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88-460: The serial numbering of the 58 published mazurkas normally goes only up to 51. The remaining 7 are referred to by their key or catalogue number. Chopin's composition of these mazurkas signaled new ideas of nationalism . Chopin based his mazurkas on the traditional Polish folk dance , also called the mazurka (or "mazur" in Polish). However, while he used the traditional mazurka as his model, he

176-461: A ritornello , in each key once it was established. In Classical sonata form , the second key was typically marked with a contrasting theme . Another key may be treated as a temporary tonic, called tonicization . In common practice period compositions, and most of the Western popular music of the 20th century, pieces always begin and end in the same key, even if (as in some Romantic-era music)

264-416: A whole tone lower than written. Likewise, the horn , normally in the key of F, sounds notes a perfect fifth lower than written. Similarly, some instruments are "built" in a certain key. For example, a brass instrument built in B ♭ plays a fundamental note of B ♭ , and can play notes in the harmonic series starting on B ♭ without using valves, fingerholes, or slides to alter

352-535: A wolf fifth , the key on the lowest note of the fifth sounds dramatically different from other keys (and is often avoided). In Pythagorean tuning on C (C, E+, G: 4, 5, 6), the major triad on C is just while the major triad on E ♯ +++ (F ♮ ) is noticeably out of tune (E ♯ +++, A+, C: 4 + 1 ⁄ 8 , 5, 6) due to E ♯ +++ (521.44 cents) being a Pythagorean comma (23.46 cents) larger sharp compared to F ♮ . Music using equal temperament lacks key coloration because all keys have

440-454: A certain key, or have their music written in a certain key. Instruments that do not play in the key of C are known as transposing instruments . The most common kind of clarinet , for example, is said to play in the key of B ♭ . This means that a scale written in C major in sheet music actually sounds as a B ♭ major scale when played on the B-flat clarinet—that is, notes sound

528-657: A distinctly Spanish-style rock music , while Sephardic musicians like Aurora Moreno , Luís Delgado and Rosa Zaragoza keep Andalusian Sephardic music alive. Jota , popular across Spain, might have its historical roots in the southern part of Aragon . Jota instruments include the castanets , guitar, bandurria , tambourines and sometimes the flute. The guitarro , a unique kind of small guitar also seen in Murcia, seems Aragonese in origin. Besides its music for stick-dances and dulzaina ( shawm ), Aragon has its own gaita de boto ( bagpipes ) and chiflo ( tabor pipe ). As in

616-535: A dynamic musical landscape that resonated with audiences not only in Spain but also across Spanish-speaking communities worldwide. The genre's ability to blend international pop trends with indigenous musical traditions contributed to its enduring appeal and cultural significance. Spanish pop music's journey through the tumultuous years of Francisco Franco 's regime was marked by resilience and adaptation. Despite strict censorship and limited outlets for contemporary music,

704-408: A feature that allows multiple interpretations of key (usually a diatonic set as pitch source) is accompanied by other, more precise evidence in support of each possible interpretation (such as the use of one note as the root of the initiating harmony and persistent use of another note as pitch of melodic resolution and root of the final harmony of each phrase)." Certain musical instruments play in

792-492: A fresh energy to Spanish pop with their indie rock influences and experimental sounds. This period also saw the emergence of electronic music and dance clubs, further diversifying the musical landscape and fostering a new generation of DJs and producers. The integration of Spanish and Latin American music markets further amplified this influence, fostering a dynamic cultural exchange that continues to shape trends and innovation in

880-607: A friend of Chopin who collaborated with him to compose Grand Duo concertant , and was also the dedicatee of his Cello Sonata . The violinist Fritz Kreisler arranged the Mazurka No. 45 in A-minor, opus 67, for violin and piano. Key (music) In music theory , the key of a piece is the group of pitches, or scale , that forms the basis of a musical composition in Western classical music , art music , and pop music . Tonality (from "Tonic") or key: Music which uses

968-501: A high reputation for musical innovation, and performing brass bands called bandes are common, with one appearing in almost every town. Dolçaina ( shawm ) is widely found. Valencia also shares some traditional dances with other Iberian areas, like for instance, the ball de bastons (stick-dances). The group Al Tall is also well-known, experimenting with the Berber band Muluk El Hwa , and revitalizing traditional Valencian music, following

