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163-661: Chris Redfield is a fictional character in the Resident Evil survival horror video game series created by the Japanese company Capcom . He was introduced as one of the two playable characters of the original Resident Evil (1996), alongside his partner Jill Valentine , as a member of the Raccoon Police Department 's Special Tactics and Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.) unit. Vowing to never let any tragedies like Raccoon City happen again, Chris becomes

326-399: A Famitsu ' s reader survey as one of the popular Resident Evil characters. His professional relationship with Jill was celebrated for its basis in loyalty rather than romance and its balance in their personalities: Chris's brawn and Jill's intellect. Despite receiving criticism for his inconsistency of character design, PC Gamer ' s Andy Kelly has praised that Chris is "finally

489-581: A Kotaku interview that Chris, as he appears in Resident Evil 5 , "allowed [him] to understand [his] bisexuality " better; noted that his design was "different than previous iterations", Jubbal described Chris as a "large muscle-bound hunk [and] something [he] was attracted to". However, Nathan Lim of Game Developer felt that the idea that males are violent and masculine is exemplified by Chris, which negatively influences how boys view men. Lim added that although Chris appears to be an ordinary person in

652-522: A Major League Baseball game less than 30 minutes after returning to the center where he was being treated. The majority of neuropsychological studies available have suggested that the medial temporal lobes are the most important system in the pathophysiology of PTA. However, there is little research done on this topic, and as new research is done, more information should come forth concerning functionality in these areas in PTA patients. One MRI study showed that

815-439: A live-action film series , animated films, television series, comic books , novels , audiobooks , and merchandise. Resident Evil is the highest-grossing horror franchise . The first Resident Evil game was created by Shinji Mikami and Tokuro Fujiwara for PlayStation , and released in 1996. It is credited for defining the survival horror genre and returning zombies to popular culture. With Resident Evil 4 (2005),

978-538: A "blunt, tough-guy type", admitting that he was a fan of this archetype. Of white American descent, Chris joined the Special Tactics and Rescue Service (S.T.A.R.S.) special operations unit. Although their storylines progress in "the same general direction," the gameplay differs for Jill and Chris; Chris can't carry as many goods in his inventory , but he can run quicker, aim more precisely, and withstand more damage. Chris continued to be redesigned over

1141-409: A GCS score of 15. Longer periods of amnesia or loss of consciousness immediately after the injury may indicate longer recovery times from residual symptoms from concussion. Increased duration of PTA is associated with a heightened risk for TBI complications such as post-traumatic epilepsy . Duration of PTA may be difficult to gauge accurately; it may be overestimated (for example, if the patient

1304-407: A bomb on a megamycete in order to destroy the village. During extraction, a dying Ethan gives a recently rescued Rosemary to Chris before sacrificing himself to ensure the village's destruction. With Mia and Rosemary rescued, Chris and his team head to BSAA's European headquarters to demand explanations over their use of BOWs as frontline soldiers. Chris features in several Resident Evil films . In

1467-491: A boulder in Resident Evil 5 (2009) as one of the most memorable within the Resident Evil series, which was also subjected to Internet memes . Chris was introduced as one of the two playable protagonists , alongside his partner Jill Valentine , in Capcom 's 1996 survival horror video game Resident Evil . He was created by director Shinji Mikami and designer Isao Ohishi. Designer Hideki Kamiya described Chris as

1630-454: A cell response when it binds with a receptor) to patients promoted the recovery of memory and many other cognitive functions after a traumatic brain injury. Conversely, the administration of norepinephrine antagonists slowed recovery, and could lead to the reinstatement of deficits when administered after recovery. Noradrenergic antagonists were not prescribed for the purposes of slowing the recovery of memory. Rather, these findings are based on

1793-418: A common symptom in patients with PTA. The duration of an episode of PTA was correlated with reduced bloodflow to the right hemisphere , a finding which was consistent with functional MRI studies that link working memory with right frontal activity. The prefrontal cortex , which plays an important role in explicit memory retrieval, was also found to have decreased neural activation in patients scanned during

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1956-420: A corporate spy posing as an FBI agent , while Claire rescues Sherry Birkin, the daughter of two prominent Umbrella researchers. At the same time, Jill makes her escape from the city in Resident Evil 3: Nemesis . She is relentlessly pursued by a new Tyrant, Nemesis , who is deployed by Umbrella to eliminate all surviving STARS members. The U.S. Government destroys Raccoon City with a missile strike to sterilize

2119-670: A critical junction for the series' progression as one of the main catalysts to Umbrella's downfall and the entry point for some of the series' most notable characters. Resident Evil Gaiden is an action-adventure game for the Game Boy Color featuring a role-playing -style combat system. There have been several downloadable mobile games based on the Resident Evil series in Japan. Some of these mobile games have been released in North America and Europe through T-Mobile. At

2282-443: A direct effect on the hippocampus . Elevated stress levels can lead to an increase in the production of enkephalins and corticosteroids , which can produce abnormal neural activity and disrupt long-term potentiation (a neural mechanism associated with learning) in the hippocampus. Individuals who have been subjected to repeated sexual abuse during childhood or who have experienced combat show significant impairment and atrophy of

2445-525: A disinhibited fashion. There have been cases in which patients who do not recognize anyone will ask for family members or acquaintances that they have not seen in years. Some patients exhibit childlike behavior. Other patients show uncharacteristically quiet, friendly and loving behavior. Although this behavior may seem less threatening because of its lack of aggressiveness, it may be equally worrisome. PTA patients are often unaware of their surroundings and will ask questions repeatedly. Patients may also have

2608-611: A founding member of the United Nations ' Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA). Chris is the protagonist of several Resident Evil games, novelizations , and films and has also appeared in other game franchises, including Marvel vs. Capcom , Project X Zone , and Dead by Daylight . In later games, such as Resident Evil 7 (2017) and Resident Evil: Village (2021), his features were based on New Zealand model Geordie Dandy. Several actors have portrayed Chris, including Wentworth Miller and Robbie Amell , in

2771-452: A game of unparalleled atmosphere and suspense." In 2012, Complex ranked Resident Evil at number 22 on the list of the best video game franchises. That same year, G4tv called it "one of the most successful series in gaming history." By December 2022, around 135 million Resident Evil games had been sold. The first two Resident Evil games had collectively sold approximately 11 million units worldwide by March 1999. By early 2001,

2934-490: A group to destroy their only remaining research facility. After the fall of the corporation, the pair become founding members of the United Nations ' Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA). In Revelations – set two years later – Jill and her new partner Parker Luciani are sent on a mission to rescue Chris, who is allegedly being held hostage on a ghost ship in the Mediterranean. Jill and Chris then unravel

3097-470: A haunted house titled Resident Evil: Escape from Raccoon City , based on Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis . The first Resident Evil novel was Hiroyuki Ariga's novella Biohazard: The Beginning , published in 1997 as a portion of the book The True Story of Biohazard , which was given away as a pre-order bonus with the Sega Saturn version of Biohazard . The story serves as a prelude to

3260-480: A hero was not the same as creating a Resident Evil game. In Resident Evil Village (2021), Chris is once again redesigned, but his look closer resembles that in Resident Evil 6 , due to fan backlash against his look in Resident Evil 7 . According to the director of Resident Evil Village DLC, Kento Kinoshita, the production team behind the DLC for the horror sequel initially had a completely different plan in mind. "At

