Misplaced Pages

#477522

62-515: The Gymnasium Christianeum is a famous former Latin school (German: Lateinschule ) in Hamburg , northern Germany. Founded in 1738 by King Christian VI of Denmark , it is now housed in a building planned by Danish designer Arne Jacobsen . The first Latin school here was founded as early as 1688 (according to other sources 1683) in Altona (now a part of Hamburg). Decades later the school acquired

124-583: A background in classical Latin as well as training in humanistic scripts. Still considered as the language of the learned, Latin was esteemed and used frequently in the academic field. However, at the start of the 14th century, writers started writing in the vernacular . Due to this event and the common practice of interweaving Latin with a dialect even at advanced stages in learning, the precedence of Latin schools from other pedagogical institutions diminished. Clergy often funded ecclesiastical schools where clerics taught. Many historians argue that up until 1300

186-466: A book containing dialogues written for the study of Latin grammar, was written by Erasmus and became one of the most popular books of its time. Students of Studia Humanitatis were seen as well prepared for occupations pertaining to politics or business. Learning the classics and other subjects in this curriculum enabled the individual to speak, argue and write with eloquence and relevance. Early Modern children were first taught to read and write

248-527: A career within the church. Although Latin schools existed in many parts of Europe in the 14th-century and were more open to the laity, prior to that the Church allowed for Latin schools for the sole purpose of training those who would one day become clergymen. Latin schools began to develop to reflect Renaissance humanism around the 1450s. In some countries, but not England, they later lost their popularity as universities and some Catholic orders began to prefer

310-474: A common substitute form of emphasis where the medium lacks support for boldface, such as old typewriters , plain-text email , SMS and other text-messaging systems. Socially, the use of all-caps text in Roman languages has become an indicator of shouting when quoting speech. It was also often used in the past by American lawyers to flag important points in a legal text. Coinciding with the era of typewriter use,

372-560: A different impression than intended. In Chinese , emphasis in body text is supposed to be indicated by using an " emphasis mark " (着重號／着重号), which is a dot placed under each character to be emphasized. This is still taught in schools but in practice it is not usually done, probably due to the difficulty of doing this using most computer software. Consequently, methods used for emphasis in Western text are often used instead, even though they are considered inappropriate for Chinese (for example,

434-590: A dot is placed above each Hangul syllable block or Hanja to be emphasized. In Armenian the շեշտ ( šešt ) sign ( ՛ ) is used. On websites and other Internet services, as with typewriters , rich text is not always available. Asterisks are sometimes used for emphasis (as in "That was *really* bad"). Less commonly, underscores may be used, resembling underlining ("That was _really_ bad"). Periods can be used between words (as in "That. was. really. bad.") to emphasize whole sentences, mimicking when somebody slows down their speech for impact. In some cases,

496-604: A full space was used between the letters of an emphasized word and also one before and one after the word. For black letter type boldface was not feasible, since the letters were very dark in their standard format, and on (most) typewriters only a single type was available. Although letter-spacing was common, sometimes different typefaces (e.g. Schwabacher inside Fraktur ), underlining or colored, usually red ink were used instead. Since blackletter type remained in use in German speaking parts of Europe much longer than anywhere else,

558-516: A large sum of other books (though not nearly as popular) was often referred to as the "canon of textbooks". Similarly, as the student advanced into the Ars Dictaminis stage more theory and practice writing formal or prose letters were focused on. Poetry was often a teachers favorite as it taught not only Latin , but mnemonic value and "truth". Poetry was not chiefly studied during the medieval times, although some classic poems were taken into

620-461: A printed text by the reader. In Arabic, it is traditional to emphasize text by drawing a line over the letters. This is seen in the Quran , where the word at which Sujud Tilawa is performed is overlined. Sometimes quotation marks are used for emphasis. However, this clashes with the general understanding of how the marks are properly used, particularly scare quotes , and can leave the reader with

682-555: A sizable music department, the school choir being the largest in Germany. Furthermore, the school actively takes part in exchange programs with schools in Chicago and St. Petersburg . On average, enrollment goes well beyond 100 students per year, exceeding most other schools in Hamburg in size. 53°33′28″N 9°52′24″E  /  53.55778°N 9.87333°E  / 53.55778; 9.87333 Latin school Emphasis

SECTION 10

#1732780587478

744-458: A teacher and paid their salary. These schools usually had limited supervision from the town authorities. Freelance Latin masters opened up their own schools quite frequently and would provide Latin education to anyone willing to pay. These freelance schools usually taught students in the master's home. Others taught as a tutor in a student's household by either living there or making daily visits to teach. Students ranged from those who were members of