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1056-414: A key", is an unrelated usage that means the pitches considered "natural" for that instrument. For example, modern trumpets are usually in the key of B ♭ , since the notes produced without using the valves correspond to the harmonic series whose fundamental pitch is B ♭ . (Such instruments are called transposing when their written notes differ from concert pitch .) A key relationship

1144-482: A large number of unique musical traditions. Isidore of Seville wrote about the local music in the 6th century. His influences were predominantly Greek, and yet he was an original thinker, and recorded some of the first details about the early music of the Christian church. He perhaps is most famous in musical history for declaring that it was not possible to notate sounds, an assertion which revealed his ignorance of

1232-500: A medieval Castilian dance, called the seguidilla , which was adopted with a flamenco style in the 19th century. Today, this lively couples' dance is popular in most parts of Spain, though the dance is often associated with the city of Seville's famous Easter feria . The region has also produced singer-songwriters like Javier Ruibal and Carlos Cano  [ es ] , who revived a traditional music called copla . Catalan Kiko Veneno and Joaquín Sabina are popular performers in

1320-451: A piece about Chopin's mazurkas, saying that Chopin had been directly influenced by Polish national music to compose his mazurkas. Liszt also provided descriptions of specific dance scenes, which were not completely accurate, but were "a way to raise the status of these works [mazurkas]." While Liszt's claim was inaccurate, the actions of scholars who read his writing proved to be more disastrous. When reading Liszt's work, scholars interpreted

1408-491: A point they were trying to make in support of Chopin's direct connection with folk music. Others simply made generalizations so that their claims of this connection would make sense. In all cases, since these writers were well-respected and carried weight in the scholarly community, people accepted their suggestions as truth, which allowed the myth to grow. However, in 1921, Béla Bartók published an essay in which he said that Chopin "had not known authentic Polish folk music." By

1496-508: A single key throughout. A typical pattern for a simple song might be as follows: a phrase ends with a cadence on the tonic, a second phrase ends with a half cadence, then a final, longer, phrase ends with an authentic cadence on the tonic. More elaborate pieces may establish the main key, then modulate to another key, or a series of keys, then back to the original key. In the Baroque it was common to repeat an entire phrase of music, called

1584-609: A society in transition, navigating between tradition and the constraints of authoritarian rule. The Yé-yé movement, stemming from the English pop-refrain "yeah-yeah," took on a unique form in various cultural contexts, notably in France and Spain. Initially coined in France to describe a genre influenced by American rock and British beat music of the early 1960s, such as the twist , Yé-yé music quickly gained popularity for its lively and uplifting characteristics. In Spain, Concha Velasco

1672-542: A very long history, based on legends. There are local festivals of which Ortigueira 's Festival Internacional do Mundo Celta is especially important. Drum and bagpipe couples range among the most beloved kinds of Galician music, that also includes popular bands like Milladoiro . Pandereteiras are traditional groups of women that play tambourines and sing - bands like Tanxugueiras are directly influenced by this tradition. The bagpipe virtuosos Carlos Núñez and Susana Seivane are especially popular performers. Asturias

1760-523: Is Basque in language, while the Southern section shares more Aragonese features. The jota genre is also known in both Navarre and La Rioja. Both regions have rich dance and dulzaina ( shawm ) traditions. Txistu ( tabor pipe ) and dulzaina ensembles are very popular in the public celebrations of Navarre. Traditional music from Valencia is characteristically Mediterranean in origin. Valencia also has its local kind of Jota . Moreover, Valencia has

1848-602: Is a popular style that's similar to flamenco, but not technically part of the flamenco canon. The rumba catalana originated in Barcelona when the rumba and other Afro-Cuban styles arrived from Cuba in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Catalan performers adapted them to the flamenco format and made it their own. Though often dismissed by aficionados as "fake" flamenco, rumba catalana remains wildly popular to this day. The havaneres singers remain popular. Nowadays, young people cultivate Rock català popular music, as some years ago