3423-464: A long duration of PTA was correlated with damage in the hemispheric and central areas, regardless of whether the duration of the coma was relatively short. In patients who had a longer coma duration, deeper lesions in the central area were observed without extensive damage to the hemispheric area. PTA has been proposed to be the best measure of head trauma severity, but it may not be a reliable indicator of outcome. However, PTA duration may be linked to

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3586-400: A nasal spray, inadequate dosing and differences in severity of head injury between the samples. However, Eames et al. (1999) found statistically significant improvements on several tests of memory with the use of a vasopressin nasal spray, with no reported ill effects. Although the degree of improvement was mild, and it could be attributed to numerous other factors of the rehabilitative program,

3749-403: A negative correlation was found between the duration of a patient's episode of PTA and his REFCP score; the longer the PTA episode, the more severe the deficit in non-linguistic pragmatic skills. However, the small sample size of this study (only 10 males) means that the results must be interpreted with caution, as they may not generalize to larger samples or to the population at large. Currently,

3912-436: A new direction that the series would go in." Later games in the series, like Resident Evil 4 , would feature a more fluid over-the-shoulder third-person camera instead of a fixed camera for each room, while Resident Evil 7 and Resident Evil Village are played from the first-person perspective . Resident Evil 4 saw significant changes to the established gameplay, including switching from fixed camera perspectives to

4075-543: A new protagonist, Ethan Winters , who becomes entangled in a bioterrorism incident while searching for his missing wife. He encounters Chris and the BSAA, who help him rescue his wife and defeat Eveline, a powerful BOW. Ethan, Mia, and their newborn daughter, Rosemary, are relocated to Eastern Europe but are abducted by a cult. Ethan ultimately sacrifices himself to destroy a fungal colony being weaponized by bioterrorists and save his family. The Resident Evil franchise has had

4238-416: A novelization due to Capcom's decision to discontinue working with Pocket Books , who had been their primary source of publishing books up to that point, Capcom would later make Titan Books their primary publisher going forth. Retribution was written by John Shirley , while The Final Chapter was written by Tim Waggoner . Genesis was published over two years after that film's release and coincided with

4401-501: A person" in Village . He opined that Chris' design is different than he has ever seen before and felt that "Chris feels like a human" and the character has "given some depth". Chris has often been recognized for his sex appeal , particularly since his more muscular appearance in Resident Evil 5 . Some critics have described him as one of the sexiest video game characters. Sikh media and video game critic Veerender Singh Jubbal stated in

4564-454: A political conspiracy involving an earlier mutagenic outbreak and a botched investigation by a rival agency. Resident Evil 5 takes place in 2009 in the fictional African town of Kijuju, where terrorists are turning local residents into zombies . Chris is the protagonist of the game and one of the founding members of the UN paramilitary group Bio-terrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA). In

4727-406: A recognition test of verbal material) in individuals with mild to moderate brain injury. This implies that the recovery of attentional ability precedes the progression of memory recovery after injury, helping to pave the way to regain ability for new learning. In terms of more severe brain injuries, this automatic attention task performance recovers before disorientation completely resolves. One of

4890-407: A reduced severity in symptoms. However, even in the absence of a concrete correlation between a specific rehabilitation program and improved outcomes, the evidence and research available can provide many good suggestions for how to proceed with treatment. All rehabilitation strategies reviewed had positive effects on recovery, but none more so than the others. The most accurate measure of determining

5053-495: A reference to the aforementioned scene in Resident Evil 5 . Resident Evil Resident Evil , known as Biohazard ( バイオハザード , Baiohazādo ) in Japan, is a Japanese horror game series and media franchise created by Capcom . It consists of survival horror , third-person shooter and first-person shooter games, with players typically surviving in environments inhabited by zombies and other mutated creatures. The franchise has expanded into other media, including

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5216-423: A result of TBI. Frontal lobe lesions may also play a role in PTA, as damage to these areas is associated with changes in behavior, including irritability, aggressiveness, disinhibition, and a loss of judgment. Damage to this area may account for the uncharacteristic behavior often exhibited in PTA patients. Researchers have also found that individuals experiencing PTA show accelerated forgetting. This contrasts with

5379-403: A retrospective method was used to determine the patient's condition, consisting of one or more interviews with the patient after the episode of PTA was judged to be over. The retrospective method, however, fails to account for the apparent lucidity of patients who are still experiencing substantial disorientation, or the finding that the recovery from post-traumatic amnesia is often characterized by

5542-508: A robot dressed as Chris makes a cameo reference in Astro's Playroom (2020) and Astro Bot (2024). Chris features in novelizations of the films and games. and plays a main role in the third novel in a series by S. D. Perry , Resident Evil: City of the Dead (1999). Additionally, he makes an appearance in the prequel manga for Resident Evil 6 , which describes Chris' activities prior to

5705-399: A role in maintaining memory deficits. Brain imaging techniques are useful for examining the changes in the brain that occur as a result of damage. Metting et al. (2001) used CT scans to examine the pathophyiological damage in patients currently experiencing an episode of PTA, patients with resolved PTA, and a control group that had not experienced PTA. Bloodflow to the occipital lobe ,

5868-472: A secret underground Umbrella research facility. Wesker reveals himself to be a double agent for Umbrella and betrays his comrades. However, Wesker is seemingly murdered by a Tyrant, a special BOW that is the culmination of the Umbrella Corporation's research. Chris and Jill escape the mansion, but their testimony is ridiculed by Raccoon City's officials due to Umbrella's influence. Meanwhile,

6031-474: A separate viral outbreak occurs in another Umbrella research facility underneath Raccoon City. Most of the city's residents are infected and become zombies. Resident Evil 2 introduces two new protagonists, Leon S. Kennedy , a rookie police officer and Claire Redfield , the younger sister of Chris. Leon and Claire arrive in Raccoon City amidst the chaos of the viral outbreak. Leon is aided by Ada Wong ,

6194-490: A temporal gradient of this sort, because older memories are less dependent on the hippocampus and thus are less influenced by its damage. There is a significant link between individuals currently experiencing PTA and their performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). The scores of those currently experiencing an episode of PTA were compared to individuals who had previously had

6357-507: A tendency to wander off, which can be a major concern in those who have sustained additional injuries at the time of trauma, such as injured limbs, as it may lead to the worsening of these secondary injuries. Attention is a cognitive resource that contributes to many mental functions. The ability to engage attention requires a certain level of conscious awareness, arousal and concentration, all mechanisms that are generally impaired by traumatic brain injury. The involvement of attention in such

6520-465: A tracking camera , and more action-oriented gameplay and mechanics. This was complemented by an abundance of ammunition and revised aiming and melee mechanics. Some critics claimed that this overhauled control scheme "made the game less scary." The next two games in the franchise furthered the action-oriented mechanics: Resident Evil 5 featured cooperative play and added strafing, while Resident Evil 6 allowed players to move while aiming and shooting for

6683-475: A traumatic brain injury (TBI). Patients may also unconsciously or consciously bias their answers because they want to appear more healthy or more ill than they truly were, or because of poor insight. The retrospective method is also flawed because there is no standard measurement procedure. Although the retrospective method may provide useful subjective data, it is not a useful tool for measurement or categorization. The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT)

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6846-506: A traumatic brain injury resulting in PTA. Those still experiencing PTA performed significantly worse on both the performance and the verbal subscales of the WAIS. Also, people in early stages of PTA have substantial impairment to anterograde memory function. For example, in the case report of a patient referred to as "JL", Demery et al. noted that his memory impairments were so severe following his injury that he had forgotten that he had attended