806-508: A word, unless essential, for example the Modern Language Association "discourages the use of italics in academic prose to emphasize or point, because they are unnecessary—most often, the unadorned words do the job without typographic assistance". Although emphasis is useful in speech, and so has a place in informal or journalistic writing, in academic traditions it is often suggested that italics are only used where there

868-423: Is a convention that says "set this text in italic type ", traditionally used on manuscript or typescript as an instruction to the printer . Its use to add emphasis in modern documents is a deprecated practice. In web pages, hyperlinks are often displayed with underlines – to identify them as such rather than to emphasize them. Underlining is also used for secondary emphasis, i.e. marks added to

930-465: Is often considered archaic in Latin script, and on computers is complicated since fonts are no longer issued by foundries with a standard baseline, so switching font may distort line spacing. It is still possible using some font super families , which come with matching serif and sans-serif variants, though these are not generally supplied with modern computers as system fonts. In Japanese typography, due to

992-419: Is often used in blackletter typesetting and typewriter manuscripts, but by no means restricted to those situations. This letter-spacing is referred to as sperren in German, which could be translated as "spacing out": in typesetting with letters of lead, the spacing would be achieved by inserting additional non-printing slices of metal between the types, usually about an eighth of an em wide. On typewriters

1054-540: Is the strengthening of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text, to highlight them. It is the equivalent of prosody stress in speech. The most common methods in Western typography fall under the general technique of emphasis through a change or modification of font: italics , boldface and SMALL CAPS . Other methods include the alteration of LETTER CASE and spacing as well as color and *additional graphic marks*. The human eye

1116-627: Is used analogously to italics in Latin text. Post-print emphasis added by a reader is often done with highlighters which add a bright background color to usual black-on-white text. Syntax highlighting also makes use of text color. There are many designs. With both italics and boldface, the emphasis is correctly achieved by swapping into a different font of the same family; for example by replacing body text in Arial with its bold or italic style. Professional typographic systems, including most modern computers, would therefore not simply tilt letters to

1178-528: Is very limited in German. This use of spacing is also traditionally found in Polish. German orthographic (or rather typographic) rules require that the mandatory blackletter ligatures are retained. That means, ſt , ch , ck , and tz are still stuck together just as the letter ß , whereas optional, additional ligatures like ff and ſi are broken up with a (small) space in between. Other writing systems did not develop such sophisticated rules since spacing

1240-400: Is very receptive to differences in "brightness within a text body." Therefore, one can differentiate between types of emphasis according to whether the emphasis changes the " blackness " of text, sometimes referred to as typographic color. A means of emphasis that does not have much effect on blackness is the use of italics , where the text is written in a script style, or oblique , where

1302-549: The Greek language , as well as modern foreign languages, emerged. They called this new curriculum the Studia Humanitatis . Latin school formed the basis of education in the elite Italian city-states . Positions such as headmaster of grammar schools or professor of Latin grammar, rhetoric and dialect, were filled in by erudite humanists. Guarino da Verona , another humanist, devised three stages for humanistic learning:

SECTION 20

#1732780587478

1364-550: The Second World War . The library got damaged which resulted from the bombings. In the year 1946, 792 students attended the school. In mid-1947, school trips to Puan Klent started again. In the 1950s, jazz became popular among students. In mid-1953, the first school trip abroad was made (to Italy). The pupil's magazine Die Lupe got a prize of the city Hamburg for being the best pupils magazine in Hamburg. In 1960,

1426-563: The 16th century, the Catholic Counter-Reformation supported the establishment of municipal schools. Jesuits founded their own schools and offered free training in Latin grammar, Philosophy, Theology, Geography, Religious Doctrine and History for boys. It was important for Jesuits as well as the Catholic Reformation to instruct clergymen as well as laymen in this type of education. The Jesuits pursued

1488-772: The C-orchestra was established, which is still active nowadays. In 1964, the advertisement for an architect for the new building was published; Danish architect Arne Jacobsen got the job. In 1965, the first female teacher was introduced. Start of the building of the new designed Christianeum in 1968. In the same year Russian is introduced as a subject. Nowadays, classes in Latin and English are mandatory from fifth grade. In grade nine students can choose between either Ancient Greek or Russian. Additionally, courses in Spanish, French and Mandarin are offered. The Christianeum has