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1936-715: Is also home to popular musicians such as José Ángel Hevia (bagpiper) and the group Llan de cubel . Circular dances using a 6/8 tambourine rhythm are a hallmark of this area. Vocal asturianadas show melismatic ornamentations similar to those of other parts of the Iberian Peninsula. There are many festivals, such as "Folixa na Primavera" (April, in Mieres ), "Intercelticu d' Avilés " (Interceltic festival of Avilés , in July), as well as many " Celtic nights" in Asturias. In

2024-434: Is an ordered set of notes typically used in a key, while the key is the "center of gravity" established by particular chord progressions . Cadences are particularly important in the establishment of key. Even cadences that do not include the tonic note or triad, such as half cadences and deceptive cadences , serve to establish key because those chord sequences imply a unique diatonic context . Short pieces may stay in

2112-618: Is best known for sardana music played by a cobla , there are other traditional styles of dance music like ball de bastons (stick-dances), galops , ball de gitanes . Music is at the forefront in cercaviles and celebrations similar to Patum in Berga . Flabiol (a five-hole tabor pipe ), gralla or dolçaina (a shawm ) and sac de gemecs (a local bagpipe ) are traditional folk instruments that make part of some coblas . Catalan gipsies and Andalusian immigrants to Catalonia created their own style of rumba called rumba catalana which

2200-440: Is common, here played with triangles , castanets , guitars, tambourines , accordions and zambombas. Murcia is a region in the south-east of Spain which, historically, experienced considerable Moorish colonisation, is similar in many respects to its neighbour, Andalusia. The guitar-accompanied cante jondo Flamenco style is especially associated with Murcia as are rondallas , plucked-string bands. Christian songs, such as

2288-578: Is customary in some ritual dances on the island of Tenerife . A large inland region, Castile , Madrid and Leon were Celtiberian country before its annexation and cultural latinization by the Roman Empire but it is extremely doubtful that anything from the musical traditions of the Celtic era have survived. Ever since, the area has been a musical melting pot; including Roman , Visigothic , Jewish, Moorish , Italian, French and Roma influences, but

2376-510: Is four part harmony in the manner of a chorale . While it is known that Chopin's mazurkas are connected to the traditional dance, throughout the years there has been much scholarly debate as to how exactly they are connected. The main subject of this debate is whether Chopin had an actual direct connection to Polish folk music, or whether he heard Polish national music in urban areas and was inspired by that to compose his mazurkas. In 1852, three years after Chopin's death, Franz Liszt published

2464-440: Is named after the dance trikitixa , which is based on the accordion and tambourine . Popular performers are Joseba Tapia and Kepa Junkera . Highly appreciated folk instruments are the txistu (a tabor pipe similar to Occitanian galoubet recorder), alboka (a double clarinet played in circular-breathing technique, similar to other Mediterranean instruments like launeddas ) and txalaparta (a huge xylophone , similar to

2552-674: Is often credited as the catalyst for the Yé-yé scene with her 1965 hit "La Chica Ye-Yé." However, even before Velasco's breakthrough, artists like Karina had already begun making significant strides with their infectious tunes as early as 1963. These pioneering female singers not only popularized Yé-yé music but also set the stage for a vibrant cultural movement characterized by catchy melodies and youthful exuberance. Spanish Yé-yé music, much like its French counterpart, drew heavily from American and British influences but also incorporated elements of traditional Spanish music. This fusion of styles created

2640-413: Is the relationship between keys, measured by common tone and nearness on the circle of fifths . See closely related key . The key usually identifies the tonic note and/or chord: the note and/or major or minor triad that represents the final point of rest for a piece, or the focal point of a section. Though the key of a piece may be named in the title (e.g., Symphony in C major), or inferred from

2728-401: Is written with a major or minor key signature appropriate to the tonic, and accidentals throughout the piece. Pieces in modes not corresponding to major or minor keys may sometimes be referred to as being in the key of the tonic. A piece using some other type of harmony , resolving e.g. to A, might be described as "in A" to indicate that A is the tonal center of the piece. An instrument "in

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2816-499: The Balearic Islands , Xeremiers or colla de xeremiers are a traditional ensemble that consists of flabiol (a five-hole tabor pipe ) and xeremias (bagpipes). Majorca 's Maria del Mar Bonet was one of the most influential artists of nova canço , known for her political and social lyrics. Tomeu Penya , Biel Majoral , Cerebros Exprimidos and Joan Bibiloni are also popular. The most popular kind of Basque music

