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79-680: ChromiumOS (formerly styled as Chromium OS ) is a free and open-source Linux distribution designed for running web applications and browsing the World Wide Web . It is the open-source version of ChromeOS , a Linux distribution made by Google . ChromiumOS is based on the Linux kernel , like ChromeOS, but its principal user interface is the Chromium web browser rather than the Google Chrome browser. ChromiumOS also includes
158-643: A TV debate, which he declined. Kogan claimed Harvey "chickened out", causing Harvey to respond by calling Kogan a "con". Kogan responded with two satirical advertisements criticising Harvey Norman. Kogan renewed the dispute in November 2010, criticising Harvey Norman's purchase of Clive Peeters. The controversy continued into December, when Harvey announced plans to follow Myer and open up an online store based in China to avoid GST and cut costs, causing Kogan to claim that Harvey Norman and Myer were posturing to force
237-714: A UK-based and China-based company. In 2020, Neverware was acquired by Google, and a similar "ChromeOS Flex" was released into beta in February 2022. Flint OS became FydeOS . FydeOS , is based on Chromium OS, to run on Intel-based computers, and the Raspberry Pi 4 family. Some devices have shipped with ChromiumOS preinstalled. In May 2012, Dell also released a new build for the Dell Inspiron Mini 10v netbook, following up on an earlier build released almost 18 months earlier. The build did not support audio, but
316-453: A bit misleading what they've said. When it comes to durability, it's an HDMI cable that you'll use to connect your TV to a Blu-ray player, or a Playstation, or another device. You're not using it as a skipping rope or to go rock climbing with." In August 2011 Kogan announced his desire for online retailers to be viewed separately from traditional retail by economists, stating that "If we have been grouped with traditional retailers, then we want
395-514: A divorce!", and arguing that all of the innovation and growth is in online, rather than bricks-and-mortar, retail. Business Magazine BRW noted the similarity of the "divorce" to a campaign by the National Australia Bank . Sales at Kogan's online store in November 2011 were $ 8.12 million, up 330% from $ 1.89 million in the same period in 2010. During the period there were 708,525 visitors to Kogan.com.au, an increase from 222,411
474-606: A niche role outside of the mainstream of private software development. However the success of FOSS Operating Systems such as Linux, BSD and the companies based on FOSS such as Red Hat , has changed the software industry's attitude and there has been a dramatic shift in the corporate philosophy concerning its development. Users of FOSS benefit from the Four Essential Freedoms to make unrestricted use of, and to study, copy, modify, and redistribute such software with or without modification. If they would like to change
553-493: A part of the partnership, Kogan.com announced that it will offer fixed-line NBN services as well as mobile broadband plans. Kogan nbn launched on 12 April 2018. The service is supplied to Kogan by Vodafone as supplied by nbn Co Limited. Kogan entered financial services in 2017 under the name of Kogan Insurance. Underwritten by Hollard Insurance , Kogan Insurance was launched with home, contents, landlord, car, and travel insurance. By 2018, Kogan had entered four more areas of
632-581: A single unified term that could refer to both concepts, although Richard Stallman argues that it fails to be neutral unlike the similar term; "Free/Libre and Open Source Software" (FLOSS). Richard Stallman 's Free Software Definition , adopted by the FSF, defines free software as a matter of liberty, not price, and that which upholds the Four Essential Freedoms. The earliest known publication of this definition of his free software definition
711-547: A then 17-year-old college student in Liverpool, England , posting under the name "Hexxeh". McLoughlin's build boots from a USB memory stick and included features that Google engineers had not yet implemented, such as support for the Java programming language . While Google did not expect that hobbyists would use and evaluate ChromiumOS ahead of its official release, Sundar Pichai , Google's vice president of product management (now
790-439: A variety of FOSS projects, including both free software and open-source. Kogan Technologies Kogan.com is an Australian portfolio of retail and services businesses including Kogan Retail, Kogan Marketplace, Kogan Mobile, Kogan Internet, Kogan Insurance, Kogan Travel, Kogan Money, Kogan Cars, Kogan Energy, Dick Smith, Matt Blatt and Mighty Ape. The company was founded in 2006 by Ruslan Kogan. In July 2016, Kogan.com
869-432: Is a proprietary eCommerce platform that partners with sellers, providing them with access to Kogan.com’s millions of Active Customers. Kogan First offers members free delivery from Kogan.com on eligible products, upgrades to express shipping at no extra cost, priority customer service and access to exclusive member-only deals. Kogan.com has also caused controversy with its product range. The company voiced its opposition to
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#1732782531694948-407: Is software that is available under a license that grants the right to use, modify, and distribute the software, modified or not, to everyone free of charge. The public availability of the source code is, therefore, a necessary but not sufficient condition. FOSS is an inclusive umbrella term for free software and open-source software . FOSS is in contrast to proprietary software , where the software
1027-534: Is today better known as Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird . Netscape's act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the FSF's Free software ideas and perceived benefits to the commercial software industry. They concluded that FSF's social activism was not appealing to companies like Netscape, and looked for a way to rebrand the Free software movement to emphasize the business potential of sharing and collaborating on software source code. The new name they chose