1550-517: The Catholic Church tried to deal with the surfacing of Protestant Latin schools that involved itself with orienting church authorities and pastors. John Calvin , a reformer, taught Latin grammar along with the Geneva catechism. Nevertheless, there were some reformers who wanted to cease using Latin in worship, finding the vernacular a more efficient language to use. In the latter part of

1612-660: The Church had a monopoly on education in Medieval Italy. Latin church schools seemed to appear around the 12th century, however very few remained after the 14th century as a vernacular, more definite form of Latin school emerged in Italy. In some areas in Spain during the late 15th century, the church encouraged priests and sacristans to train others in reading and writing. After the Protestant Reformation ,

1674-667: The Dutch humanist, Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536), denounced the church and the way it taught. He desired that a Renaissance in the Roman Catholic Church should accompany the study of the classics . Humanist ideas became so influential that residents in Italian states began to call for a new kind of education in Latin. Schools and academies that centred on instructing classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , medieval texts,

1736-591: The VI donated the FLORA DANICA, one of the most precious treasures, even nowadays, to the library of the Christianeum, just 16 years later the distinguished historian Theodor Mommsen attended the school. He is probably one of the most famous students the school has ever had. In 1853 followed philosopher Friedrich Paulsen . In 1880, the Christianeum was rebuilt. In 1885, 461 students attended the Christianeum and in

1798-546: The bold-style numbers take up the same width as the regular (non-bold) numbers, so a bold-style total lines up below the digits of the sum in regular style. Linguistics professor Larry Trask stated that "It is possible to write an entire word or phrase in capital letters in order to emphasize it", but adds that "On the whole, though, it is preferable to express emphasis, not with capital letters, but with italics." Many university researchers and academic journal editors advise not to use italics, or other approaches to emphasizing

1860-466: The curriculum that would teach students grammar. These texts however, were often not the original texts, as more often than not, texts were changed to include moral stories or to display rules of grammar. These were usually in the form of fables or poems. New students generally started off with easy basic grammar, and steadily moved into harder Latin readings such as the Donatus ( Ars Minor stage), which

1922-581: The curriculum. However, during the Renaissance, pupils greatly studied poetry in order to learn metrics and style. As well, it was viewed as a broader study of Latin grammar and rhetoric, which often included concepts, and analysis of words Ars Dictaminis was an area of study that was created in the latter part of the Middle Ages as a response to the demand for social communication as offices for religious and political leaders increased. Rhetoric

Gymnasium Christianeum - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-423: The custom of letter-spacing is sometimes seen as specific to German, although it has been used with other languages, including English. Especially in German, however, this kind of emphasis may also be used within modern type, e.g. where italics already serve another semantic purpose (as in linguistics) and where no further means of emphasis (e.g. small caps) are easily available or feasible. Its professional use today

2046-418: The effect of italic or boldface be imitated by algorithmically altering the original font. The modern Latin-alphabet system of fonts appearing in two standard weights, with the styles being regular (or "Roman"), italic, bold and bold italic is a relatively recent development, dating to the early twentieth century. Modern "Roman" type was developed around the 1470s, while italic type was developed around 1500 and

2108-417: The elementary, the grammatical and the rhetorical. Humanists held the belief that by being a learned individual they were contributing to society. Hence, humanistic education constituted the intermediate and advanced levels for most of the urban population. It created an opportunity to advance an individual's social status since more institutions intellectual, political and economic sought workers who possessed

2170-481: The engine behind the text area being parsed will render the text and the asterisks in bold automatically after the text is submitted. Markdown is a common formalization of this concept. Colors are important for emphasizing. Important words in a text may be colored differently from others. For example, many dictionaries use a different color for headwords , and some religious texts color the words of deities red, commonly referred to as rubric . In Ethiopic script , red

2232-418: The fees. Students usually finished their schooling during their late teens, but those who desired to join the priesthood had to wait until they were twenty-four in order to get accepted. There was usually a limit to how long a student could stay in school, although if a relative was one of the school's founders then an extended stay was possible. Schools were managed by appointing a committee who then employed

2294-485: The font is usually alternated back to (upright) roman script, or quotation marks are used instead, although some font families provide upright italics for a third visually distinct appearance. By contrast, a bold font weight makes letters of a text thicker than the surrounding text. Bold strongly stands out from regular text, and is often used to highlight keywords important to the text's content. For example, printed dictionaries often use boldface for their keywords, and