7009-690: A true amnesiac state. In more severely brain-damaged individuals, the damage to the temporal lobes and the frontal lobes serves as good indication that amnesia will result. Patients with more chronic forms of memory impairment showed poor performance when tested with PTA scales, making differentiation between the two types of memory impairment very difficult. PTA patients exhibit poor simple reaction time , reduced information processing speed and reduced verbal fluency, which are all attentional deficits that could be used to distinguish these patients from those with more severe and permanent memory problems. The effects of PTA on communication skills were studied using

7172-435: A variety of control schemes and gameplay mechanics throughout its history. Puzzle-solving has figured prominently throughout the series. The first game introduced a control scheme that the player community has come to refer to as " tank controls " to the series. In a game with tank controls, players control movement relative to the position of the player character , rather than relative to the fixed virtual camera from which

7335-459: A vast array of cognitive processes has led to the suggestion that attentional deficit may act as an underlying factor in the range of cognitive deficits observed in patients experiencing post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Attention has been regarded as an important factor in the healthy functioning of encoding, verbal comprehension and new learning. Automatic attention processes (such as counting forwards) are recovered before simple memory skills (such as

7498-541: A year, selling over five million copies. Following in the success of the Resident Evil 2 remake, Capcom revealed a remake of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis in December 2019, known as Resident Evil 3 . It was released in April 2020. In June 2022, a remake of Resident Evil 4 was announced, and released on March 24, 2023, for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X/S, and PC. The early Resident Evil games focused on

7661-400: Is Alice , an original character created for the films portrayed by Milla Jovovich . Despite a negative reaction from critics, the live-action film series has made over $ 1 billion worldwide. They are, to date, the only video game adaptations to increase the amount of money made with each successive film. The series holds the record for the "Most Live-Action Film Adaptations of a Video Game" in

7824-408: Is Capcom's best-selling franchise and the best-selling horror game series, with 154 million copies sold worldwide as of December 2023. The first Resident Evil film was released in 2002, starring Milla Jovovich , followed by five sequels and a reboot, Welcome to Raccoon City (2021). The films received mostly negative reviews, but have grossed more than $ 1.2 billion, making Resident Evil

7987-480: Is a direct sequel to Resident Evil 7: Biohazard although it incorporates more action elements inspired from Resident Evil 4 . The game also marked the franchise's debut on PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S A new generation of remakes of older entries began in 2019 with a remake of Resident Evil 2 , being released for the PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One. The remake outsold the original game within

8150-406: Is a fairly realistic impression, even if it mixes with the character of "7", it seems that a sense of incongruity will come out." Takeuchi, the executive producer, added that they had been thinking about Chris as the primary character at the time and that, as it was the first time we had seen him in a long time, he needed to be shown as a hero. In retrospect, he also understood that creating Chris into

8313-412: Is asleep or under the influence of drugs or alcohol for part of the time) or underestimated (for example, if some memories come back before continuous memory is regained). The Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) exists to determine how oriented a patient is and how much material they are able to recall. The GOAT is the most widely used standardized scale for the prospective assessment of PTA in

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8476-412: Is destroyed. At the end of Resident Evil 7: Biohazard (2017), a man identifying himself as "Redfield" arrives to rescue protagonist Ethan Winters . While the credits refer to the character as Chris Redfield, the helicopter he arrives in is branded with the Umbrella Corporation logo, initially causing people to question the person's identity. Capcom later confirmed this character to be Chris, in spite of

8639-726: Is generally positive. Many patients do recover a great deal of cognitive function, although they may not return to their pre-injury state. Early research pointed to vasopressin as a potential treatment for improving the memory of patients living with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA). Lysine vasopressin, a modified form of the vasopressin molecule, had positive effects on memory when administered by injection to patients with amnesia resulting from traumatic brain injury and Korsakoff's syndrome . Subsequent animal studies with rats found similar results, particularly in aversion and avoidance learning tasks. Rats lacking adequate vasopressin, either due to genetic defect or hypophysectomy (surgical removal of

8802-498: Is likely to exhibit permanent deficits in memory and cognitive function, and the patient is unlikely to be able to return to work. 12+ weeks – injury is very severe and accompanied by significant disabilities that will require long-term rehabilitation and management. The patient is unlikely to be able to return to work. Note: return to work is meant to indicate a return to a reasonable level of functionality, both in professional and personal arenas. The long-term prognosis of PTA

8965-414: Is often observed post-trauma (commonly post-surgery), but it is often only measured in terms of impaired learning or unusual behavior. One subsequent human study found no effects of vasopressin on memory. The nonsignificant results were attributed to the study's many potential flaws, particularly its small sample size, the inability of vasopressin to penetrate the blood brain barrier when administered as

9128-437: Is revealed to be a double agent for Umbrella. Chris and Jill are among the five survivors of the incident who form a strong friendship and become passionate opponents of bioterrorism . Chris did not appear in Resident Evil 2 (1998), as the production team used new protagonists (Leon and Claire Redfield ) to preserve the original game's horror elements. Mikami believed Chris and Jill would be too experienced to be scared by

9291-452: Is set six years after the Raccoon City incident and focuses on Leon as he tries to rescue the U.S. President's daughter from a cult in Spain . A government investigation into the Umbrella Corporation reveals its involvement in the Raccoon City disaster and leads to the company's dissolution. Despite the downfall of the Umbrella Corporation, the company's research and BOWs proliferate across

9454-548: Is suitable for patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. The WPTAS is the most common post-traumatic amnesia scale used in Australia and New Zealand. An abbreviated version has been developed to assess patients with mild traumatic brain injury, the Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale (AWPTAS). Before the development of the current tests for the assessment of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA),

9617-508: Is the most frequently used test for assessing PTA in the United States and Canada. The test consists of 10 items that involve the recall of events that occurred right before and after the injury, as well as questions about disorientation . Scores of 75 or more on this scale (out of a total possible score of 100) correspond to the termination of the PTA episode. The GOAT typically classifies orientation into three categories: orientation to

9780-474: Is very mild in severity and full recovery is expected. The patient may experience a few minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–24 hours – the injury is moderate in severity and full recovery is expected. The patient may experience some minor post-concussive symptoms (e.g. headaches, dizziness). 1–7 days – the injury is severe, and recovery may take weeks to months. The patient may be able to return to work, but may be less capable than before

9943-756: The Resident Evil mobile game Resident Evil: Mercenaries Vs. (2011). He appears in three games in the Marvel vs. Capcom franchise and the crossover tactical role-playing game Project X Zone 2 . He also made a cameo appearance in Fortnite Battle Royale (2017), Nintendo crossover video game Super Smash Bros. Ultimate (2018) as one of the 'Spirit' power-ups , Dead by Daylight (2016) and Tom Clancy's The Division 2 (2019) as an alternate skin , State of Survival (2019), digital collectible card game Teppen (2019), Dead Rising Deluxe Remaster (2024) as an outfit for Frank West , and

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10106-481: The Resident Evil 2 protagonists Leon S. Kennedy and Claire Redfield, the series features both uncovering a worldwide plot. The series released on July 8, 2021 on Netflix . Resident Evil premiered on July 14, 2022, on Netflix. An eight episode live-action series, two plotlines set in 2022 and 2036 follow Albert Wesker and his daughters navigating Umbrella's experiments in New Raccoon City. Over

