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59-510: On Christmas Eve in New Orleans, U.S. Army officer Charlie Mason meets beautiful Maison Lafitte hostess "Jackie" (whose real name is Abigail Manette). She tells him, in flashbacks , the story of the decline of her marriage with the charming but unbalanced Robert Manette. When her husband kills a bookie, his controlling mother tries to cover it up. When he is caught, she and her son blame Abigail. Abigail, feeling guilty when her husband receives

118-707: A Utopian India. Satyajit Ray experimented with flashbacks in The Adversary (Pratidwandi, 1972), pioneering the technique of photo-negative flashbacks. He also uses flashbacks in other films such as Nayak (1966), Kapurush- O – Mahapurush ( 1965), Aranyer Din Ratri (1970), Jalsaghar(1959). In fact, in Nayak, the entire film proceeds in a non linear narrative which explores the Hero (Arindam's) past through seven flashbacks and two dreams. He also uses extensive flashbacks in

177-499: A film in 1939, but the Hays Office rejected his proposal, as they felt the novel's story about an Englishman meeting a beautiful Russian prostitute was too sordid. In March 1943, Universal bought the screen rights to the book as a vehicle for Deanna Durbin . The movie was part of a specific plan by producer Felix Jackson to broaden the sort of films Durbin was making - it would be followed by her first color film, Caroline , then

236-544: A flashback from the main character is used to provide a confession to his fraudulent and criminal activities. Fish & Cat is the first single-shot movie with several flashbacks. In John Brahm 's film noir " The Locket " (1946) a unique hat trick is used (a flashback within a flashback within a flashback) to give psychological depth to the story of a woman who was allegedly a kleptomaniac, inveterate liar, and murderess but had never been punished for any of her crimes. A good example of both flashback and flashforward

295-509: A life sentence, becomes a bar hostess. Meanwhile, Robert escapes from jail and comes to see Abigail, but he is shot by police and dies in her arms, leaving her to start again. The film was based on a novel by W. Somerset Maugham published in 1939. The New York Times called the novel "surprisingly talky." The book became a best seller. By the end of the year, it had sold over 100,000 copies in America. Walter Wanger wanted to turn it into

354-478: A melody and guitar accompaniment for that night's mass, after river flooding had possibly damaged the church organ. The church was eventually destroyed by repeated flooding and replaced with the Silent-Night-Chapel . It is unknown what inspired Mohr to write the lyrics, or what prompted him to create a new carol. According to Gruber, Karl Mauracher, an organ builder who serviced the instrument at

413-554: A mystery, Lady on a Train , and then a film with Charles Boyer . Durbin, usually the girl next door in Universal Pictures musicals, plays a naif who falls for him and sticks with him even knowing he's a killer. Christmas Holiday was the first film Durbin starred in that had not been specifically written for her. In August 1943, Durbin called the movie "my dramatic debut." She would only sing two numbers. "Deanna did always have sex appeal" said Jackson. "I don't believe

472-481: A narrator (who is often, but not always, the character who is experiencing the memory). An early example of analepsis is in the Ramayana and Mahabharata , where the main story is narrated through a frame story set at a later time. Another early use of this device in a murder mystery was in " The Three Apples ", an Arabian Nights tale. The story begins with the discovery of a young woman's dead body. After

531-460: A predominant feature of the television shows Lost , Arrow , Phineas and Ferb , Orange Is the New Black , 13 Reasons Why , Elite and Quicksand . Many detective shows routinely use flashback in the last act to illustrate the detective's reconstruction of the culprit's plot, e.g. Murder, She Wrote , Banacek , Columbo . The television show Leverage uses a flashback at

590-405: A real actress. For five days she had to cry and for five days she cried and cried. But each day at 4 pm sharp and would cry no more. It was amazing. That is a real actress for you." Siodmak later said that Durbin "was difficult: she wanted to play a new part but flinched from looking like a tramp: she always wanted to look like nice wholesome Deanna Durbin pretending to be a tramp. Still, the result

649-540: A role that is "a figment within a moody and hackneyed yarn." Crowther criticized Mankiewicz' screenplay, which has "but the vaguest resemblance to the Somerset Maugham novel on which it is 'based'". Although not blaming Durbin for the film's shortcomings, Crowther is severe in his criticism of her performance: As the piteously wronged young lady, Miss Durbin does all that she can to suggest an emotional turmoil. But her efforts are painfully weak. Her speaking voice

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708-463: A star can be a star without it. Of course each of us has a different opinion on the matter." Screenwriter Herman J. Mankiewicz changed the setting from a Paris brothel to a nightclub in New Orleans and the main character was changed from a prostitute to a more ambiguous nightclub singer and hostess. Mankiewicz was fired while writing the screenplay when Universal executives saw him drunk on