2904-623: The Benidorm International Song Festival emerged as a beacon of opportunity for Spanish musicians. Inspired by Italy's San Remo Music Festival , Benidorm provided a crucial platform for artists to showcase new musical styles to eager audiences. This festival not only introduced international influences but also nurtured local talent, laying the groundwork for future developments in Spanish pop. An injured Real Madrid football player-turned-singer, for example, became

2992-473: The Canary Islands , Isa, a local kind of Jota , is now popular, and Latin American musical ( Cuban ) influences are quite widespread, especially with the charango (a kind of guitar). Timple , a local instrument which resembles ukulele / cavaquinho , is commonly seen in plucked-string bands. A popular set on El Hierro island consists of drums and wooden fifes ( pito herreño ). The tabor pipe

3080-707: The Grammy Award . As Spanish is commonly spoken in Spain and most of Latin America, music from both regions have been able to crossover with each other. According to the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE), Spain is the largest Latino music market in the world. As a result, the Latin music industry encompasses Spanish-language music from Spain. The Latin Academy of Recording Arts & Sciences ,

3168-549: The Nova Cançó was relevant. Having long been the poorest part of Spain, Extremadura is a largely rural region known for the Portuguese influence on its music. As in the northern regions of Spain, there is a rich repertoire for tabor pipe music. The zambomba friction-drum (similar to Portuguese sarronca or Brazilian cuica ) is played by pulling on a rope which is inside the drum. It is found throughout Spain. The jota

3256-540: The Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona , Orquesta Nacional de España , and the Orquesta Sinfónica de Madrid . These orchestras showcase the nation's commitment to fostering musical talent and nurturing classical repertoire. In addition to its orchestral prowess, Spain boasts a selection of distinguished opera houses that serve as pillars of the classical music community. Among these institutions,

3344-577: The Teatro Real , the Gran Teatre del Liceu , Teatro Arriaga , and the El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía stand as esteemed venues renowned for their commitment to showcasing world-class opera productions. These opera houses provide platforms for both established and emerging singers to showcase their talents on a prestigious stage. During the 1940s, Spanish music was shaped by the aftermath of

3432-424: The key signature , the establishment of key is brought about via functional harmony , a sequence of chords leading to one or more cadences , and/or melodic motion (such as movement from the leading-tone to the tonic). For example, the key of G includes the following pitches: G, A, B, C, D, E, and F ♯ ; and its corresponding tonic chord is G—B—D. Most often at the beginning and end of traditional pieces during

3520-624: The requinta , a kind of fife , as well as harps , fiddles , rebec and zanfona ( hurdy-gurdy ). The music itself runs the gamut from uptempo muiñeiras to stately marches. As in the Basque Country, Cantabrian music also features intricate arch and stick dances but the tabor pipe does not play as an important role as it does in Basque music. Traditionally, Galician music included a type of chanting song known as alalas . Alalas may include instrumental interludes, and were believed to have

3608-531: The vihuela by Luis de Milán , Alonso Mudarra and Luis de Narváez was one of the main achievements of the period. The Aragonese Gaspar Sanz authored the first learning method for guitar. Spanish composers of the Renaissance included Francisco Guerrero , Cristóbal de Morales , and Tomás Luis de Victoria (late Renaissance period), all of whom spent a significant portion of their careers in Rome. The latter

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3696-504: The zarzuela of Spanish opera , the ballet of Manuel de Falla , and the classical guitar music of Francisco Tárrega . Nowadays, in Spain as elsewhere, the different styles of commercial popular music are dominant. The Iberian Peninsula has had a history of receiving different musical influences from around the Mediterranean Sea and across Europe. In the two centuries before the Christian era, Roman rule brought with it

3784-563: The Basque country and Castile as well as his own compositions inspired from the musical styles of Spain and abroad. Though Andalusia is best known for flamenco music, there is also a tradition of gaita rociera ( tabor pipe ) music in western Andalusia and a distinct violin and plucked-string type of band music known as panda de verdiales in Málaga . Sevillanas is related to flamenco and most flamenco performers have at least one classic sevillana in their repertoire. The style originated as

