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46-521: Chongming District ( pronunciation ) is the northernmost district of the provincial -level municipality of Shanghai . Chongming consists of three low-lying inhabited alluvial islands at the mouth of the Yangtze north of the Shanghai peninsula: Chongming , Changxing , and Hengsha . Following its massive expansion in the 20th century, Chongming is now the 2nd-largest island administered by

92-590: A governor . The People's Government is answerable to both the State Council and the Provincial People's Congress. The provincial branch of the CCP has a Provincial Party Congress every five years, and elects a Standing Committee to exercise its authority when not in session. The Provincial Party Secretary is the de facto most important position in the province. The first provinces were created in

138-591: A consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous "unequal" treaty. Other countries signed similar treaties. The new treaties came into force in July 1899. Following the Ganghwa Treaty of 1876, the Korean kingdom of Joseon agreed to the opening of three strategic ports and

184-708: A population of 637,921 at the time of the Census 2020 . The county was established in 1396, the second year of the Ming dynasty 's Hongwu Emperor . With the completion of the Yangtze and Chongqi Bridges , it is now connected to both the rest of Shanghai and southeastern Jiangsu province along the Hushan Expressway . Further development is now proceeding according to an urban and agricultural master-plan led by Philip Enquist of SOM , although ambitious plans for an ecocity named Dongtan have been shelved since

230-582: A prime location on the waterfront where the businesses, offices, warehouses, and residences of all foreigners were located. The Shanghai Bund was the largest and most famous. The North Riverbank in Ningbo (nowadays known as the Old Bund ), was the first in China, opening in 1844, 20 years before the Shanghai bund. A typical bund contained British, German, French, American, Japanese, and other nationals. The bund

276-608: A revolution against the Qing government . Aggressive Japanese moves to dominate China in World War I caused a strong backlash of nationalism in the May Fourth Movement , which focused its ire not just on Japan, but also on the entire port city system as emblematic of imperialism that should no longer be tolerated. The national government had almost no police power in the port cities, allowing secret societies to flourish in

322-457: Is administered as a single township , also named Hengsha and Xincun . The other township-level division of Chongming are Qianwei Farm, Dongping Forestry Zone , and Shangshi Contemporary Agricultural Park. To its southeast along the northern shore is the township of Haiyong ; southeast of Haimen is Qilong . Both of these are pene-exclaves of Jiangsu ; they are administered from Haimen District and Qidong , respectively. Shadi dialect

368-621: Is spoken in the district. Whereas the district was previously only connected to the mainland by ferry service, the Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel now connects Changxing Island with Pudong in Shanghai, while the Shanghai Yangtze Bridge connects it with Chongming Island. Chongming is presently connected with Jiangsu by the Chongqi Bridge and these three bridges and tunnels form part of

414-476: Is the town of Chengqiao on Chongming Island . There are 227 communities and villages in the district, administered as 16 towns and 2 townships . Changxing Island is administered as a single town, also named Changxing . Other town-level divisions of Chongming include (from northwest to southeast): Xinhai , Lühua , Sanxing , Miao , Dongping , Gangxi , Jianshe , Xinhe , Shuxin , Gangyan , Bu , Xianghua , Zhongxing , Chenjia . Hengsha Island

460-645: The First Opium War by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842. As well as ceding the island of Hong Kong to Great Britain in perpetuity, the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai , Guangzhou (Canton), Ningbo , Fuzhou , and Xiamen (Amoy). The following year the Chinese and British signed the Treaty of the Bogue , which added provisions for extraterritoriality and the most favored nation status for

506-685: The Hushan Expressway connecting northern Shanghai with Xi'an in central China. The Chonghai Bridge connecting western Chongming with Haimen in Jiangsu is under construction. Hengsha Island is connected via ferry . 18 ferries continue to operate in the district. On Chongming, Chengqiao 's Nanmen Port offers service to Shidongkou and Baoyang Rd in Baoshan and to Liuhegang in southern Jiangsu; Xinhai 's Niupeng Harbor to Qinglonggang in Haimen ; and other ports offer connections with Wusong and

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552-607: The People's Republic of China and the 2nd-largest in Greater China , after Hainan . Chongming does not, however, administer all of the island: owing to its continual expansion from sediment deposited by the Yangtze, it has merged with formerly separate islands and now includes Jiangsu province 's pene-exclave townships of Haiyong and Qilong . Chongming proper covers an area of 1,411 km (545 sq mi) and had

