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28-664: Chrétien is a given name and surname. In the French language, Chrétien is the masculine form of "Christian", as noun, adjective or adverb. Notable people with the name include: Given name [ edit ] Chrétien de Troyes , 12th-century French poet Chrétien Le Clercq , 17th-century Roman Catholic missionary Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes (1759–1845), French merchant-trader, diplomat and scholar Chrétien Urhan (1790–1845), French musician and composer Surname [ edit ] Gilles-Louis Chrétien (1754–1811) inventor of

56-421: A single battle scene, to a prologue, to a minimally cohesive tale with little to no chronological layout. Uitti argues that Yvain is Chrétien's "most carefully contrived romance… It has a beginning, a middle, and an end: we are in no doubt that Yvain's story is over." This very method of having three definite parts, including the build in the middle leading to the climax of the story, is in large part why Chrétien

84-582: A stanza from his celebrated poem J'a nuns hons pris , lamenting his captivity in Austria, was addressed to her. Marie died on 11 March 1198, not long after hearing the news of her son's death. She was buried in Meaux Cathedral . On 25 June 1562, rioting Huguenots devastated many edifices, including the Cathedral of Meaux; it was on this occasion that the tomb of Marie of Champagne, located in

112-491: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Chr%C3%A9tien de Troyes Little is known of his life, but he seems to have been from Troyes or at least intimately connected with it. Between 1160 and 1172 he served (perhaps as herald-at-arms, as Gaston Paris speculated) at the court of his patroness Marie of France, Countess of Champagne , daughter of King Louis VII and Eleanor of Aquitaine , who married Count Henry I of Champagne in 1164. Later, he served

140-549: Is left to guess about Latin or French literary originals which are now lost, or upon continental lore that goes back to a Celtic source in the case of Béroul , an Anglo-Norman who wrote around 1150. For his Perceval, the Story of the Grail , the influence of the story is clearly tied to the story of Saint Galgano ( Galgano Guidotti ) who died in 1180–1181 and was canonized in 1185: a knight struck by god's vision, planted his sword in

168-518: Is marked by traits of the regional Champenois dialect (which is still fairly similar to the "standard" French of Paris). The immediate and specific sources for his romances are uncertain, as Chrétien speaks in the vaguest way of the materials he used. Geoffrey of Monmouth or Wace might have supplied some of the names, but neither author mentioned Erec , Lancelot , Gornemant and many others who play an important role in Chrétien's narratives. One

196-430: Is seen to be a writer of novels five centuries before novels, as we know them, existed. This article incorporates material from an essay by W. W. Comfort, published in 1914. [REDACTED] Category Marie of France, Countess of Champagne Marie of France (1145 – 11 March 1198) was a Capetian princess who became Countess of Champagne by her marriage to Henry I of Champagne . She served as regent of

224-499: Is the only one of his four poems based on Ovid 's Metamorphoses that has survived. Two short-lyric chansons on the subject of love are also very likely his, but the attribution of the pious romance Guillaume d'Angleterre to him is now widely doubted. It has also been suggested that Chrétien might be the author of two short verse romances titled Le Chevalier à l'épée and La Mule sans frein , but this theory has not found much support. Chrétien names his treatments of Ovid in

252-684: The County of Champagne three times: during Henry I's absence from 1179-1181; during the minority of their son Henry II from 1181–1187; and during Henry II's absence from 1190-1197. The daughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII of France , she was the sister of Alice of France and the half-sister of: William Count of Poitiers , Henry the Young King , Richard I , Geoffrey of Brittany , Matilda of England , Eleanor of England , Joan of England , John of England ; Margaret of France , Alys of France , Agnes of France , Philip II of France ; and

280-534: The Latin races between the close of the Empire and the arrival of Dante ." Chrétien's writing was very popular, as evidenced by the high number of surviving copies of his romances and their many adaptations into other languages. Three of Middle High German literature's finest examples, Wolfram von Eschenbach 's Parzival and Hartmann von Aue 's Erec and Iwein , were based on Perceval , Erec , and Yvain ;