767-632: A success on Broadway signed to make his feature film debut. Gale Sondegaard joined the film in November. The director was Robert Siodmak who said the film had "a good plot (though the studio always wanted to change my psychological endings into physical ones, when the Hays office didn't intervene...) and interesting casting Gene Kelly in such a way as to suggest a sinister quality behind a rather superficial charm." Filming started November 15, 1943 and finished on February 12, 1944. Siodmark said that Durbin "is

826-424: A way to explain his past. A gag in the episode "Doof Dynasty" notes that, when a character explains his or her past, their body ripples (referencing the "ripple effect" which starts a flashback in other media). The whole episode "Act Your Age" is a flash-forward of the characters as teenagers. Several other episodes also feature flashbacks of the main characters' ancestors who, as a running gag, always seem to look like

885-465: Is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; external analepsis is a flashback to a time before the narrative started. In film, flashbacks depict the subjective experience of a character by showing a memory of a previous event and they are often used to "resolve an enigma". Flashbacks are important in film noir and melodrama films. In films and television, several camera techniques, editing approaches and special effects have evolved to alert

944-457: Is a popular Christmas carol , composed in 1818 by Franz Xaver Gruber to lyrics by Joseph Mohr in Oberndorf bei Salzburg , Austria . It was declared an intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO in 2011. The song was first recorded in 1905 and has remained a popular success, appearing in films and multiple successful recordings, as well as being quoted in other musical compositions. It is

1003-496: Is calm, all is bright Round yon virgin mother and child! Holy infant, so tender and mild, Sleep in heavenly peace! Sleep in heavenly peace! Silent night! Holy night! Shepherds quake at the sight! Glories stream from heaven afar, Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia! Christ the Saviour is born! Christ the Saviour is born! Silent night! Holy night! Son of God, love's pure light Radiant beams from thy holy face With

1062-446: Is girlish and empty of quality, and her gestures of shock and frustration are attitudinized. Crowther is no more charitable towards Gene Kelly, who "performs her no good husband in his breezy, attractive style, which is thoroughly confusing, considering the character that he is supposed to be." The film has received generally positive reviews from modern day critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 78% of critics gave

1121-476: Is the first scene of La Jetée (1962). As we learn a few minutes later, what we are seeing in that scene is a flashback to the past, since the present of the film's diegesis is a time directly following World War III . However, as we learn at the very end of the film, that scene also doubles as a prolepsis, since the dying man the boy is seeing is, in fact, himself. In other words, he is proleptically seeing his own death. We thus have an analepsis and prolepsis in

1180-542: Is the progenitor of the modern disaster epic in literature and film-making, where a single disaster intertwines the victims, whose lives are then explored by means of flashbacks of events leading up to the disaster. Analepsis is also used in Night by Elie Wiesel . If flashbacks are extensive and in chronological order, one can say that these form the present of the story, while the rest of the story consists of flash forwards. If flashbacks are presented in non-chronological order,

1239-410: Is when they were leaving Portugal . The Harry Potter series employs a magical device called a Pensieve , which changes the nature of flashbacks from a mere narrative device to an event directly experienced by the characters, who are thus able to provide commentary. The creator of the flashback technique in cinema was Histoire d'un crime directed by Ferdinand Zecca in 1901. An early use of

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1298-569: The Midnight Mass scene (which was footage of an actual Tridentine Mass at the Cathedral of Saint Vibiana ). The film received mixed reviews. In his review for The New York Times , Bosley Crowther called the story "the oldest sort of hat—the kind of dramatic farrago that was being played by faded stars ten years ago." Crowther wrote that it was "really grotesque and outlandish what they've done to Miss Durbin in this film"—forced to play

1357-749: The public domain , although newer translations usually are not. In 1998 the Silent Night Museum in Salzburg commissioned a new English translation by Bettina Klein of Mohr's German lyrics. For the most part, Klein preserves both Young's translation and the interpretive decisions that inform his word-choices. Yet Klein also attempts occasionally to restore Mohr's original phrasing, changing, for instance, Young's "Holy infant, so tender and mild" to Mohr's "Holy infant with curly hair" ( Holder Knab' im lockigten Haar ). However, she continues to interpret Mohr's traute heilige Paar as referring to Mary and

1416-407: The story . Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story's primary sequence of events to fill in crucial backstory . In the opposite direction, a flashforward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future. Both flashback and flashforward are used to cohere a story, develop a character, or add structure to the narrative. In literature, internal analepsis

