinghua , Zhuang , Kam , Cantonese , Hakka , and Min are spoken alongside Mandarin Chinese . " Guǎng " ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ) means 'expanse' or 'vast', and has been associated with the region since the creation of Guang Prefecture in AD 226. Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong literally mean 'expanse west' and 'expanse east'. Together, Guangxi and Guangdong are called Liangguang ( Liangkwang ; traditional Chinese : 兩廣 ; simplified Chinese : 两广 ; pinyin : liǎng guǎng ; Cantonese Yale : léuhng gwóng ; lit. 'Two Expanses', Vietnamese : Lưỡng Quảng ). During

2091-469: The province was replaced by the pinyin spelling of Guangxi in 1958 and has been widely used internationally after 1986. The official name was also known as Kwangsi Chuang Autonomous Region in a number of Western publications outside of China published in the 1950s to 1970s. Originally inhabited by a mixture of tribal groups known to the Chinese as the Baiyue ("Hundred Yue", Vietnamese : Bách Việt ),

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2142-466: The province, mostly practices a form of indigenised and conservative Taoism . Today, there are 21 mosques in Guangxi This may include: Important crops in Guangxi include rice , maize and sweet potatoes . Cash crops include sugar cane , peanuts , tobacco , and kenaf . 85 percent of the world's star anise is grown in Guangxi. It is a major ingredient in

2193-611: The region first became part of China during the Qin dynasty . In 214 BC, the Han Chinese general Zhao Tuo ( Vietnamese : Triệu Đà ) claimed most of southern China for Qin Shi Huang before the emperor's death. The ensuing civil war permitted Zhao to establish a separate kingdom at Panyu known as Nanyue ("Southern Yue"). Alternatively submissive to and independent of Han dynasty control, Southern Yue expanded colonization and sinicization under its policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering

2244-425: The region's manufacturing sector, and during the drafting of China's Five Year Plan in 2011, earmarked 2.6 trillion RMB for investment in the region's Beibu Gulf Economic Zone(See Below). In recent years Guangxi's economy has languished behind that of its wealthy neighbor and twin, Guangdong . Guangxi's 2017 nominal GDP was about 2039.63 billion yuan (US$ 302.09 billion) and ranked 17th in China. Its per capita GDP

2295-545: The southeastern border are the Yunkai Mountains . Guangxi's highest point is Kitten Mountain , in the Yuecheng Mountains, at 2,141 metres (7,024 ft). Karst landforms , characterized by steep mountains and large caverns, are common in Guangxi, accounting for 37.8 percent of its total land area. Guangxi is also home to several river systems, which flow into several different bodies of water:

2346-484: The west, Guizhou to the north, Hunan to the northeast, and Guangdong to the east and southeast. It is also bordered by Vietnam in the southwest and the Gulf of Tonkin in the south. Its proximity to Guangdong is reflected in its name, with "Guang" ( simplified Chinese : 广 ; traditional Chinese : 廣 ; pinyin : Guǎng ) being used in both names. Large portions of Guangxi are hilly and mountainous. The northwest portion of Guangxi includes part of

2397-561: Was 38,102 yuan (US$ 5,770). Due to its lack of a major manufacturing industry in comparison to other provincial-level regions, Guangxi is the fourth most energy efficient provincial-level region in China, helping to further boost its green image. As the only coastal region in China with close proximity to Southeast Asia , Guangxi holds a strategic position in China's trade with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Zhiren Cave Zhiren Cave ( Chinese : 智人洞 )

2448-449: Was considered an open, wild territory. The abbreviation of the region is " 桂 " ( Hanyu pinyin : Guì ; Zhuang: Gvei ), which comes from the name of the city of Guilin , the provincial capital during both the Ming dynasty and the Qing dynasty . Guangxi contains the largest population of China's ethnic minorities after Yunnan , in particular, the Zhuang people , who make up 34% of

2499-617: Was constructed to connect Xi River system and coastal Guangxi. Guangxi has a subtropical climate. Summers are generally long, hot, and humid, lasting from April to October. Winters are mild, and snow is rare. The autonomous region's average annual temperature ranges from 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) to 23.5 °C (74.3 °F), with January temperatures typically ranging from 4 °C (39 °F) to 16 °C (61 °F), and July temperatures typically ranging from 27 °C (81 °F) to 32 °C (90 °F). Due to frequent rain-bearing monsoon winds, average annual precipitation

2550-853: Was followed by the Jintian Uprising , the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion , in January 1851 and the Da Cheng Rebellion in April 1854. The execution of St. Auguste Chapdelaine by local officials in Guangxi provoked the Second Opium War in 1858 and the legalization of foreign interference in the interior. Although Louis Brière de l'Isle was unable to invade its depot at Longzhou , the Guangxi Army saw

2601-415: Was then divided into an area of Zhuang ascendancy west of Nanning and an area of Han ascendancy east of Nanning. After the collapse of the Southern Zhao, Liu Yan established the Southern Han (Nanhan) in Xingwangfu (modern Guangdong ). Although this state gained minimal control over Guangxi, it was plagued by instability and annexed by the Song dynasty in 971. The name "Guangxi" itself can be traced to

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