3872-503: The Basque country, Aragonese chiflo can be played along to a chicotén string-drum ( psaltery ) rhythm. Northwest Spain ( Asturias , Galicia and Cantabria ) is home to a distinct musical tradition extending back into the Middle Ages. The signature instrument of the region is the gaita ( bagpipe ). The gaita is often accompanied by a snare drum , called the tamboril , and is played in processional marches. Other instruments include

3960-479: The Civil War and Francisco Franco's dictatorship. Traditional genres like flamenco and classical music continued to thrive, albeit under strict censorship. Popular music forms such as zarzuela and pasodoble celebrated Spanish identity. The era reflected a complex interplay of cultural resilience, political control, and the influence of broader European events like World War II. Overall, music in 1940s Spain mirrored

4048-502: The Iberian peninsula, ritual dances include paloteos (stick dances). Salamanca is known as the home of tuna , a serenade played with guitars and tambourines , mostly by students dressed in medieval clothing. Madrid is known for its chotis music, a local variation to the 19th-century schottische dance. Flamenco , although not considered native, is popular among some urbanites but is mainly confined to Madrid. Though Catalonia

4136-701: The Islamic invasion and was not subject to the Papacy's enforcement of the Gregorian chant as the standard around the time of Charlemagne , by which time the Muslim armies had conquered most of the Iberian peninsula. As the Christian reconquista progressed, these chants were almost entirely replaced by the Gregorian standard, once Rome had regained control of the Iberian churches. The style of Spanish popular songs of

4224-601: The Romanian toacă and played by two performers in a fascinating game-performance). As in many parts of the Iberian peninsula, there are ritual dances with sticks, swords and arches made from vegetation. Other popular dances are the fandango , jota and 5/8 zortziko . Basques on both sides of the Spanish-French border have been known for their singing since the Middle Ages , and a surge of Basque nationalism at

4312-737: The actual dance; even though Chopin did not compose his mazurkas so they could be danced to, it is clear Chopin kept the original form in mind. Furthermore, many of the rhythmic patterns of the traditional mazurka also appear in Chopin's compositions so they still convey the idea of a dance, but a more "self-contained, stylized dance piece." In keeping with this idea, Chopin did try to make his mazurkas more technically interesting by furthering their chromaticism and harmony, along with using classical techniques, such as counterpoint and fugues . In fact, Chopin used more classical techniques in his mazurkas than in any of his other genres. One of these techniques

4400-404: The characteristics of the genre remain the same in his interpretation. For example, both the traditional mazurka and Chopin's version contain a great deal of repetition. This can mean repetition of a single measure or small group of measures, repetition of a theme , or even repetition of an entire section. This repetition makes sense in the traditional dance for the repeat of a certain section of

4488-601: The churches. In the royal Christian courts of the reconquistors, music like the Cantigas de Santa Maria , also reflected Moorish influences. Other important medieval sources include the Codex Calixtinus collection from Santiago de Compostela and the Codex Las Huelgas from Burgos . The so-called Llibre Vermell de Montserrat (red book) is an important devotional collection from the 14th century. In

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4576-460: The classical repertoire may have sections in contrasting keys . Key changes within a section or movement are known as modulation . Methods that establish the key for a particular piece can be complicated to explain and vary over music history. However, the chords most often used in a piece in a particular key are those that contain the notes in the corresponding scale , and conventional progressions of these chords, particularly cadences , orient

4664-478: The common practice period, the tonic, sometimes with its corresponding tonic chord, begins and ends a piece in a designated key. A key may be major or minor. Music can be described as being in the Dorian mode , or Phrygian , etc., and is thus usually thought of as in a specific mode rather than a key. Languages other than English may use other key naming systems . People sometimes confuse key with scale . A scale

4752-732: The early Renaissance , Mateo Flecha el Viejo and the Castilian dramatist Juan del Encina ranked among the main composers in the post- Ars Nova period. Renaissance song books included the Cancionero de Palacio , the Cancionero de Medinaceli , the Cancionero de Upsala (kept in Carolina Rediviva library), the Cancionero de la Colombina , and the later Cancionero de la Sablonara . The organist Antonio de Cabezón stands out for his keyboard compositions and mastery. An early 16th-century polyphonic vocal style developed in Spain