1475-636: The Black Pearl at the border of the Afterlife for fourteen long years. Some months later, flashbacks that are memories belonging to Jaken ("The Silver-Scale Curse") and Hachimon ("Battle of the Moon, Part 1") eventually come. In the Disney Channel series Phineas and Ferb , flashbacks and flash forwards often appear. In several episodes, the main antagonist Dr. Doofenshmirtz uses flashbacks as

1534-465: The English translation that is most frequently sung today, translated from three of Mohr's original six verses. The version of the melody that is generally used today is a slow, meditative lullaby or pastorale , differing slightly (particularly in the final strain) from Gruber's original, which was a " moderato " tune in 8 time and siciliana rhythm. Today, the lyrics and melody are in

1593-530: The Kanchenjunga (1962). Quentin Tarantino makes extensive use of the flashback and flashforward in many of his films. In Reservoir Dogs (1992), for example, scenes of the story present are intercut with various flashbacks to give each character's backstory and motivation additional context. In Pulp Fiction (1994), which uses a highly nonlinear narrative, traditional flashback is also used in

1652-635: The Oberndorf church, was enamoured of the song, and took the composition home with him to the Zillertal . From there, two travelling families of folk singers, the Strassers and the Rainers, included the tune in their shows. The Rainers were already singing it around Christmas 1819, and they once performed it for an audience that included Franz I of Austria and Alexander I of Russia , as well as making

1711-584: The Phantom from a freak show. An extremely convoluted story may contain flashbacks within flashbacks within flashbacks, as in Six Degrees of Separation , Passage to Marseille , and The Locket . This technique is a hallmark of Kannada movie director Upendra . He has employed this technique in his movies – Om (1995), A (1998) and the futuristic flick Super (2010) – set in 2030 containing multiple flashbacks ranging from 2010 to 2015 depicting

1770-407: The average gross of a Durbin film was $ 1,250,000. "Oddly enough it did very well," said Siodmak. "I suppose everyone was so interested to see what Deanna Durbin would be like in a dramatic role. However she never tried again." Flashback (narrative) A flashback , more formally known as analepsis , is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point in

1829-867: The baby, whereas Mohr's use of the word traute can mean "espoused," thus suggesting perhaps that the "holy pair" represents Mary and Joseph watching (picking up Mohr's wacht ) over the curly-haired infant/boy. The carol has been translated into about 300 languages. Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht, Alles schläft; einsam wacht Nur das traute hochheilige Paar. Holder Knabe im lockigen Haar, Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh! Schlaf in himmlischer Ruh! Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht, Hirten erst kundgemacht Durch der Engel Halleluja, Tönt es laut von fern und nah: Christ, der Retter ist da! Christ, der Retter ist da! Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht, Gottes Sohn, o wie lacht Lieb' aus deinem göttlichen Mund, Da uns schlägt die rettende Stund'. Christ, in deiner Geburt! Christ, in deiner Geburt! Silent night! Holy night! All

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1888-481: The dawn of redeeming grace, Jesus, Lord, at thy birth! Jesus, Lord, at thy birth! In the second stanza, some English versions read "shepherds quail " rather than "shepherds quake." The carol was arranged by various composers, such as Carl Reinecke , Gustav Schreck , Eusebius Mandyczewski , Malcolm Sargent , David Willcocks , Charles Mackerras , Philip Ledger , John Rutter , Stephen Cleobury , Jacob de Haan and Taylor Scott Davis .. Max Reger quotes

1947-410: The end of each episode to show how the protagonists successfully carried out their confidence trick on the episode's antagonist. The anime Inuyasha uses flashbacks that take one back half a century ago in the two-part episode "The Tragic Love Song of Destiny" in the sixth season narrated by the elderly younger sister of Lady Kikyo, Lady Kaede ; Episodes 147 and 148. In Princess Half-Demon ,

2006-467: The film a positive review based on nine reviews. J. Hoberman of Tablet gave the film a glowing review, saying: " Christmas Holiday is one of the most Teutonic of Hollywood movies—a heritage borne out by its moody lighting, expressionist compositions, a soupçon of Krafft-Ebing, and long excerpts from Wagner's “Liebestod.”" Durbin later said in an interview with Films in Review that Christmas Holiday

2065-484: The film is told in flashback, with the scene of Liberty Valance's murder occurring as a flashback within that flashback. Other examples that contains flashbacks within flashbacks are the 1968 Japanese film Lone Wolf Isazo and 2004's The Phantom of the Opera , where almost the entire film (set in 1870) is told as a flashback from 1919 (in black-and-white ) and contains other flashbacks; for example, Madame Giry rescuing