10269-522: The PlayStation in 1996 and was later ported to the Sega Saturn . The first entry in the series was the first game to be dubbed a " survival horror ", a term coined for the new genre it initiated, and its critical and commercial success led to the production of two sequels, Resident Evil 2 in 1998 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis in 1999, both for the PlayStation. A port of Resident Evil 2

10432-605: The Sony press conference during E3 2009 , Resident Evil Portable was announced for the PlayStation Portable , described as a new game being developed with "the PSP Go in mind" and "totally different for a Resident Evil game". No further announcements have been made, and the game is considered to have been canceled. In 2009, Resident Evil 5 was released for PlayStation 3 , Windows and Xbox 360 , becoming

10595-546: The caudate nucleus , and the grey matter of the frontal lobe was significantly reduced in patients who were scanned during the episode of PTA. No differences were seen between patients with resolved PTA and the control group. This encouraging finding points to the positive long term prognosis of PTA; most patients return to normal levels of functioning. The frontal lobes are associated with explicit memory retrieval , and deficits on explicit memory tasks are often found with patients experiencing PTA. Working memory deficits are

10758-424: The live-action Resident Evil films . Chris has received a polarized reception from Video game magazines ; in particular, they have taken issue with the frequent modifications to his design and inconsistent use of appearance. However, he has been recognized for his sex appeal and is considered one of the sexiest video game characters by several publications. Some critics have referred to a scene of Chris punching

10921-448: The pathophysiological mechanisms which produce post-traumatic amnesia are not completely known. The most common research strategy to clarify these mechanisms is the examination of the impaired functional capabilities of people with post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) after a traumatic brain injury. Research on the effect of emotional trauma on memory retention and amnesic symptoms has shown that exposure to prolonged levels of extreme stress has

11084-449: The 'neural shock' associated with diaschisis. Diaschisis was originally believed to be a result of disruption to neural tissue, but more recent evidence implicates increased activity levels of choline acetyltransferase , the enzyme responsible for the production of acetylcholine , as a major cause. Based on these findings, diaschisis could be helped through the use of drugs that would reduce cholinergic (acetylcholine) activity, and reduce

11247-461: The 2012 Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition , which also described it as "the most successful movie series to be based on a video game." A reboot, Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City , was released on November 24, 2021, with Johannes Roberts as writer/director. The first computer animated film for the franchise was Biohazard 4D-Executer . It was a short 3D film produced for Japanese theme parks and did not feature any characters from

11410-535: The BSAA confront and kill Wesker in Africa before he can fulfill his mission. Resident Evil 6 features Leon and Chris meeting for the first time in the video game series. The two work separately to triage bioterrorist attacks in the United States, Eastern Europe , and China . They are assisted by Sherry, Wesker's illegitimate son Jake Muller, Ada, and many members of the BSAA and U.S. government. Resident Evil 7: Biohazard and Resident Evil Village introduce

11573-610: The GOAT has proved useful in acute care, recent research has called attention to some of its drawbacks. The GOAT's assessment of orientation may put too much of a focus on memory as the main mechanism behind orientation. The range of cognitive and behavioral symptoms associated with PTA seems to indicate that the patient's disorientation is more than just a memory deficit. Consequently, it may be beneficial to incorporate tests of other cognitive functions, such as attention, which relate to both memory and orientation. Another recent study compared

11736-539: The GOAT is the Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) which examines not only orientation to person, place and time, but also crucially the ability to consistently remember new information from one day to the next. It consists of twelve questions (seven orientation questions, and five memory items) and is administered once daily, each and every day, until the patient scores a perfect score of 12/12 on three consecutive days. It

11899-695: The Mediterranean Sea. The original game is set in July 1998 in a mansion on the outskirts of Raccoon City, which Chris and his team enter while searching for colleagues . Working with fellow survivor Rebecca Chambers , he discovers the property is a façade for a biological warfare laboratory operated by the Umbrella Corporation , and its undead occupants are the scientists who developed the T-virus mutagen . His commander, Albert Wesker,

12062-467: The North Star group. Although more improvements were noted in the North Star group than in the control group, researchers did not find a statistically significant effect of their intervention. A comprehensive analysis of literature based on the effects of early rehabilitation of traumatic brain injury concluded that there is no strong evidence linking any one particular practice of post-injury care to

12225-569: The PlayStation and PC but received mediocre reviews. The subsequent games, Resident Evil Survivor 2 – Code: Veronica and Resident Evil: Dead Aim , fared somewhat better. Dead Aim is the fourth Gun Survivor game in Japan, with Gun Survivor 3 being the Dino Crisis spin-off Dino Stalker . In a similar vein, the Chronicles series features first-person gameplay, albeit on an on-rails path. Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

12388-649: The Revised Edinburgh Functional Communication Profile (REFCP), which measures both linguistic elements (related to speech) and pragmatic elements (related to body language and other non-verbal communication skills). PTA has effects on memory, perception and attention, which are all important for communication. Patients showed mild deficits in verbal communication skills, and moderate to severe deficits in nonverbal communication skills such as maintaining eye contact, initiating greetings, and responding appropriately. Also,

12551-629: The STARS Beretta featured in Resident Evil 3 , and the Desert Eagle in a limited edition that came with other memorabilia in a wooden case, along with the Gold Lugers from Code: Veronica and the "Samurai Edge" pistol from the Resident Evil remake. Other merchandise includes an energy drink called "T-virus Antidote". Resident Evil Archives is a reference guide of the Resident Evil series written by staff members of Capcom. It

12714-425: The Umbrella Corporation, an international pharmaceutical company that secretly develops mutagenic viruses to further their "bio-organic weapons" (BOW) research. The company's viruses can transform humans into mindless zombies while also mutating plants and animals into horrifying monstrosities. The Umbrella Corporation uses its vast resources to effectively control Raccoon City, a fictional midwestern American city. In

12877-474: The United States and Canada. The test is made up of 10 items that assess orientation and recollection of the events before and after the injury. It can be used to assess the duration of PTA; this particular GOAT assessment has been found to strongly predict functional outcome as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale , return to productivity, psychosocial function and distress. An alternative to

13040-416: The United States, it was pointed out that securing the rights to the name Biohazard would be very difficult as a DOS game had been registered under that name, as well as a New York hardcore punk band called Biohazard . A contest was held among company personnel to choose a new name; this competition turned up Resident Evil , the name under which it was released in the west. Resident Evil made its debut on

13203-523: The Uroboros virus across the world. Resident Evil 6 (2012) sees Chris return as one of the four protagonists alongside Leon, Ada Wong , and Jake Muller , the illegitimate son of Albert Wesker. Chris leads a squad of BSAA soldiers to investigate a bio-terror attack in Europe. Ambushed by Carla Radames , posing as Ada, they suffer severe casualties. Only Chris and Piers Nivans survive the assault, with

13366-459: The ability to consistently remember new information from one day to the next. The scale is administered once each day, until the patient scores 12/12 on three consecutive days. The WPTAS is suitable for patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury. An abbreviated version of the WPTAS, the Abbreviated Westmead PTA Scale (AWPTAS) assesses patients with mild traumatic brain injury. Although

13529-401: The beginning of the Resident Evil series, the designers have been making his appearance "incredibly muscular" and "buff" ever since Resident Evil 5 . Near the climax of Resident Evil 5 , Chris pushes and punches a large boulder until it falls into the lava. The scene became recognized as one of the most memorable within the Resident Evil series, largely due to its ridiculousness. It became