2356-413: The founder Christian the VI. visited the new school. In the following years, the school expanded. In 1745, it had already 45 students and four years later the first Jewish student attended the school. Between 1738 and 1800, many famous intellectuals attended the christianeum as the philosopher Salomon Maimon and the poet Johann Christoph Unzer or the famous Danish painter Jes Bundsen. In 1816, king Frederik

2418-405: The names of entries can conventionally be marked in bold. Small capitals ( THUS ) are also used for emphasis, especially for the first line of a section, sometimes accompanied by or instead of a drop cap , or for personal names as in bibliographies. If the text body is typeset in a serif typeface , it is also possible to highlight words by setting them in a sans serif face. This practice

2480-501: The peasantry to those of the elite. If a serf 's child wanted to go to school, payment given to the lord was required (to replace the value of his labour) as well as his consent. As Europeans experienced the intellectual, political, economic and social innovations of the Renaissance so did their attitudes towards Medieval Latin schools. Renaissance humanists criticized Medieval Latin calling it "barbaric jargon". Scholars like

2542-429: The practice became unnecessary with the advent of computerized text formatting, although it is still found on occasion in documents created by older lawyers. Another means of emphasis is to increase the spacing between the letters , rather than making them darker, but still achieving a distinction in blackness. This results in an effect reverse to boldface: the emphasized text becomes lighter than its environment. This

Gymnasium Christianeum - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-517: The reduced legibility of heavier Minchō type, the practice remains common. Of these methods, italics, small capitals and capitalization are oldest, with bold type and sans-serif typefaces not arriving until the nineteenth century. The house styles of many publishers in the United States use all caps text for: Capitalization is used much less frequently by British publishers, and usually only for book titles. All-uppercase letters are

2666-738: The right to achieve italics (that is instead referred to as slanting or oblique ), print them twice or darker for boldface, or scale majuscules to the height of middle-chamber minuscules (like x and o ) for small-caps, but instead use entirely different typefaces that achieve the effect. The letter 'w', for example, looks quite different in italic compared to upright. As a result, typefaces therefore have to be supplied at least fourfold (with computer systems, usually as four font files): as regular, bold, italic, and bold italic to provide for all combinations. Professional typefaces sometimes offer even more variations for popular fonts, with varying degrees of blackness. Only if such fonts are not available should

2728-554: The same year the first school trip was made. The 150-anniversary was celebrated in 1888. In 1902, Theodor Mommsen received the Nobel Prize for Literature. In 1900, Hermann Weyl became a student of the school. He was going to be one of the very well established scientists of the 20th century in mathematics. 36 students of the school participate in the First World War voluntarily. In total, 133 students participate in

2790-455: The significance of education to their order and took over the teaching responsibilities in Latin schools and secondary schools along with other Catholic orders in several Catholic areas. The Latin school curriculum was based mainly on reading Classical and some Medieval authors. Students had to learn the principles of Ars Dictaminis in order to learn how to write formal letters. Authors often had lists of books that were supposed to be used in

2852-404: The status of a famous Gymnasium , the most famous in the duchy of Holstein , and was re-founded by Christian VI. In 1971, the school was relocated from Hamburg-Altona to its current location in the quarter Othmarschen .The history of the Christianeum reflects also the history of Altona, Schleswig Holstein and Denmark. In 1738, when the first eight students enlisted themselves. Two years later,

2914-494: The study of how to write official and private letters as well as records. The revised Ars Dictaminis took its guidelines from one of Cicero 's works, the de inventione and pseudo-Ciceronian Rhetorica ad Herennium . There were five main parts: the salutatio (salutation), benevolentiae (winning the agreement of the recipient through the arrangement of words), narratio (the point of the discussion), petitio (petition), and conclusio (conclusion). This systematic presentation

2976-408: The use of underlining or setting text in oblique type ). In Japanese texts, when katakana would be inappropriate, emphasis is indicated by "emphasis dots" ( 圏点 or 傍点 ) placed above the kanji and any accompanying furigana in horizontal writing and to the right in vertical writing . Japanese also has an "emphasis line" ( 傍線 ) used in a similar manner, but less frequently. In Korean texts,

3038-512: The vernacular and were then sent to Latin schools. If the parents were financially able, the child went even before he learned to read or write if the opportunity was present. Men were the usual students since women were either taught at home or in nunneries. Subsequent to the Council of Trent 's decision to cloister all female religious, female orders such as Ursulines and Angelicals conducted their own schools within their convents. University