2124-540: The first performance of the song in the U.S., in New York City in 1839. By the 1840s the song was well known in Lower Saxony and was reported to be a favourite of Frederick William IV of Prussia . During this period, the melody changed slightly to become the version that is commonly played today. Over the years, because the original manuscript had been lost, Mohr's name was forgotten and although Gruber

2183-706: The flashback technique in cinema occurs throughout D.W. Griffith 's film, Hearts of the World (1918): for example, during the wall scene with the Boy at 1:33. Flashbacks were first employed during the sound era in Rouben Mamoulian 's 1931 film City Streets , but were rare until about 1939 when, in William Wyler 's Wuthering Heights as in Emily Brontë 's original novel, the housekeeper Ellen narrates

2242-405: The flashbacks take place years before the events of each series, there are also cases in which new scenes set during previous episodes are shown, such as Breaking Bad' s " Más " and " Ozymandias ," whose openings are set during the show's pilot . The final three episodes of Better Call Saul , set in the post- Breaking Bad timeline, also include flashbacks taking place both between and during

2301-404: The main characters with slight variations in clothing, but the exact same mannerisms and voices. ( Northern Exposure episode "Cicely" used a similar device, with the main cast playing unrelated characters of 84 years before, at the founding of the village.) Breaking Bad and its spinoff Better Call Saul frequently employ flashbacks, most often in the form of the cold open . While many of

2360-419: The main story to overnight visitor Mr. Lockwood, who has witnessed Heathcliff's frantic pursuit of what is apparently a ghost. More famously, also in 1939, Marcel Carné 's film Le Jour Se Lève is told almost entirely through flashback: the story starts with the murder of a man in a hotel. While the murderer, played by Jean Gabin , is surrounded by the police, several flashbacks tell the story of why he killed

2419-570: The man at the beginning of the film. One of the most famous examples of a flashback is in the Orson Welles ' film Citizen Kane (1941). The protagonist, Charles Foster Kane , dies at the beginning, uttering the word Rosebud . The remainder of the film is framed by a reporter's interviewing Kane's friends and associates, in a futile effort to discover what the word meant to Kane. As the interviews proceed, pieces of Kane's life unfold in flashback, but Welles' use of such unconventional flashbacks

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2478-402: The most celebrated fictional use of contested multiple testimonies. Sometimes a flashback is inserted into a film even though there was none in the original source from which the film was adapted. The 1956 film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's stage musical Carousel used a flashback device which somewhat takes the impact away from a very dramatic plot development later in the film. This

2537-547: The murderer later reveals himself, he narrates his reasons for the murder in a series of flashbacks leading up to the discovery of her dead body at the beginning of the story. Flashbacks are also employed in several other Arabian Nights tales such as " Sinbad the Sailor " and " The City of Brass ". Analepsis was used extensively by author Ford Madox Ford , and by poet, author, historian and mythologist Robert Graves . The 1927 book The Bridge of San Luis Rey by Thornton Wilder

2596-584: The music was composed by Gruber in 1818. This is the earliest manuscript that exists and the only one in Mohr's handwriting. The first edition was published by Friese  [ de ] in 1833 in a collection of Four Genuine Tyrolean Songs , with the following musical text: The contemporary version, as in the choral example below, is: In 1859, the Episcopal priest John Freeman Young , then serving at Trinity Church , New York City, wrote and published

2655-557: The ongoing spinoff to the anime stated above, the premiere takes us back eighteen years ago, five months since the conclusion of the original series' seventh season . Episode Fifteen "Farewell Under the Lunar Eclipse" is narrated by Riku that explains what had happened before and right after the Half-Demon Princesses were born; namely where Inuyasha and nineteen-year-old Kagome Higurashi had ended up, trapped within

2714-476: The poem " Stille Nacht " in 1816 at Mariapfarr , the hometown of his father in the Salzburg Lungau region, where Joseph had worked as an assistant priest. The melody was composed by Franz Xaver Gruber , schoolmaster and organist in the nearby village of Arnsdorf  [ de ] , now part of Lamprechtshausen . On Christmas Eve 1818, Mohr brought the words to Gruber and asked him to compose

2773-401: The sequence titled "The Gold Watch". Other films, such as his two-part Kill Bill (Part I 2003, Part II 2004), also feature a narrative that bounces between present time and flashbacks. The television series Quantico , Kung Fu , Psych , How I Met Your Mother , Grounded for Life , Once Upon a Time , and I Didn't Do It use flashbacks in every episode. Flashbacks were also