13692-571: The best selling game of the franchise despite mixed fan reception. Capcom revealed the third-person shooter Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City , which was developed by Slant Six Games for the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Windows and released in March 2012. A survival horror game for the Nintendo 3DS , Resident Evil: Revelations , was released in February 2012. In October of the same year,

13855-506: The black market and lead to the rise of bioterrorism. Chris and Jill establish the Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA) to combat these ever-growing threats on a global scale. Wesker is revealed to be alive and involved in the development of new potent viral agents and BOWs. In Resident Evil 5 , Wesker seeks to unleash a highly mutagenic virus that will infect all of humanity. Chris and

14018-476: The books on a few occasions. One notable addition from the novels is the original character Trent, who often served as a mysterious behind-the-scenes string-puller who aided the main characters. Perry's novels were translated and released in Japan with new cover arts by Wolfina. Perry's novels, particularly The Umbrella Conspiracy , also alluded to events in Biohazard: The Beginning , such as

14181-476: The character's lack of consistent visual design for his appearances throughout the Resident Evil franchise. Polygon ' s Cass Marshall noted his variations in body mass throughout the games by repeatedly changing from lean to muscular and back again. GameSpy called his design in Resident Evil 5 "a cross between Colin Farrell and Hugh Jackman " in particular, and it became a source of controversy and

14344-449: The course of the series. Resident Evil 5 (2009) features Chris as a protagonist; designers opted to focus on how the character had aged since the original game. His increased muscle mass was to show that he had trained heavily in order to fight the series' powerful villain, Albert Wesker , bare-handed. Modeler Yosuke Yamagata added that they "made a new design that retained their signature color—green for Chris, blue for Jill—to carry over

14507-469: The direction of Osamu Yagihashi. The stage play was performed from early July to late August. Biohazard The Stage was released in Japan in 2015. The play focused on iconic characters, Chris Redfield and Rebecca Chambers, as Philosophy University in Australia is experiencing a bioterrorist attack. The production was handled by Avex Live Creative and Ace Crew Entertainment, under supervision from Capcom. The following year, Musical Biohazard ~Voice of Gaia~

14670-454: The direction the player pushes the controls from the perspective of the camera. Some critics have posited that the control scheme is intentionally clumsy, meant to enhance stress and exacerbate difficulty. While the first three entries in the series featured this control scheme, the third, Resident Evil 3: Nemesis , saw some action-oriented additions. These included a 180 degree turn and dodge command that, according to GameSpot , "hinted at

14833-459: The disappearance of Billy Rabbitson and Brian Irons' bid to run for Mayor. A reprinting of Perry's novels with new cover artwork began in 2012 to coincide with the release of Resident Evil: Retribution and its respective novelization. There are a trilogy of original Biohazard novels in Japan. Hokkai no Yōjū ( 北海の妖獣 , lit. "The Strange Beast of the North Sea") was published in 1998 and

14996-403: The effects of other commonly prescribed drugs that happen to block noradrenergic receptors. The alpha-1 adrenergic receptor is specifically implicated. Although it has not yet been thoroughly investigated, there is potential for stimulants , which promote catecholamine release, to be an effective treatment in the early stages of recovery from brain trauma, and these positive effects could reduce

15159-400: The episode of PTA. Researchers noted that the damage was related to vascularization and neural functionality, but not to structural injury, suggesting that the resolution of PTA is dependent on functional changes. Memory and new learning involve the cerebral cortex , the subcortical projections, the hippocampus , the diencephalon and the thalamus , areas that often experience damage as

15322-478: The events in the sequel. Set five months later, Resident Evil - Code: Veronica (2000) sees Chris return as the protagonist of the second half of the game. He attempts to rescue his younger sister, Claire, from the Umbrella Corporation's research facilities on the fictional Rockfort Island and Antarctica. Upon discovering she is in Antarctica, Chris is briefly confronted by Wesker, who is revealed to have survived

15485-422: The events of Village , Chris and his Hound Wolf squad learn that Mother Miranda was capable of shape-shifting and posed as Ethan's wife, Mia Winters , and they promptly shoot her in order to protect Ethan and Mia, only for his efforts to be foiled in the process. After revealing the nature of his mission to Ethan, Chris saves the real Mia, learns Miranda's connection to the late Oswell E. Spencer and helps plant

15648-496: The events of the first game and also endowed him with enhanced strength, speed, and agility. Eventually, Chris defeats Alexia Ashford and escapes with Claire before the Antarctic facility self-destructs. After that, they vow to put an end to the Umbrella Corporation. The Umbrella Chronicles occurs in 2003, when Jill and Chris join a private organization with the goal of exposing Umbrella's biological warfare activities, leading

15811-663: The events. Several comic books based on the games were released, and he is a character in Bandai 's Resident Evil Deck Building Card Game (2011). The character was featured in a Resident Evil -themed attraction at Universal Studios Japan 's Halloween Horror Nights . Merchandise featuring Chris includes outfits, perfumes, gun replicas, watches, and figurines. Chris has received criticism from critics for his inconsistency character design and characteristics. Some critics also mentioned that Chris' possibility of using steroids due to his hypermasculinity . Several game publications have noted

15974-482: The fifth and final issue. Each issue was a compilation of short stories that were both adaptations of events from the games and related side stories. Like the Perry novels, the comics also explored events occurring beyond Resident Evil 2 (the latest game during the series' publication) and thus were contradicted by later games. Wildstorm also published a four-issue miniseries, Resident Evil: Fire & Ice , which depicted

16137-665: The filmmakers put together a montage of noteworthy video game scenes that related to or clarified the mythology or history of his character as part of [his] research. Robbie Amell played him in Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City . Every game in the series is set in the fictional American metropolitan area of Raccoon City until its destruction at the end of Resident Evil 3: Nemesis . Subsequent games featuring Chris take place on an international scale, namely in Russia, Antarctica, China, Louisiana, Romania, Africa, and

16300-562: The first in the series and the first survival horror game to feature cooperative gameplay . It was followed by a sequel, Resident Evil Outbreak: File #2 . Raccoon City is a metropolis located in the Arklay Mountains of the Midwestern United States that succumbed to the deadly T-virus outbreak and was consequently destroyed via a nuclear missile attack issued by the United States government. The town served as

16463-405: The first issue was published on March 11, 2009. On November 11, 2009, the third issue was released, and the fourth was released March 24, 2010. The sixth and final book was finally published in February 2011. In the summer of 2000, Bioroid: Year Zero was performed in Japan. It was a musical horror-comedy but took the perspective of the infected. Super Eccentric Theater put on the production under

16626-413: The first time, fully abandoning the series' signature tank controls. Resident Evil 7 is the first main Resident Evil game to use the first-person perspective and to use virtual reality . It drew comparisons to modern survival horror games such as Outlast and PT . The eighth main-series game, Resident Evil Village , also features a first-person perspective. A VR version of Resident Evil 4

16789-490: The franchise shifted to more dynamic shooting action, popularizing the "over-the-shoulder" third-person view in action-adventure games. The franchise returned to survival horror with Resident Evil 7: Biohazard (2017) and Resident Evil Village (2021), which used a first-person perspective . Capcom has also released four Resident Evil remakes : Resident Evil (2002), Resident Evil 2 (2019), Resident Evil 3 (2020) and Resident Evil 4 (2023). Resident Evil