1106-748: Is under restrictive copyright or licensing and the source code is hidden from the users. FOSS maintains the software user's civil liberty rights via the " Four Essential Freedoms " of free software. Other benefits of using FOSS include decreased software costs, increased security against malware , stability, privacy , opportunities for educational usage, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free and open-source operating systems such as Linux distributions and descendants of BSD are widely used today, powering millions of servers , desktops , smartphones , and other devices. Free-software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages today. The free software movement and
1185-663: Is used by the Open Source Initiative (OSI) to determine whether a software license qualifies for the organization's insignia for open-source software . The definition was based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines , written and adapted primarily by Bruce Perens . Perens did not base his writing on the Four Essential Freedoms of free software from the Free Software Foundation , which were only later available on
1264-545: The BRW. list of Australia's fastest growing businesses, this time ranking at No. 14, noting a 123% growth rate since 2011. The professional services firm, Deloitte, listed Kogan as one of the top 10 on the Fast 50 Australia in November 2012. In 2017, Kogan.com released its FY17 results, which showed revenue of $ 289.5 million, up 37.1% on the prior year. It also grew its customer base to 955,000, up 36.0% from 30 June 2016. Kogan.com
1343-637: The Google Cr-48 "Mario" prototype hardware and install a generic BIOS . The developer made the builds available in virtual machine format on March 13, 2011. With no official build of ChromiumOS forthcoming from Google, Hexxeh's " vanilla " nightly builds of ChromiumOS were the principal resource for people wanting to try ChromiumOS. Hexxeh stopped uploading his builds on April 20, 2013. More recent versions of ChromiumOS are available from Arnoldthebat, who maintains daily and weekly builds along with usage guidelines and help. In July 2012, Chromium Build Kit
1422-646: The Herald Sun newspaper and on its website may have misled customers, and the ACCC's chairman Graeme Samuel said the advertisements may have breached sections of the Trade Practices Act 1974 . In response, Kogan.com agreed that it would not advertise its products at a discount unless that product had been advertised for sale at a higher price, that it would implement a trade practices law compliance program, and that it would not make representations about
1501-534: The Portage package manager , which was originally developed for Gentoo Linux . Because ChromiumOS and ChromeOS use a browser engine for the user interface, they are oriented toward web applications rather than application software or mobile apps. Google first published the ChromiumOS source code in late 2009. Chromium's architecture is three-tiered, consisting of "three major components": ChromiumOS
1580-711: The United Kingdom . The company officially entered the UK market on 15 November, with a range of LED TVs and GPS units. The expansion makes Kogan the only Australian-owned international consumer electronics brand. On 14 September 2011, Kogan.com began shipping products from the company's Hong Kong operation. Bypassing wholesalers, distributors and retailers in this way enabled the company to offer products by brands including Apple , Canon , Nikon , Samsung , Motorola and more at low prices. On 15 March 2016, Kogan.com acquired Dick Smith Holding 's online business. With
1659-738: The United Space Alliance , which manages the computer systems for the International Space Station (ISS), regarding why they chose to switch from Windows to Linux on the ISS. In 2017, the European Commission stated that "EU institutions should become open source software users themselves, even more than they already are" and listed open source software as one of the nine key drivers of innovation, together with big data , mobility, cloud computing and
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#17327825316941738-665: The hacker community at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory , announced the GNU project , saying that he had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals
1817-494: The internet of things . In 2020, the European Commission adopted its Open Source Strategy 2020-2023 , including encouraging sharing and reuse of software and publishing Commission's source code as key objectives. Among concrete actions there is also to set up an Open Source Programme Office in 2020 and in 2022 it launched its own FOSS repository https://code.europa.eu/ . In 2021, the Commission Decision on
1896-609: The open-source software movement are online social movements behind widespread production, adoption and promotion of FOSS, with the former preferring to use the terms FLOSS , free or libre. "Free and open-source software" (FOSS) is an umbrella term for software that is simultaneously considered both free software and open-source software . The precise definition of the terms "free software" and "open-source software" applies them to any software distributed under terms that allow users to use, modify, and redistribute said software in any manner they see fit, without requiring that they pay
1975-427: The 600 accounts of Kogan Mobile users it had suspended after deeming them to be using excessive the service in excess of the levels permitted. The Business Review Weekly said this was not a good start for the 4-month-old [mobile] business. The Kogan Mobile service ended with the collapse of ispONE on 19 August 2013. On 7 June 2017, Kogan.com announced that it has extended its partnership with Vodafone to 2022. As
2054-805: The Australian government's proposed Internet filter by releasing a fictional parody product, the Kogan Portector, and received media attention in 2009 parodying Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd 's 2007 election campaign because of its "Kevin 37" television, a 37" television marketed using advertising mimicking Rudd's campaign, which initially sold for $ 900 – the value of the economic stimulus payments made to many Australians in April 2009. In July 2014, Kogan.com launched its first exclusive brand beyond consumer electronics, called Fortis. By controlling
