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22-877: In 612, at the Battle of Salsu (Salsa - the former name of the Cheongcheong River), the troops of the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo utterly defeated the Chinese army of the Sui Empire that had invaded Korea. In November–December 1950, in the Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River , detachments of the Korean People's Army and Chinese volunteers won a major victory over the troops of the Americans and their allies during

44-519: A climactic battle at Salsu, where pursuing Goguryeo troops cut down vulnerable Sui troops crossing the river Chongchon . Korean nationalist historian Sin Chaeho and modern popular portrayals float the idea of Eulji using a dam to inflict damage on the Sui army, but no contemporaneous source attests to the use of a dam or a water attack. The surviving Sui troops were forced to retreat at a breakneck pace to

66-662: A concentration of refugees in Liaodong. The peninsula was an important area of conflict during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894–1895). Defeat precipitated decline in the Qing dynasty which was exploited by colonial powers who extracted numerous concessions. The peninsula was ceded to Japan, along with Taiwan and Penghu , by the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 17 April 1895. However the ceding of Liaodong peninsula

88-529: A naval force commanded by Lai Hu'er , but they had been already defeated by Goguryeo troops in an ambush within Pyongyang by Go Geonmu , the King's younger half-brother. Realizing their situation and goaded by Eulji's poem encouraging retreat ( Eulji Mundeok Hansi ), the Sui commanders decided to retreat back to Liaodong. Goguryeo forces then pursued the retreating Sui forces in a series of attacks, culminating in

110-766: Is a peninsula in southern Liaoning province in Northeast China , and makes up the southwestern coastal half of the Liaodong region. It is located between the mouths of the Daliao River (the historical lower section of the Liao River ) in the west and the Yalu River in the east, and encompasses the territories of the whole sub-provincial city of Dalian and parts of prefectural cities of Yingkou , Anshan and Dandong . The word "Liaodong" literally means "Liao region's east", referring initially to

132-650: The Gojoseon kingdom, which encompassed the northern Korean Peninsula and the region southeast of the Liao River. In the late 4th century BC, the expanding Chinese State of Yan conquered this region from Gojoseon , and established the Liaodong Commandery . After the fall of the Yan state , the region was taken over by the short-lived Qin dynasty , and then its prominent successor Han dynasty . After

154-561: The Korean War . The river's estuary has been identified by BirdLife International as an 8,000 hectares (20,000 acres) Important Bird Area (IBA) because it supports significant numbers of the populations of various bird species. These include swan geese , bean geese , whooper swans , Oriental storks , black-faced spoonbills , Chinese egrets , great bustards , white-naped cranes , hooded cranes , red-crowned cranes , Far Eastern curlews and spotted greenshanks . The site includes

176-494: The Liaodong Peninsula to avoid being killed or captured. Many retreating soldiers died of disease or starvation as their army had exhausted their food supplies. This led to an overall campaign loss of all but 2,700 Sui troops out of 305,000 men. The Battle of Salsu is listed among the most lethal "classical formation" battles in world history . The near-annihilation of the contingent sent to Pyongyang, along with

198-696: The Warring States period Yan commandery of Liaodong , which encompassed an area from modern Liaoning- Jilin border in the north to the Chongchon River on the Korean Peninsula in the south, and from just east of the Qian Mountains to a now-disappeared large wetland between the western banks of middle Liao River and the base of Yiwulü Mountain , historically known as the "Liao Mire " (遼澤, Liáo zé ) roughly in between

220-539: The 800 hectares (2,000 acres) Mundok Nature Reserve . North Korea is building 10 new hydroelectric dams on the Chongchon River to spur rapid development. Battle of Salsu Goguryeo The Battle of Salsu was a major battle that occurred in the year 612 during the second campaign of the Goguryeo–Sui War between Goguryeo of Korea and Sui of China . Goguryeo won an overwhelming victory over

242-495: The Goguryeo King Yeongyang . After his successful escape and fully aware of the Sui army's turmoil, Eulji lured the Sui troops deep into Goguryeo territory, furthering the Sui troops' exhaustion and worsening morale. Although the Sui army approached Pyongyang, troops were in no condition to besiege the fortified capital without any further supplies. The army expected to be supplied upon arrival at Pyongyang by