16952-517: The game Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles . The books are a two-part direct novelization of the game and are published in Japanese and German only. The first novel, titled Biohazard: The Umbrella Chronicles Side A in Japan and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles 1 in Germany, was released on December 22, 2007. The second novel, titled Biohazard: The Umbrella Chronicles Side B in Japan and Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles 2 in Germany,

17115-461: The game, he investigates in Africa, while looking for Jill, who is missing and declared dead . In fact, she was injured by the fall and taken hostage by Wesker, who then used her as a test subject in his biological experiments. Accompanying him is his new partner, Sheva Alomar . Eventually, Chris and Sheva manage to find and free Jill and ultimately defeat and destroy Wesker, who was planning to spread

17278-438: The game. Starting in 2008, a series of feature-length computer-animated films have been released. These films take place in the same continuity with the games of the series, and feature characters such as Leon Kennedy , Claire Redfield , Ada Wong , Chris Redfield , Jill Valentine and Rebecca Chambers . Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness , a four-part CG anime series, premiered on July 8, 2021, on Netflix . Starring

17441-474: The games, most notably Resident Evil , Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 4 , have been bestowed with multiple Game of the Year honors and often placed on lists of the best video games ever made. In 1999, Next Generation listed the Resident Evil series as number 13 on their "Top 50 Games of All Time", commenting that, "Flawless graphics, excellent music, and a top-notch storyline all combined to make

17604-469: The hippocampal region of the brain. The amygdala , an area of the brain involved in emotional regulation, may be involved in producing remembrance for some aspects of the trauma. Even though the trace of a memory for trauma may be lost from the hippocampus, it may remain partially encoded in the form of an emotional memory in the amygdala where it can be subsequently recalled in the form of a flashback or partially recovered memory . Diaschisis refers to

17767-399: The injury) and anterograde amnesia (problems with creating new memories after the injury has taken place). PTA may refer to only anterograde forms, or to both retrograde and anterograde forms. A common example in sports concussion is the quarterback who was able to conduct the complicated mental tasks of leading a football team after a concussion, but has no recollection the next day of

17930-468: The injury, along with the duration of loss of consciousness (LOC), and scores on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures degrees of consciousness, with higher scores indicating higher levels of functioning. A score of three indicates complete unconsciousness, and a score of 15 indicates normal functioning. In patients experiencing PTA for the duration of: Up to one hour – the injury

18093-425: The injury. 1–2 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take many months. The patient is likely to experience long-lasting cognitive effects such as decreased verbal and nonverbal intelligence as well as decreased performance on visual tests. Patients should, however, still be able to return to work. 2–12 weeks – the injury is very severe, and recovery is likely to take a year or more. The patient

18256-421: The lack of any ill effects suggests that vasopressin is, at the least, a possible enhancement for a treatment regimen. Diaschisis , as mentioned earlier, has been linked to the mechanism of PTA. The noradrenergic systems may play a role in diaschisis. Norepinephrine , also known as noradrenalin, is a catecholamine neurotransmitter . Administering a norepinephrine receptor agonist (a substance that initiates

18419-470: The length of amnesia is still the a behavioural measure, the duration of the episode of post-traumatic amnesia, rather than a neuroimaging technique or an electrophysiological or biochemical technique. The length of amnesia is also one of the most accurate predictors for determining later cognitive problems, even more so than the duration of either the coma or the period of loss of consciousness. The duration of amnesia after TBI, therefore, can be very useful in

18582-514: The levels of acetylcholine in the brain. This idea is supported by the fact that there is an increase in acetylcholine concentrations in the brain after head injury. Animal studies have shown that concussive injuries in rats lead to changes in the central nervous system 's cholinergic system. This increase in acetylcholine levels has also been tied to behavioral suppression and unconsciousness, both symptoms of PTA. In long-term recovery, acetylcholine levels associated with diaschisis may continue to play

18745-431: The likelihood that psychiatric and behavioral problems will occur as consequences of TBI. Classification systems for determining the severity of TBI may use duration of PTA alone or with other factors such as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score and duration of loss of consciousness (LOC) to divide TBI into categories of mild, moderate, and severe. One common system using all three factors and one using PTA alone are shown in

18908-422: The next numbered entry in the main series, Resident Evil 6 , was released to mixed reviews, but enthusiastic pre-order sales. In 2013, producer Masachika Kawata said the Resident Evil franchise would return to focus on elements of horror and suspense over action, adding that "survival horror as a genre is never going to be on the same level, financially, as shooters and much more popular, mainstream games. At

19071-410: The normal forgetting observed by patients with normal amnesia related to brain damage. The temporal lobes are often the most vulnerable to the diffuse (widely distributed) and focal (more specifically localized) effects of TBI and it is possible that temporal lobe lesions may account for the accelerated forgetting observed in patients with PTA. These predictions were supported by the finding that most of

19234-401: The noticeable change in his appearance. Chris appeared in the downloadable content campaign Not a Hero , which was released on December 12, 2017. This subchapter focuses on Chris attempting to apprehend Lucas Baker , and although he fails to save his men, he confronts and kills Lucas. Chris returned for the eighth main installment in the series, titled Resident Evil Village (2021). During

19397-518: The ordeal of Charlie Team, a third STARS team created specifically for the comic. In 2009, Wildstorm reprinted Fire & Ice in a trade paperback collection. In Hong Kong, there has been officially licensed Biohazard manhua adaptations of Biohazard 0 by publisher Yulang Group, Biohazard 2 by Kings Fountain, Biohazard 3 Supplemental Edition by Cao Zhihao and, Biohazard 3 The Last Escape , and Biohazard Code: Veronica by Lee Chung Hing published by Tinhangse Publishing. The Code: Veronica manhua

19560-409: The original Resident Evil , members of an elite police task force, Special Tactics and Rescue Service (STARS), are lured to a derelict mansion on the outskirts of Raccoon City. The STARS team is mostly decimated by zombies and other BOWs, leaving only a handful of survivors, including Chris Redfield , Jill Valentine , and Albert Wesker . Chris and Jill explore the zombie-infested mansion and uncover

19723-409: The original Resident Evil , in which Chris investigates the disappearance of his missing friend, Billy Rabbitson. S. D. Perry has written novelizations of the first five games, as well as two original novels taking place between games. The novels often take liberties with the games' plot by exploring events occurring outside and beyond the games. This often meant that the games would later contradict

19886-1216: The original Resident Evil ; Michael Filipowich voiced in Resident Evil – Code: Veronica ; Joe Whyte in the 2002 remake of Resident Evil ; Kevin Dorman in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles , Resident Evil: Vendetta , and Resident Evil: Death Island ; Roger Craig Smith in Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 . David Vaughn voiced him in Resident Evil 7 , while Jeff Schine in Resident Evil: Village . In Japanese, Subaru Kimura voiced him in Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City . Reuben Langdon did Chris' motion capture in Code: Veronica , Resident Evil 5 , and Resident Evil 6 , while Geordie Dandy did it in Resident Evil 7 and Village . Wentworth Miller portrayed him in Resident Evil: Afterlife . Miller said he requested that

20049-421: The part of the game that took place after the injury. Individuals with retrograde amnesia may partially regain memory later, but memories are not regained with anterograde amnesia because they were not encoded properly. The term "post-traumatic amnesia" was first used in 1940 in a paper by Symonds to refer to the period between the injury and the return of full, continuous memory, including any time during which