308-1069: The physionotrace Henri Chrétien , (1879–1956), French astronomer and inventor Jean Chrétien (born 1934), 20th prime minister of Canada (serving 1993–2003), and former leader of the Liberal Party of Canada (serving 1990–2003) also: Aline Chrétien (1936–2020), his wife Michel Chrétien (born 1936), his brother Raymond Chrétien (born 1942), former Canadian ambassador to the United States, his nephew Jean-Guy Chrétien (born 1946), Canadian politician Jean-Louis Chrétien , (1952–2019), French philosopher Jean-Loup Chrétien (born 1938), French astronaut Paul Chrétien , (1862–1948), French general Pierre Chrétien (1846–1934), French entomologist Todd Chretien (born 1969), contemporary U.S. activist See also [ edit ] All pages with titles containing Chrétien [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of Chrétien at Wiktionary Chrétien (crater) , on

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336-562: The 1150s". Foster Guyer argues that specifically Yvain, the Knight of the Lion contains definite Ovidian influence: "Yvain was filled with grief and showed the Ovidian love symptoms of weeping and sighing so bitterly that he could scarcely speak. He declared that he would never stay away a full year. Using words like those of Leander in the seventeenth of Ovid's Epistles he said: 'If only I had

364-626: The Holy Land from 1179 until 1181. While her husband was away, Marie's father died and her half-brother, Philip Augustus , became king of France. He confiscated his mother's dower lands and married Isabelle of Hainaut , who was previously betrothed to Marie's eldest son. This prompted Marie to join a party of disgruntled nobles—including the queen mother Adela of Champagne and the archbishop of Reims —in plotting unsuccessfully against Philip. Eventually, relations between Marie and her royal brother improved. Marie's husband died soon after his return from

392-515: The Holy Land in 1181, leaving her again as regent for their young son Henry. Marie, who had retired to the nunnery of Château de Fontaines-les-Nonnes near Meaux (1187–1190), served again as regent for Champagne as her son Henry II joined the Third Crusade from 1190 to 1197. He remained in the Levant, marrying Queen Isabella I of Jerusalem in 1192. Over the course of her regencies, Champagne

420-528: The Knight of the Lion ; and Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , the latter two written simultaneously between 1177 and 1181. Yvain is generally considered Chrétien's most masterful work. The last romance commonly attributed to Chrétien, Perceval, the Story of the Grail , was written between 1181 and 1190, but left unfinished. It is dedicated to Philip, Count of Flanders , to whom Chrétien may have been attached in his last years. He finished only 9,000 lines of

448-532: The Moon [REDACTED] Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrétien&oldid=1212103558 " Categories : Given names Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

476-693: The Three Welsh Romances associated with the Mabinogion ( Peredur, son of Efrawg , Geraint and Enid , and Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain ) are derived from the same trio. Especially in the case of Peredur , however, the connection between the Welsh romances and their source is probably not direct and has never been satisfactorily delineated. Chrétien also has the distinction of being

504-462: The court of Philippe d'Alsace, Count of Flanders . As proposed by Urban T. Holmes III , Chrétien's name, meaning literally "Christian from Troyes", might be a pen name moniker of a Jewish convert from Judaism to Christianity, also known as Crestien li Gois . Chrétien's works include five major poems in rhyming eight-syllable couplets. Four of these are complete: Erec and Enide ( c.  1170 ); Cligès ( c.  1176 ); Yvain,

532-576: The desperately needed son and heir the couple hoped for, the marriage broke down and was annulled on 21 March 1152; Marie was 7 and Alice was not yet 2. Custody of the girls was awarded to their father as they were at that time the only heirs to the French throne. Eleanor quickly moved on, marrying Henry, Duke of Normandy , on 18 May. Louis married Constance of Castile in 1154. Just 5 weeks after Constance died while giving birth to their second child and daughter, he married Adele of Champagne on 13 November 1160, who gave birth to Philippe in 1165. In 1153, Marie