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264-691: The Han dynasty fragmented at the turn of the 3rd century, the region changed hands between various warlord states such as the Gongsun Yuan , the nomadic Wuhuan , and Cao Wei , before eventually falling under the reunified Western Jin dynasty . However, after the Western Jin fell from the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and during the subsequent chaotic Sixteen Kingdoms periods, the region

286-559: The Sui military command and a poor supply line. Troops had been given a large amount of supplies which were expected to last the entire march, a heavy burden which ended up being abandoned by exhausted troops en route. Goguryeo General Eulji Mundeok gauged the morale and exhaustion of the Sui army by feigning surrender and touring the Sui camp. Although the Sui commander Yu Zhongwen had been instructed by Emperor Yang to capture Eulji Mundeok upon encounter, another general, Liu Shilong, recommended Eulji's release to negotiate surrender terms with

308-615: The bloody Siege of Port Arthur . As a consequence of the Treaty of Portsmouth (5 September 1905), which ended the Russo-Japanese War, both sides agreed to evacuate Manchuria and return it to China, with the exception of the Liaodong Peninsula leased territory which was transferred to Japan, which was to administer it as the Kwantung Leased Territory . After Japan lost World War II , and

330-578: The enormous human and financial costs of the campaigns resulted in multiple rebellions and the empire started to crumble from within. It was finally brought down by internal strife and replaced by the Tang , who would continue campaigns against Goguryeo in the Goguryeo-Tang wars . Liaodong Peninsula The Liaodong or Liaotung Peninsula ( simplified Chinese : 辽东半岛 ; traditional Chinese : 遼東半島 ; pinyin : Liáodōng Bàndǎo )

352-527: The lack of progress in Liaodong, forced Emperor Yang to retreat without any major gains. Commanders Yu Zhongwen and Yuwen Shu were put in chains and demoted to commoners, with Yu Zhongwen dying shortly after returning to Sui and Yuwen Shu eventually reinstated to military duty for future campaigns. Liu Shilong was executed for defying the Emperor's order to capture Eulji. Emperor Yang attempted two more invasions in 613 and 614, but both ended in failure. Eventually,

374-711: The modern Xinmin , Liaozhong , Tai'an , Panshan and Beizhen ). The modern usage of "Liaodong" ,however, simply refers to the half of Liaoning province to the left/east bank of the Liao/Daliao River. The Liaodong Peninsula lies on the northern shore of the Yellow Sea , dividing the Liaodong Bay (the largest of the three bays of the Bohai Sea ) to its west from the Korea Bay to its east. It forms

396-476: The numerically superior Sui forces at Salsu River . In 612, Emperor Yang of Sui invaded Goguryeo with 1,138,000 men. Unable to overcome the stalwart Goguryeo defense at Yodong Fortress and other fortifications in Liaodong, he dispatched 300,000 troops to directly take Pyongyang , the capital of Goguryeo. The Sui forces labored in their advance to the Goguryeo capital, due to the internal discord within

418-640: The southern part of a mountain belt that continues northward in the Changbai Mountains . The part of the mountain range on the peninsula is known as the Qianshan Mountains , named after Qian Mountain in Anshan , which includes Dahei Mountain in Dalian . The Liaodong region was settled since prehistoric times by Neolithic people such as Xinle culture . It later came under the rule of

440-811: Was rescinded after the Triple Intervention of 23 April 1895 by Russia, France and Germany. In the aftermath of this intervention, the Russian government pressured the Qing dynasty to lease Liaodong and the strategically important Lüshunkou (Port Arthur) for use by the Russian Navy. As in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Liaodong peninsula was the scene of major fighting in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905), including

462-532: Was ruled by Former Yan , Former Qin , Later Yan and later Goguryeo , before being reconquered by the Tang dynasty . In 698 AD, Wu Zhou 's defeat at the Battle of Tianmenling allowed the newly founded Balhae to rule the region for the next two centuries, before they were supplanted by the Khitan Liao dynasty , and followed by the Jin dynasty , Yuan dynasty , Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty . Liaodong

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484-576: Was the primary destination of Shandong and Hebei refugees from the Northern Chinese Famine of 1876-1879 . A prior Qing prohibition on immigration to Northeast China was officially relaxed, marking the start of Chuang Guandong . In 1876, Chinese officials told the Customs commissioner at Yingkou that 600,000 people had landed on the Liaodong Peninsula. Government efforts to keep Manchu heartlands free of Chinese settlement resulted in

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