2832-493: The studio lot. A week later the writer walked into Jackson's office and said "Felix, don't you think Herman Mankiewicz drunk is still better than Dwight Taylor sober?" Jackson rehired him. Mankiewicz considered the screenplay among his 1940s successes of which he was most proud. Universal loaned Turhan Bey to MGM in exchange for Gene Kelly who played her husband. Kelly was signed in October 1943. Dean Harens who had been

2891-535: The time at which the story takes place can be ambiguous: An example of such an occurrence is in Slaughterhouse-Five where the narrative jumps back and forth in time, so there is no actual present time line. Os Lusíadas is a story about a voyage of Vasco da Gama to India and back. The narration starts when they were arriving in Africa but it quickly flashes back to the beginning of the story which

2950-537: The tune in the Christmas section of his organ pieces Sieben Stücke , Op. 145 . Alfred Schnittke composed an arrangement of "Stille Nacht" for violin and piano in 1978, as a holiday greeting for violinist Gidon Kremer . Due to its dissonant and nightmarish character, the miniature caused a scandal in Austria. Several theatrical and television films depict how the song was ostensibly written. Most of them report

3009-683: The two series' time frames. The 2D hand-drawn animated show Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure (known as Tangled: The Series during its first season) began showing flashbacks set a quarter of a century ago in the Dark Kingdom, where the heavenly Moonstone resides within for hundreds of years in the second season's premiere "Beyond the Walls of Corona", "Rapunzel and the Great Tree" and the finale "Destinies Collide." Silent Night " Silent Night " (German: " Stille Nacht, heilige Nacht " )

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3068-462: The very same scene. Occasionally, a story may contain a flashback within a flashback, with the earliest known example appearing in Jacques Feyder 's L'Atlantide . Little Annie Rooney (1925) contains a flashback scene in a Chinese laundry, with a flashback within that flashback in the corner of the screen. In John Ford 's The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), the main action of

3127-406: The viewer that the action shown is a flashback or flashforward; for example, the edges of the picture may be deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual coloration or sepia tone, or monochrome when most of the story is in full color, may be used. The scene may fade or dissolve, often with the camera focused on the face of the character and there is typically a voice-over by

3186-676: The world's most recorded Christmas song, with more than 137,000 known recordings. " Stille Nacht " was first performed on Christmas Eve 1818 at the Nikolauskirche , the parish church of Oberndorf , a village in the Austrian Empire on the Salzach river in present-day Austria. A young Catholic priest, Father Joseph Mohr, had come to Oberndorf the year before. In the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars , he had written

3245-417: Was done because the plot of Carousel was then considered unusually strong for a film musical. In the film version of Camelot (1967), according to Alan Jay Lerner , a flashback was added not to soften the blow of a later plot development but because the stage show had been criticized for shifting too abruptly in tone from near-comedy to tragedy. In Billy Wilder 's film noir Double Indemnity (1944),

3304-484: Was her "only really good film". Christmas Holiday is considered one of the bleakest films noir of the 1940s, and one of Siodmak's most personally realized films. By July 1944, the film had made more than $ 2 million at the US box office, making it the highest-grossing film of Durbin's career so far. It was also Universal's most successful film of the year, overtaking Arabian Nights , which made $ 1.7 million. Universal said that

3363-482: Was known to be the composer, many people assumed the melody was composed by a more famous composer, and it was variously attributed to Haydn , Mozart , Beethoven or Schubert . However, a manuscript was discovered in 1995 in Mohr's handwriting and dated by researchers as c.  1820 . It states that Mohr wrote the words in 1816 when he was assigned to a pilgrim church in Mariapfarr, Austria, and shows that

3422-698: Was quite effective." Durbin said during filming: "I'll be satisfied if they come out saying I gave a good performance." In February 1944, Universal signed Durbin to a new exclusive six-year contract. Durbin performs two musical numbers in Christmas Holiday : " Spring Will Be a Little Late This Year " written for the film by Frank Loesser , and also the Irving Berlin ballad " Always ". The film also features excerpts from Tristan und Isolde (" Liebestod ") by Richard Wagner , " Silent Night, Holy Night " by Franz Xaver Gruber , and Latin chant for

3481-755: Was thought to have been influenced by William K. Howard 's The Power and the Glory . Lubitsch used a flashback in Heaven Can Wait (1943) which tells the story of Henry Van Cleve. Though usually used to clarify plot or backstory, flashbacks can also act as an unreliable narrator . The multiple and contradictory staged reconstructions of a crime in Errol Morris 's 1988 documentary The Thin Blue Line are presented as flashbacks based on divergent testimony. Akira Kurosawa 's 1950 Rashomon does this in

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