598-610: The Second World War . This ended when the Japanese stormed into their concessions in late 1941. They formally relinquished their treaty rights in a new "equal treaties" agreement with Chiang Kai-shek 's nationalist government-in-exile in Chongqing in 1943. The international communities that were residues of the treaty port era ended in the late 1940s when the communists took over and nearly all foreigners left. Although

644-556: The Shanghai Metro will link Jinji Road station on Line 9 in Pudong to Chongming via Changxing Island. The first phase of the line from Jinji Road to Changxing Island is currently under construction. The Tour of Chongming Island International Cycling Race has been held on Chongming Island since 2007. It is held annually and includes a stage race and an UCI Women's Road World Cup race for elite women. Provinces of

690-569: The Yuan , Chongming Prefecture was organized within Yangzhou . Owing to the shifting sands of the islands, however, the district seat needed to be repeatedly moved. During the late Yuan and early Ming , the sparsely-inhabited shoals of the area began to fill with migrants from Pudong and other areas of Songjiang Prefecture . These immigrants introduced cotton cultivation , which spread widely prior to China's opening to international trade in

736-698: The Yuan dynasty , and have remained one of the most stable forms of Chinese government since then. They were created to help the Imperial court manage local county governments, which were too numerous and far-flung to be managed directly. The number of provinces grew steadily during subsequent dynasties, reaching 28 by the time of the Republic of China . During the Warlord Era , provinces became largely or completely autonomous and exercised significant national influence. Province-level units proliferated and under

782-543: The 1920s. Chinese residents comprised 90% of the total population of Shanghai but complained about taxation without representation. Eventually, the Council admitted five Chinese representatives. The European community promoted technological and economic innovation, as well as knowledge industries, that proved especially attractive to Chinese entrepreneurs as models for their cities across the growing nation. Port cities combined several leadership roles. First of all, they were

828-594: The 2006 ouster of mayor Chen Liangyu and other neighborhoods have swelled with immigration from people relocated from central China following the completion of the Three Gorges Dam . Present-day Chongming first developed as two separate shoals — Xisha and Dongsha —during the Wude Era (AD 618–626) of the Tang dynasty . By the first year of Shenlong (705), a town was established on Xisha which

874-586: The British and American settlements combined in 1863 into an international settlement, with the French settlement operated separately nearby. The foreigners took out long-term leases on the land and set up factories, offices, warehouses, sanitation, police, gardens, restaurants, hotels, banks, and private clubs. The Shanghai Municipal Council was created in 1854, with nine members who were elected by three dozen foreign landowners at first, and by about 2,000 electors in

920-608: The Chinese community, some of which turned into criminal gangs. Eventually, Shanghai had a strong underground illegal underworld that was ready to employ violence. In modern China, most of the country's special economic zones are located in former treaty ports and therefore have symbolic significance in demonstrating a "reversal of fortunes" in China's dealings with foreigners since the century of humiliation . Researcher Zongyuan Zoe Liu writes that "[t]he success of these cities as 'red' treaty ports represented another step in China's overall reform and opening-up plan while legitimizing

966-795: The District government was formally established in January 2017. Dongping National Forest Park is located in the district, as are the Dongtan Nature Reserve , the Chongxi Wetland Park , and the Chongming National Geological Park . With its unspoiled environment, Chongming Island is one-of-a-kind destination great for eco-tours and restorative vacations. Chongming runs two 4A-class attractions and four 3A-class attractions. The tourism of

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1012-1116: The People%27s Republic of China Provinces Autonomous regions Sub-provincial autonomous prefectures Autonomous prefectures Leagues (Aimag) (abolishing) Prefectures Provincial-controlled cities Provincial-controlled counties Autonomous counties County-level cities Districts Ethnic districts Banners (Hoxu) Autonomous banners Shennongjia Forestry District Liuzhi Special District Wolong Special Administrative Region Workers and peasants districts Ethnic townships Towns Subdistricts Subdistrict bureaux Sum Ethnic sum County-controlled districts County-controlled district bureaux (obsolete) Management committees Town-level city Areas Villages · Gaqa · Ranches Village Committees Communities Capital cities New areas Autonomous administrative divisions National Central Cities History: before 1912 , 1912–49 , 1949–present Provinces ( Chinese : 省 ; pinyin : Shěng ) are