20212-416: The patient is still in a state of PTA or if they are experiencing a more permanent form of memory deficit. In patients with mild TBI, the damage consists primarily of diffuse axonal injury (widespread damage to white matter) without any focal damage (damage to specific areas). Sometimes, injury of the brainstem was also observed. In these cases, there is likely the presence of an attentional deficit without

20375-688: The patient was unconscious. The most prominent symptom of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is a loss of memory of the present time. As a result, patients are often unaware of their condition and may behave as if they are going about their regular lives. This can cause complications if patients are confined to a hospital and may lead to agitation, distress and anxiety . Many patients report feeling as though they were being "held prisoner" and being prevented from carrying on with their daily lives. Other symptoms include agitation, confusion , disorientation , and restlessness. Patients also often display behavioral disturbances. Patients may shout, swear and behave in

20538-399: The patients who showed rapid forgetting also had lesions to the temporal lobe. Bilateral damage to the temporal lobes also causes severe anterograde amnesia, making it likely that lesions to this area would be involved in PTA. Patients exhibit a temporal gradient with memory loss, meaning that older memories are preserved at the expense of newer memories. Temporal lobe damage has been linked to

20701-408: The person, orientation to the place, and orientation to the time. The idea behind these questions is that each of these classifications places a large demand on the patient's memory and learning abilities. The Westmead Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale (WPTAS) is commonly used in Australia and New Zealand. It questions twelve questions that examine orientation to person, place and time, in addition to

20864-450: The pituitary gland), exhibited significant improvements in memory and learning functions when exogenous vasopressin was administered. Particularly encouraging was the finding that a short treatment period produced long-lasting improvements, in both humans and rats. However, the animal models of PTA are highly limited, as the dimension of self-awareness and orientation is almost impossible to model adequately. PTA in animals, especially rats,

21027-452: The player views the current scene. Pressing up (for example on a D-pad , analog stick , or cursor movement keys ) on the game controller moves the character in the direction being faced, pressing down backpedals, and left and right rotates the character. This can feel counter-intuitive when the character is facing the camera, as the controls are essentially reversed in this state. This differs from many 3D games, in which characters move in

21190-470: The prequel Resident Evil Zero , both released in 2002, as well as Resident Evil 4 (2005)—were all released initially as GameCube exclusives. Resident Evil 4 was later released for Windows, PlayStation 2, and Wii . A trilogy of GunCon -compatible light gun games known as the Gun Survivor series featured first-person gameplay. The first, Resident Evil Survivor , was released in 2000 for

21353-427: The presence of "islands of memory" (short periods of clarity). A failure to take these facts into consideration may have biased retrospective methods towards underestimating the length and severity of an episode of PTA. Also, the retrospective method relies on retrospective memory , one's memory for past events, which is not very reliable in healthy individuals, and even less so in patients who have recently experienced

21516-491: The publication of Apocalypse , Genesis being marketed as a prequel to Apocalypse , while the Extinction novel was released in late July 2007, two months before the film's release. The Final Chapter was published in December 2016 alongside the film's theatrical release. There was also a Japanese novelization of the first film, unrelated to DeCandido's version, written by Osamu Makino. Makino also wrote two novels based on

21679-555: The reboot film Resident Evil: Welcome to Raccoon City (2021). Chris also appears in the adult animated Resident Evil films. He was one of the main characters in Resident Evil: Vendetta (2017), alongside Leon and Rebecca. Unlike the live-action films, the animated films are in the same continuity as the games. He returned in the sequel, Resident Evil: Death Island (2023). Chris is a playable character in several non-canonical Resident Evil games. He features in

21842-475: The rejected Resident Evil film script written by George A. Romero in 1998, Chris is a Native American civilian and ultimately one of the few survivors. In the director Paul W. S. Anderson 's live-action Resident Evil films. Chris appears in the Resident Evil: Afterlife , portrayed by Wentworth Miller. Miller said he prepared for the role by doing cardio for endurance . He appears in

22005-513: The rest of his team being killed by Carla. They travel to China to investigate bio-terror activity and find themselves in another C-virus outbreak. While attempting to work out with Jake, who possesses the antibodies needed to stop the outbreak, Chris and Piers encounter Haos, a powerful BOW. Piers is grievously injured during the battle and injects himself with the C-virus to gain superhuman powers. He saves Chris, but sacrifices himself to ensure Haos

22168-491: The same look from the past. The facial structures are mainly based on the visuals of the GameCube version , and we added various details to these to develop a realistic structure." Resident Evil 5 ' s producer Jun Takeuchi said that the series' fans "would really love" a video game featuring both Leon S. Kennedy and Chris as the protagonists due to their popularity, and at the same time, it would be "pretty dramatic" if

22331-446: The same time, I think we need to have the confidence to put money behind these projects, and it doesn't mean we can't focus on what we need to do as a survival horror game to meet fan's needs." Resident Evil: Revelations 2 , an episodic game set between Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 , was released in March 2015. A series of team-based multiplayer games were developed beginning with the poorly received Umbrella Corps , which

22494-605: The series had sold 17 million units worldwide, earning more than $ 600 million . By 2011, it had sold about 46 million copies and was estimated to have grossed at least $ 1.3 billion . It is recognized by Guinness World Records as the best-selling survival horror series, with Resident Evil 2 remake being the best-selling survival horror game as of 2023 . Seven of the top ten best-selling horror games in North America are Resident Evil games. Post-traumatic amnesia There are two types of amnesia : retrograde amnesia (loss of memories that were formed shortly before

22657-416: The subject of Internet memes , with fans using it to demonstrate Chris' masculinity. Wes Fenlon of PC Gamer said that Chris punching a boulder inside an active volcano "gave us what is truly one of the greatest moments in the history of videogames" and "as a quicktime event. It is perfect." In Resident Evil Village , during the boss fight with Karl Heisenberg, Karl calls Chris a "boulder-punching asshole,"

22820-663: The success of the GOAT and the Orientation Log (O-Log) in predicting rehabilitation outcomes, and found that, while the O-Log and the GOAT perform similarly as measures of PTA severity and duration, the O-Log provides a more accurate picture of rehabilitation. While the GOAT is a useful tool, these results suggest that using alternative methods of assessing PTA may increase the amount of information available to physicians and may help in predicting rehabilitative success. The international cognitive (INCOG) expert panel has recommended

22983-411: The sudden dysfunction of portions of the brain due to lesions in distant but connected neurons . Diaschisis is implicated as playing an important role in PTA, more particularly in the declarative memory impairments observed in patients experiencing an episode of PTA. The loss of function observed after traumatic brain injuries, as well as the resulting loss of consciousness, was thought to be mediated by

23146-445: The symptoms of PTA. The North Star Project was developed by researchers at McGill University . Researchers developed a "reality orientation", which involved discussing general facts (e.g. date, time, names of family members, etc.) with amnesic patients twice a day in an attempt to lessen their confusion during the early stages of their recovery. Younger patients often had shorter amnesic episodes than older patients, especially those in

23309-451: The tables at right. Duration of PTA usually correlates well with GCS and usually lasts about four times longer than unconsciousness. PTA is considered a hallmark of concussion , and is used as a measure of predicting its severity, for example in concussion grading scales . It may be more reliable for determining severity of concussion than GCS because the latter may not be sensitive enough; individuals with s concussion often quickly regain