3100-502: The vernacular. Medieval Europe thought of grammar as a foundation from which all forms of scholarship should originate. Grammar schools otherwise known as Latin schools taught Latin by using Latin. Latin was the language used in nearly all academic and most legal and administrative matters, as well as the language of the liturgy . Some of the laity, though not instructed formally, spoke and wrote some Latin. Courts, especially church courts, used Latin in their proceedings, although this

3162-468: The vertical orientation of each letter of the text is slanted to the left or right. With one or the other of these techniques (usually only one is available for any typeface), words can be highlighted without making them stand out much from the rest of the text (inconspicuous stressing). This is used for marking passages that have a different context, such as book titles, words from foreign languages, or internal dialogue. For multiple, nested levels of emphasis,

SECTION 50

#1732780587478

3224-484: The war. In 1917, the school had 470 students, in 1921 only 260. In May 1925, the first school trip to Puan Klent took place. When Hitler came into power, many teachers who did not agree with the nationalism ideology got fired. In 1934, 75% of the students were in the Hitler Youth although being part of it was not compulsory. The school started again on 6 August 1945. 192 teachers and students became victims of

3286-407: The year 1450. Those who did study under this discipline were taught classical literature , history, rhetoric , dialectic , natural philosophy , arithmetic , some medieval texts, Greek as well as modern foreign languages. The use of pagan authors became more common as the church became less involved with the humanistic method used in academic institutions before university. Colloquies (1518),

3348-710: Was Boston Latin School , founded in 1635. These fed early universities such as Harvard , with students capable of speaking, reading and debating in Latin. The challenge to the Latin, Greek and "classical" domination of education came earlier than in Europe, but the tradition continued at a diminished level through the twentieth century. A number of "Latin Schools" still exist in the US, some of which teach Latin, while others do not. Emphasis (typography) In typography , emphasis

3410-466: Was a syntax manual that was memorized, or even more advanced with glossaries and dictionaries. Although many teachers used many books that varied from person to person, the most popular textbook would have been the Doctrinale . The Doctrinale was a long verse of Latin grammar. This textbook dealt with parts of speech, syntax, quantity and meter, as well as figures of speech. The Doctrinale as well as

3472-565: Was attributed to the Medieval preference for hierarchal organization. Studia Humanitatis was the new curriculum founded in the Early Modern Era by humanists . In order to be able to move forward academically, a firm foundation in Studia Humanitatis starting from elementary school was necessary. Those who studied under Ars Dictaminis but did not have this background found it difficult to get accepted into chanceries following

3534-474: Was commonly used for emphasis by the early 17th century. Bold type did not arrive until the nineteenth century, and at first fonts did not have matching bold weights; instead a generic bold, sometimes a Clarendon or other kind of slab-serif , would be swapped in. In some books printed before bold type existed, emphasis could be shown by switching to blackletter . Some font families intended for professional use in documents such as business reports may also make

3596-470: Was even less accessible than the vernacular to the lower classes, who often could not read at all, let alone Latin. Students often studied in Latin school for about five years, but by their third year, students would be deemed as "knowledgeable enough" in Latin grammar to assist the master teacher in teaching the younger or less skilled pupils. Most boys began at the age of seven but older men who wanted to study were not discouraged as long as they could pay

3658-466: Was placed on learning Latin , initially in its Medieval Latin form. Grammar was the most basic part of the trivium and the Liberal arts . Latin schools aimed to prepare students for university, as well as seeking to enable those of middle-class status to rise above their station. It was therefore not unusual for children of commoners to attend Latin schools, especially if they were expected to pursue

3720-401: Was seen as a method of persuasion and so there were five distinct aspects of Ars Dictaminis that assured this. These five elements were: "how to word a question; how to dispose material; how to find the right words and effective stylistic devices; how to commit everything to memory; how to find the right intonation and suitable gestures". During the Renaissance however, rhetoric developed into

3782-399: Was so uncommon therein. In Cyrillic typography, it also used to be common to emphasize words using letter-spaced type. This practice for Cyrillic has become obsolete with the availability of Cyrillic italic and small capital fonts. Professional Western typesetting usually does not employ lines under letters for emphasis within running text. In proofreading , underlining (or underscoring)

SECTION 60

#1732780587478

3844-550: Was the final stage of academic learning and within its walls Latin was the language of lectures and scholarly debates. Jews however, including those who were converted into Christianity , were not allowed to teach so they developed their own schools which taught Doctrine, Hebrew and Latin . Latin schools, on the same model, were founded in North America, importing the European methods of education. The first of these

#477522