4840-466: The end of the 19th century led to the establishment of large Basque-language choirs that helped preserve their language and songs. Even during the persecution of the Francisco Franco era (1939–1975), when the Basque language was outlawed, traditional songs and dances were defiantly preserved in secret, and they continue to thrive despite the popularity of commercially marketed pop music. In

4928-463: The industry. Mónica Naranjo , known for her powerful vocals and dramatic performances, and Ana Belén , whose sophisticated style and versatile voice made her a prominent figure. These artists contributed to a diverse and vibrant era in Spanish music, each leaving a lasting impact with their distinctive contributions to the genre. Artists like Enrique Iglesias and Alejandro Sanz have become successful internationally winning major music awards such as

5016-467: The key is deliberately left ambiguous at first. Some arrangements of popular songs, however, modulate sometime during the song (often in a repeat of the final chorus ) and thus end in a different key. This is an example of modulation . In rock and popular music some pieces change back and forth, or modulate, between two keys. Examples of this include Fleetwood Mac 's " Dreams " and The Rolling Stones ' " Under My Thumb ". "This phenomenon occurs when

5104-437: The key. Notes and chords other than the tonic in a piece create varying degrees of tension, resolved when the tonic note or chord returns. The key may be in the major or minor mode, though musicians assume major when this is not specified; for example "This piece is in C" implies that the key of the piece is C major. Popular songs and classical music from the common practice period are usually in one key. Longer pieces in

5192-419: The length of the vibrating column of air. An instrument built in a certain key often, but not always, uses music written in the same key (see trombone for an exception). However, some instruments, such as the diatonic harmonica and the harp , are in fact designed to play in only one key at a time: accidentals are difficult or impossible to play. The highland bagpipes are built in B ♭ major, though

5280-414: The listener around the tonic. The key signature is not always a reliable guide to the key of a written piece. It does not discriminate between a major key and its relative minor; the piece may modulate to a different key; if the modulation is brief, it may not involve a change of key signature, being indicated instead with accidentals . Occasionally, a piece in a mode such as Mixolydian or Dorian

5368-506: The longstanding influences from the surrounding regions and Portugal continue to play an important role. Areas within Castile and León generally tend to have more musical affinity with neighboring regions than with more distant parts of the region. This has given the region diverse musical traditions. Jota is popular, but is uniquely slow in Castile and León, unlike its more energetic Aragonese version. Instrumentation also varies much from

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5456-552: The music and ideas of Ancient Greece ; early Christians, who had their own differing versions of church music arrived during the height of the Roman Empire; the Visigoths , a Romanized Germanic people , who took control of the peninsula following the fall of the Roman Empire; the Moors and Jews in the Middle Ages. Hence, there have been more than two thousand years of internal and external influences and developments that have produced

5544-420: The music is written in D major with implied accidentals. In Western musical composition, the key of a piece has important ramifications for its composition: Key coloration is the difference between the intervals of different keys in a single non-equal tempered tuning, and the overall sound and "feel" of the key created by the tuning of its intervals. Historical irregular musical temperaments usually have

5632-425: The narrowest fifths between the diatonic notes ("naturals") producing purer thirds , and wider fifths among the chromatic notes ("sharps and flats"). Each key then has a slightly different intonation , hence different keys have distinct characters. Such "key coloration" was an essential part of much eighteenth- and nineteenth-century music and was described in treatises of the period. For example, in tunings with

5720-399: The notational system of ancient Greece, suggesting that this knowledge had been lost with the fall of the Roman Empire in the west. The Moors of Al-Andalus were usually relatively tolerant of Christianity and Judaism, especially during the first three centuries of their long presence in the Iberian peninsula, during which Christian and Jewish music continued to flourish. Music notation

5808-414: The notes of a particular scale is said to be "in the key of" that scale or in the tonality of that scale. A particular key features a tonic note and its corresponding chords , also called a tonic or tonic chord , which provides a subjective sense of arrival and rest, and also has a unique relationship to the other pitches of the same key, their corresponding chords, and pitches and chords outside