1058-575: The United States. In 1858, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa , Hyogo , Nagasaki , and Niigata . The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations. The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the year 1899 as

1104-457: The conversion of the Chinese population but discovered they became widely popular for setting up medical and educational facilities. For example, St John's University in Shanghai (1879–1952) first set up faculties of theology, Western learning, and Chinese languages, then expanded to cover literature, science, medicine, and intense coverage of Western languages eagerly sought by the ambitious Chinese intellectuals and entrepreneurs who had rejected

1150-534: The early People's Republic there were over 50. Political boundaries are, in part, established to counterbalance the influence of economic factors. For instance, the Yangtze Delta is divided among the provinces of Zhejiang , Jiangsu , and Anhui . This division ensures that economic strength is distributed, preventing any single region from potentially overpowering the state. Treaty ports The British established their first treaty ports in China after

1196-416: The edges of existing port cities. They enjoyed legal extraterritoriality, as stipulated in the unequal treaties. Some of these port areas were directly leased by foreign powers such as in the foreign concessions in China , effectively removing them from the control of local governments. Western images of the Chinese treaty ports focus on the distinctive geography of the "bund", a long narrow strip of land in

1242-503: The executive, a Provincial People's Congress with legislative powers, and a parallel provincial branch of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) that elects a Party Secretary and a Provincial Standing Committee . Provinces are the most common form of province-level governments. The legislative bodies of the provinces are the Provincial People's Congresses. The executive branch is the Provincial People's Government, led by

1288-446: The great majority of Chinese lived in traditional rural areas, a handful of booming treaty port cities became vibrant centers that had an enormous long-term impact on the Chinese economy and society. Above all Shanghai became the dominant urban center. Tianjin and Shenyang followed; Hong Kong, although a British colony, not a treaty port, was similar. Foreigners were welcomed and had stable safe bases, as did Christian missionaries. Outside

1334-765: The island focuses on three zones – East Chongming, Central Chongming and West Chongming. East Chongming features Dongtan Wetland Park and agritainment options in Yingdong Village and Nanjiang Village. Central Chongming features Dongping National Forest Park, agritainment options at Qianwei Village, Gaojia Zhuangyuan and Ruihua Orchard, Genbao Football Base, Chongming Xuegong (Chongming Museum), Jinaoshan Park, Shou’an Temple and Sanmin Cultural Village. West Chongming offers Mingzhu Lake Park, Xiling Resort, Xisha Wetland and agritainment at Lugang Village. The district government seat and largest settlement of Chongming

1380-410: The island's northern and eastern tidal flats in the 1960s and '90s, doubled the size of Chongming between 1950 and 2010. Dongtan was a proposed ecocity which was planned to open along with the 2010 World Expo in Shanghai but stalled following the 2006 ouster of Shanghai mayor Chen Liangyu . In mid-2016 Chongming was approved by the State Council of China to upgrade into a district of Shanghai;

1426-590: The later Qing . There was small-scale textile production in the area, but most was exported for use in Songjiang , Hangzhou , and other more developed areas of Jiangnan . In the 2nd year of Hongwu (1396) under the Ming , the prefecture was elevated to a county but, shortly afterwards, a major subsidence provoked a mass emigration back to the mainland. This county was later placed in Suzhou and then Taicang Prefectures . The unification of over 30 shoals in 1681

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1472-620: The latter country. Subsequent negotiations with the Americans (1844 Treaty of Wanghia ) and the French (1844 Treaty of Whampoa ) led to further concessions for these nations on the same terms as the British. The second group of treaty ports was set up following the end of the Second Opium War (Arrow War) in 1860 and eventually, more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers. Foreigners all lived in prestigious sections newly built for them on

1518-672: The leadership of the CPC over the Chinese state and people." For encyclopedic details on each treaty port, see Robert Nield's China's Foreign Places: The Foreign Presence in China in the Treaty Port Era, 1840-1943 (2015). In these territories the foreign powers obtained, under a lease treaty, not only the right to trade and exemptions for their subjects but a truly colonial control over each concession territory , de facto annexation: Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate , in 1854 ( Convention of Kanagawa ), to