23472-491: The third-highest-grossing video game film series . The development of the first Resident Evil , released as Biohazard in Japan, began in 1993 when Capcom 's Tokuro Fujiwara told Shinji Mikami and other co-workers to create a game using elements from Fujiwara's 1989 game Sweet Home on the Family Computer (Famicom) in Japan. When in late 1994 marketing executives were setting up to release Biohazard in

23635-457: The time of the project," he says, referencing the DLC's early days of planning, "there were some ideas that focused on Chris. But we wanted to focus on Rose Winters," disclosing that the crew had a preference for a DLC that starred Rose as the main character rather than having Chris rejoin the action. In the original Resident Evil , which uses live-action cinematics , Chris is played by Charlie Kraslavsky. Scott McCulloch voiced Chris in

23798-651: The two characters never met before the series would end; this eventually occurred in Resident Evil 6 (2012). In Resident Evil 6 , Chris has a slightly disheveled look due to his alcoholism and post-traumatic amnesia . In Resident Evil 7 (2017), Chris was given an entirely new design as the producers wanted to give him a more realistic look. The character's new design made him completely "unrecognizable", as stated by commentators and players. Director Kōshi Nakanishi stated that Resident Evil 6 ' s Chris model "was just not suitable for Resident Evil 7 ' s game engine or aesthetic". He further said that "[a]lthough it

23961-432: The use of a validated PTA scale such as the GOAT or WPTAS for assessing PTA duration in patients with moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury on a daily basis. The severity of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) is directly related to its duration, although a longer duration does not necessarily indicate more severe symptoms. The duration of PTA in brain-injured patients is a useful predictor of the expected long-term effects of

24124-519: The viral outbreak. Leon, Claire, Sherry, Ada, and Jill escape the city before its eradication. Claire continues to look for Chris, whereas Leon is recruited to work for the U.S. Government. Resident Evil – Code: Veronica follows Claire as she escapes from a prison camp in the Southern Ocean and later reunites with Chris at an Umbrella research facility in Antarctica . Resident Evil 4

24287-502: The weaknesses of the method most often used in assessing PTA, the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), is that it does not include any assessment of attention, which could help give a better indication of potential for recovery. By omitting attention, the test is omitting some crucial aspects of a person's cognitive capabilities. In addition, assessing attention during the period of PTA may help determine whether

24450-411: The years, various toy companies have acquired the Resident Evil license, with each producing their own unique line of Resident Evil action figures or models. These include, but are not limited to, Toy Biz , Palisades Toys , NECA , and Hot Toys . Tokyo Marui also produced replicas of the guns used in the Resident Evil series in the form of gas blow-back airsoft guns. Some models included

24613-402: Was later ported to the PlayStation 2 and GameCube as Code: Veronica X . Despite earlier announcements that the next game in the series would be released for the PlayStation 2, which resulted in the creation of an unrelated game, Devil May Cry , Mikami decided to make the series exclusively for the GameCube. The next three games in the series—a remake of the original Resident Evil and

24776-671: Was later released in December 2011 and covers Resident Evil 4 , Resident Evil 5 , the new scenarios detailed in Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles and Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles , and the 2008 CGI movie, Resident Evil: Degeneration . The second Archives volume was also translated by Capcom and published by BradyGames. A Resident Evil theme restaurant called Biohazard Cafe & Grill S.T.A.R.S. opened in Tokyo in 2012. Halloween Horror Nights 2013, held at Universal Orlando , featured

24939-568: Was often ridiculed. Several Kotaku employees have referred to Chris as one of the worst of the Resident Evil heroes, calling him "bland" and "boring", and critiquing the majority of his redesigns, while Ian Walker from Kotaku compared his appearances in Resident Evil 7 and Resident Evil Village as "transition[ing] from global bio-terrorism agent to [...] someone's henchman in a British crime comedy written and directed by Guy Ritchie ." Chris' characterization has been also praised by other gaming journalists. He has been named by IGN and in

25102-527: Was published in January 2008. In 1997, Marvel Comics published a single-issue prologue comic based on the original Resident Evil , released through a promotional giveaway alongside the original PlayStation game. In 1998, WildStorm began producing a monthly comic book series based on the first two games, Resident Evil: The Official Comic Magazine , which lasted five issues. The first four issues were published by Image , while Wildstorm themselves published

25265-518: Was released for Windows , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in January 2017. Set in a dilapidated mansion in Louisiana, the game uses a first-person perspective and emphasizes horror and exploration over action, unlike previous installments. The first-person perspective continued in the eighth mainline game Resident Evil Village . Released in May 2021, the game, set in a mysterious European village,

25428-572: Was released for the Nintendo 64 . In addition, ports of all three were released for Windows . The fourth game in the series, Resident Evil – Code: Veronica , was developed for the Dreamcast and released in 2000, followed by ports of Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis . Resident Evil – Code: Veronica was later re-released for Dreamcast in Japan in an updated form as Code: Veronica Complete , which included slight changes, many of which revolved around story cutscenes. This updated version

25591-448: Was released in 2007 for the Wii, with a sequel, Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles released in 2009 (both were later ported to the PlayStation 3 in 2012). Resident Evil Outbreak is an online game for the PlayStation 2, released in 2003, depicting a series of episodic storylines in Raccoon City set during the same period as Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3: Nemesis . It was

25754-561: Was released in June 2016. Resident Evil: Resistance was released in April 2020, followed by Resident Evil Re:Verse in October 2022, with both being available for free to those who bought Resident Evil 3 and Village respectively. Using the new RE Engine , which would develop the next generation of Resident Evil games, the series continued to shift back towards more horror elements. The next mainline game, Resident Evil 7: Biohazard

25917-587: Was released in September. It was produced by Umeda Arts Theater by director G2 and composer, Shunsuke Wada. Biohazard the Experience was the second Resident Evil play produced by Avex Live Creative and Ace Crew Entertainment. The story is set in 2015 and follows a cast of thirteen survivors who were abducted and woke up in a mansion during an outbreak. Most of the games in the prominent Resident Evil series have been released to positive reviews. Some of

26080-511: Was released on the Oculus Quest 2 on October 21, 2021. The Resident Evil franchise features video games and tie-in merchandise and products, including various live-action and animated films, comic books, and novels. From 2002 to 2016, six live-action Resident Evil films were produced, all written and produced by Paul W. S. Anderson . The films do not follow the games' premise but feature some game characters. The series' protagonist

26243-467: Was translated into English and published by BradyGames . The guide describes and summarizes all of the key events that occur in Resident Evil Zero , Resident Evil , Resident Evil 2 , Resident Evil 3: Nemesis , and Code: Veronica . The main plot analysis also contains character relationship charts, artwork, item descriptions, and file transcripts for all five games. A second Archives book

26406-452: Was translated into English, formatted to look like an American comic and distributed by WildStorm as a series of four graphic novel collections. In 2009, Wildstorm began publishing a Resident Evil comic book prequel to Resident Evil 5 , which centers on two original members of the BSAA, Mina Gere and Holiday Sugarman. Written by Ricardo Sanchez and illustrated by Kevin Sharpe and Jim Clark,

26569-505: Was written by Kyū Asakura and the staff of Flagship. Two additional novels were published in 2002, To the Liberty by Sudan Kimura and Rose Blank by Tadashi Aizawa. While no official English translation of these novels has been published yet, the last two books were translated into German and published in 2006. Novelizations of the films Genesis , Apocalypse , and Extinction were written by Keith DeCandido . Afterlife did not receive

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