5896-549: The one in Aragon. Northern León, that shares a language relationship with a region in northern Portugal and the Spanish regions of Asturias and Galicia, also shares their musical influences. Here, the gaita ( bagpipe ) and tabor pipe playing traditions are prominent. In most of Castile, there is a strong tradition of dance music for dulzaina ( shawm ) and rondalla groups. Popular rhythms include 5/8 charrada and circle dances, jota and habas verdes . As in many other parts of

5984-605: The organization responsible for the Latin Grammy Awards , includes music from Spain including a category for Best Flamenco Album with voting members living in the country. The regions of Spain have distinctive musical traditions. There is also a movement of singer-songwriters with politically active lyrics, paralleling similar developments in Latin America and Portugal . The singer and composer Eliseo Parra (b 1949) has recorded traditional folk music from

6072-574: The polyphonic chant of the Auroro singers, are traditionally sung a cappella , sometimes accompanied by the sound of church bells , and cuadrillas are festive songs primarily played during holidays, like Christmas. Navarre and La Rioja are small northern regions with diverse cultural elements. Bordered by Aragon and the Basque Autonomous Community, they also share much of the music found in those two regions. Northern Navarre

6160-468: The realm of classical music, Spain boasts a rich tradition of accomplished singers and performers who have made significant contributions to the global musical landscape. The country hosts a vibrant classical music scene, characterized by a multitude of professional orchestras and esteemed opera houses. With over forty professional orchestras spread across its regions, Spain serves as a hub for orchestral excellence. Among these ensembles, notable names include

6248-434: The regions. For example, music from the north-west regions is heavily reliant on bagpipes , the jota is widespread in the centre and north of the country, and flamenco originated in the south. Spanish music played a notable part in the early developments of western classical music, from the 15th through the early 17th century. The breadth of musical innovation can be seen in composers like Tomás Luis de Victoria , styles like

6336-503: The same pattern of intonation, differing only in pitch. Music of Spain In Spain , music has a long history. It has played an important role in the development of Western music, and has greatly influenced Latin American music . Spanish music is often associated with traditional styles such as flamenco and classical guitar. While these forms of music are common, there are many different traditional musical and dance styles across

6424-485: The stage for Spain's emergence as a powerhouse in global music. Female artists such as Alaska (of Alaska y los Pegamoides and later Fangoria ) and Martirio emerged as influential figures, challenging traditional gender roles and exploring new sounds and styles. Julio Iglesias, Enrique Iglesias , and Alejandro Sanz stand as icons of Spanish pop music's international success. These artists not only captivated audiences within Spain but also resonated globally, showcasing

6512-582: The time is presumed to have been heavily influenced by the music of the Moors, especially in the south, but as much of the country still spoke various Latin dialects while under Moorish rule (known today as the Mozarabic ) earlier musical folk styles from the pre-Islamic period continued in the countryside where most of the population lived, in the same way as the Mozarabic Chant continued to flourish in

6600-751: The time of his death in 1945, Bartók was a very well known and respected composer, as well as a prominent expert on folk music, so his opinion and his writing carried a great deal of weight. Bartók suggested that Chopin instead had been influenced by national, and not folk music. The soprano and composer Pauline Viardot was a close friend of Chopin and his lover George Sand , and she made a number of arrangements of his mazurkas as songs, with his full agreement. He gave Viardot expert advice on these arrangements, as well as on her piano playing and her other vocal compositions. Chopin in turn derived from her some firsthand knowledge about Spanish music . Several arrangements were made for piano and cello by Auguste Franchomme ,

6688-465: The universal appeal of Spanish-language music. Julio Iglesias, in particular, achieved unprecedented success as the best-selling male Latin artist of all time, illustrating the enduring impact of Spanish pop on the global music landscape. In Spain itself, the 1990s were characterized by a vibrant underground music scene that thrived in major cities like Madrid and Barcelona. Alternative rock bands such as Los Planetas and Dover gained prominence, bringing

6776-463: The vibrant underground music scene that emerged despite censorship. Artists like Marisol , who started as a child star in the 1960s, and Rocío Dúrcal , who became a prominent figure in Spanish music and film, navigated these challenges to become beloved icons of their time. The 1980s ushered in a transformative era with La Movida Madrileña , a countercultural movement centered in Madrid. This period