1564-467: The major port of entry for all imports and exports - except for opium, which was handled by smugglers in other cities. Foreign entrepreneurs introduce the latest European manufacturing techniques, providing a model followed sooner or later by all of China. The first establishments focused on shipbuilding, ship repair, railway repair, and factories producing textiles, matches, porcelain, flour, and machinery. Tobacco, cigarettes, textiles, and food products were

1610-590: The major powers were involved. The system effectively ended when Japan took control of most of the ports in the late 1930s, the Russians relinquished their treaty rights in the wake of the Russian Revolution in 1917, and the Germans were expelled in 1914. The three main treaty powers, the British, the Americans, and the French, continued to hold their concessions and extraterritorial jurisdictions until

1656-460: The most numerous type of province-level divisions in the People's Republic of China (PRC). There are currently 22 provinces administered by the PRC and one province that is claimed, but not administered, which is Taiwan , currently administered by the Republic of China (ROC). The local governments of Chinese provinces consists of a Provincial People's Government headed by a governor that acts as

1702-594: The old Confucian exam system for the Western model of modernity. Engineering schools were established as well, and by 1914 a network of universities, colleges, teacher training schools, and specialized industrial schools was headquartered in the Port cities, and diffusing their alumni across urban China. Students poured into the port cities. Many adopted ideas and used the facilities newly opened to them to network with each other, set up organizations and publications, and plot

1748-456: The port cities, with printing shops, newspapers, magazines, and pamphlets in Chinese and European languages. Book publishers often featured Chinese translations of European classics in philosophy, politics, literature, and social issues. According to historian Klaus Mühlhahn: Christian missionaries saw all of the Chinese population as their target audience, but they were headquartered in the port cities. The missionaries had very modest success in

1794-443: The ports, the only foreigners were occasional Christian missionaries, and they often encountered serious difficulties. The other 89 cities that became treaty ports between 1842 and 1914 were of minor importance. The Shanghai International Settlement rapidly developed into one of the world's most modern cities, often compared to Paris, Berlin, and London. It set the standard of modernity for China and all of East Asia. In Shanghai,

1840-571: The specialty in Canton. Financing was handled by branch banks, as well as entirely new operations such as HSBC -the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, which remains a world-class establishment into the 21st century. Across the modernizing world, railway construction was a major financial and industrial endeavor, usually led by the British. Investments now poured into building a railway-plus-telegraph system knitting China together, connecting

1886-594: The treaty ports, and other major cities, as well as mining districts and agricultural centers. Chinese entrepreneurs learned their skills in the port cities, and soon applied for and received bank loans for their startups. Chinese merchants headquartered there set up branches across Southeast Asia, including British Singapore and Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, French Indochina, and the American Philippines. The information industry flourished in

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1932-655: The two other islands of the county. The major arteries running along the length of Chongming Island are the Beiyan Highway on the north side and Chenhai Highway on the south. Another 38 highways cross the island. The main artery along the length of Changxing Island is the Panyuan Highway, while Fengle Road runs north and south across central Hengsha Island. There are 41 bus lines in Chongming, connecting over 98% of its 227 communities. Chongming line of

1978-473: Was a self-governing operation with its own shops, restaurants, recreational facilities, parks, churches, courts, police, and local government. The facilities were generally off-limits to the natives. The British, who by far dominated foreign trade with China, normally were the largest presence. Businessmen and officials typically brought their own families with them and stayed for years but sent their older children back to England for education. Chinese sovereignty

2024-638: Was effectively the creation of the present-day Chongming , although it remained much smaller at the time. Under the Republic , the county was organized first under the Nantong and then the Songjiang Special Administration District . Nine years after the establishment of the People's Republic of China , it was placed under the municipality of Shanghai in December 1958. Reclamation , particularly large-scale work on

2070-551: Was known as "Chongming". The number, size, and shapes of the islands fluctuated repeatedly over time and with the floods of the Yangtze River . In the 15th year of Jiading (1222) under the Southern Song , the islands were part of Tongzhou Prefecture . These early settlers were mostly fishermen and salt collectors , with its principal saltern at Tianci. In the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277) under Kublai Khan of

2116-477: Was only nominal. Officially, the foreign powers were not allowed to station military units in the bund, but in practice, there often was a warship or two in the harbor. The treaty port system in China lasted approximately one hundred years. It began when the First Opium War ended in 1842. The major powers involved were the British, the French, and the Americans, although by the end of the 19th century all

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