560-678: The first writer to mention the Holy Grail ( Perceval ), Camelot ( Lancelot ), and the love affair between Queen Guinevere and Lancelot ( Lancelot ), subjects of household recognition even today. There is a specific Classical influence in Chrétien's romances, the likes of which (the Iliad , the Aeneid , the Metamorphoses ) were "translated into the Old French vernacular during

588-543: The ground that immediately solidified (kept in Abbey San Galgano ). However, Chrétien found his sources immediately at hand, without much understanding of its primitive spirit, but appreciating it as a setting for the ideal society dreamed of, although not realized, in his own day. And Chrétien's five romances together form the most complete expression from a single author of the ideals of French chivalry . Though so far there has been little critical attention paid to

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616-468: The introduction to Cligès , where he also mentions his work about King Mark and Iseult . The latter is presumably related to the legend of Tristan and Iseult , though Tristan is not named. Chrétien's take on Tristan has not survived, though in the introduction of Cligès, Chrétien himself says that his treatment of Tristan was not well received, possibly explaining why it does not survive. Chrétien's works are written in vernacular Old French , although it

644-522: The stepdaughter of Henry II of England , and Constance of Castile , and Adela of Champagne . Marie's birth was hailed as a "miracle" by Bernard of Clairvaux , an answer to his prayer to bless the marriage between Eleanor of Aquitaine and Louis VII. Marie was just 2 years old when her parents joined the Second Crusade to the Holy Land . With the birth of her sister Alice in 1150 instead of

672-473: The subject, it is not inaccurate to say that Chrétien was influenced by the changing face of secular and canonical law in the 12th century. This is particularly relevant for his Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart , which makes repeated use of the customary law prevalent in Chrétien's day. William Wistar Comfort praised de Troyes' "significance as a literary artist and as the founder of a precious literary tradition [which] distinguishes him from all other poets of

700-409: The wings of a dove/to fly back to you at will/Many and many a time I would come'." Chrétien has been termed "the inventor of the modern novel ". Karl Uitti argues: "With [Chrétien's work] a new era opens in the history of European story telling… this poem reinvents the genre we call narrative romance; in some important respects it also initiates the vernacular novel." A "story" could be anything from

728-744: The work, but four successors of varying talents added 54,000 additional lines in what are known as the Four Continuations . Similarly, the last thousand lines of Lancelot were written by Godefroi de Leigni , apparently by arrangement with Chrétien. In the case of Perceval , one continuer says the poet's death prevented him from completing the work; in the case of Lancelot , no reason is given. This has not stopped speculation that Chrétien did not approve of Lancelot ' s adulterous subject (in which case he seems unlikely to have invented Lancelot). There are also several lesser works, not all of which can be securely ascribed to Chrétien. Philomela

756-642: Was betrothed to Henry of Champagne by her father Louis. These betrothals were arranged based on the intervention of Bernard of Clairvaux, as reported in the contemporary chronicle of Radulfus Niger . After her betrothal, Marie was sent to live with the Viscountess Elizabeth of Mareuil-sy-Aÿ and then to the abbey of Avenay in Champagne for her Latin-based education. In 1159, Marie married Henry I, Count of Champagne . Marie became regent for Champagne when her husband Henry I went on pilgrimage to

784-640: Was transformed from a patchwork of territories into a significant principality. Marie was a patron of literature and her court became a sphere of influence on authors and poets such as Andreas Capellanus , who served in her court and referred to her several times in his writing, Chrétien de Troyes , who credits her with the idea for his Lancelot: The Knight of the Cart , the troubadours Bertran de Born and Bernart de Ventadorn , Gautier d'Arras and Conon de Bétune . Being literate in both French and Latin, she amassed and maintained her own extensive library. Marie's half-brother King Richard , mentions her in

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