6864-501: The word "national" as "folk," creating the "longest standing myth in Chopin criticism—the myth that Chopin's mazurkas are national works rooted in an authentic Polish-folk music tradition." In fact, the most likely explanation for Chopin's influence is the national music he was hearing as a young man in urban areas of Poland, such as Warsaw. After scholars created this myth, they furthered it through their own writings in different ways. Some picked specific mazurkas that they could apply to

6952-403: The world-famous Julio Iglesias . During the 1960s and early 1970s, tourism boomed, bringing yet more musical styles from the rest of the continent and abroad. During Franco's rule, which heavily restricted women's rights and roles in public life, female artists faced additional barriers in expressing themselves through music. However, some managed to break through these constraints, contributing to

7040-439: Was a key figure in the development of the romantic zarzuela; whilst later composers such as Ruperto Chapí , Federico Chueca and Tomás Bretón brought the genre to its late 19th-century apogee. Leading 20th-century zarzuela composers included Pablo Sorozábal and Federico Moreno Torroba . Fernando Sor , Dionisio Aguado , Francisco Tárrega and Miguel Llobet are known as composers of guitar music. Fine literature for violin

7128-431: Was able to transform his mazurkas into an entirely new genre, one that became known as a "Chopin genre". Chopin started composing his mazurkas in 1825, and continued composing them until 1849, the year of his death. The number of mazurkas composed in each year varies, but he was steadily writing them throughout this time period. Since Chopin's mazurkas connect to the already established traditional Polish mazurka, some of

7216-717: Was closely related to that of the Franco-Flemish composers. Merging of these styles occurred during the period when the Holy Roman Empire and the Burgundy were part of the dominions under Charles I (king of Spain from 1516 to 1556), since composers from the North of Europe visited Spain, and native Spaniards traveled within the empire, which extended to the Netherlands , Germany and Italy. Music composed for

7304-416: Was created by Pablo Sarasate and Jesús de Monasterio . Musical creativity mainly moved into areas of popular music until the nationalist revival of the late Romantic era. Spanish composers of this period included Felipe Pedrell , Isaac Albéniz , Enrique Granados , Joaquín Turina , Manuel de Falla , Jesús Guridi , Ernesto Halffter , Federico Mompou , Salvador Bacarisse , and Joaquín Rodrigo . In

7392-409: Was developed in Spain as early as the 8th century (the so-called Visigothic neumes ) to notate the chant and other sacred music of the Christian church , but this obscure notation has not yet been deciphered by scholars, and exists only in small fragments. The music of the early medieval Christian church in Spain is known, misleadingly, as the " Mozarabic Chant ", which developed in isolation prior to

7480-438: Was in decline, and was to remain that way until the 19th century. Classicism in Spain, when it arrived, was inspired by Italian models, as in the works of Antonio Soler . Some outstanding Italian composers such as Domenico Scarlatti and Luigi Boccherini were appointed to the Madrid royal court. The short-lived Juan Crisóstomo Arriaga is credited as the main beginner of Romantic sinfonism in Spain. Although symphonic music

7568-424: Was never too important in Spain, chamber, solo instrumental (mainly guitar and piano) vocal and opera (both traditional opera, and the Spanish version of the singspiel) music was written by local composers. Zarzuela , a native form of opera that includes spoken dialogue, is a secular musical genre which developed in the mid-17th century, flourishing most importantly in the century after 1850. Francisco Asenjo Barbieri

7656-428: Was pivotal for Spain's pop music scene, fostering a spirit of experimentation and creativity across diverse genres such as electronica, Euro disco, rock, punk, and hip-hop. Spanish pop music began to carve out its own distinctive identity, moving beyond emulation of Anglo-American trends to embrace originality and diversity. La Movida not only revitalized artistic expression but also catalyzed the industry's growth, setting

7744-464: Was said to have reached a level of polyphonic perfection and expressive intensity equal or even superior to Palestrina and Lassus . Most Spanish composers returned home from travels abroad late in their careers to spread their musical knowledge in their native land, or in the late 16th century to serve at the Court of Philip II . By the end of the 17th century the "classical" musical culture of Spain

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