2133-537: The CEO) said that "what people like Hexxeh are doing is amazing to see." Pichai said the early releases were an unintended consequence of open source development. "If you decide to do open-source projects, you have to be open all the way." Hexxeh's work continued into the following year. He announced "ChromiumOS Lime" in December 2010, and in January 2011, released "Luigi", an application designed to " jailbreak "/" root "
2212-638: The EU. These recommendations are to be taken into account later in the same year in Commission's proposal of the "Interoperable Europe Act" . While copyright is the primary legal mechanism that FOSS authors use to ensure license compliance for their software, other mechanisms such as legislation, patents, and trademarks have implications as well. In response to legal issues with patents and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA),
2291-655: The FOSS ecosystem, several projects decided against upgrading to GPLv3. For instance the Linux kernel , the BusyBox project, AdvFS , Blender , and the VLC media player decided against adopting the GPLv3. Apple , a user of GCC and a heavy user of both DRM and patents, switched the compiler in its Xcode IDE from GCC to Clang , which is another FOSS compiler but is under a permissive license . LWN speculated that Apple
2370-653: The Free Software Foundation released version 3 of its GNU General Public License (GNU GPLv3) in 2007 that explicitly addressed the DMCA and patent rights. After the development of the GNU GPLv3 in 2007, the FSF (as the copyright holder of many pieces of the GNU system) updated many of the GNU programs' licenses from GPLv2 to GPLv3. On the other hand, the adoption of the new GPL version was heavily discussed in
2449-538: The Government to change import laws, and that their China-based stores were a hoax. Kogan stated that if Harvey Norman and Myer succeeded in opening their China-based online stores for three months, he would place a prominent link on kogan.com.au advertising his rival's store. Kogan also claimed that Harvey Norman was "full of it", and published an article lamenting the Australian business scene's focus on regulation rather than innovation. In July 2011, Kogan came to
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2528-574: The Meridian Energy Limited group and provides power and gas deals to Australian households. Kogan Cars was launched on 4 July 2019 and provides consumers with access to networked negotiating power for deals on new cars, and acts as a marketplace for vehicle trade-in. Launched on 21 August 2015, Kogan Travel provides travel deals to international destinations. Kogan Credit Cards is a credit card with uncapped Kogan reward points, no annual fee, complimentary Kogan First membership. It
2607-637: The TPG and Vodafone New Zealand networks. Kogan Mobile New Zealand was launched in September 2019 in partnership with Vodafone New Zealand Limited offering telecommunications services in New Zealand. Glimp stated Kogan Mobile New Zealand offers one of the cheapest unlimited minutes pre-pay plans in New Zealand. Kogan Mobile was a pre-paid mobile phone service provider in Australia. It was known for being
2686-402: The actual causes of the many issues with Linux on notebooks such as the unnecessary power consumption. Mergers have affected major open-source software. Sun Microsystems (Sun) acquired MySQL AB , owner of the popular open-source MySQL database, in 2008. Oracle in turn purchased Sun in January 2010, acquiring their copyrights, patents, and trademarks. Thus, Oracle became the owner of both
2765-470: The author(s) of the software a royalty or fee for engaging in the listed activities. Although there is an almost complete overlap between free-software licenses and open-source-software licenses, there is a strong philosophical disagreement between the advocates of these two positions. The terminology of FOSS was created to be a neutral on these philosophical disagreements between the Free Software Foundation (FSF) and Open Source Initiative (OSI) and have
2844-530: The biggest Australian supermarkets, Coles and Woolworths . However, independent consumer group Choice says the prices at Kogan pantry are 50-60% less than the big supermarkets. According to News.com.au, over 30,000 products were sold within the first six hours of the launch. In July 2011 Kogan launched its "Cut the Cable Con" campaign in Britain. The campaign targeted John Lewis and Currys , criticising
2923-434: The concept of freely distributed software and universal access to an application's source code . A Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that "Open-source is an intellectual property destroyer. I can't imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and the intellectual-property business." Companies have indeed faced copyright infringement issues when embracing FOSS. For many years FOSS played
3002-502: The copyright law was extended to computer programs in the United States —previously, computer programs could be considered ideas, procedures, methods, systems, and processes, which are not copyrightable. Early on, closed-source software was uncommon until the mid-1970s to the 1980s, when IBM implemented in 1983 an "object code only" policy, no longer distributing source code. In 1983, Richard Stallman , longtime member of
3081-433: The design, manufacture, packaging and distribution of the products, Kogan.com had increased the number of exclusive brands available to 10, within a year. Kogan.com currently owns and operates 20 exclusive private label brands. Kogan Mobile was re-launched in Australia with TPG (formally Vodafone) on 19 October 2015. Kogan Mobile offers value based pre-paid mobile phone plans to Customers in Australia and New Zealand on
3160-624: The files and detailed instructions to re-create the build. In June 2011, ISYS Technologies, based in Salt Lake City, sued Google in a Utah district court, claiming rights to the name "Chromium" and, by default, Chromebook and Chromebox . The suit sought to stop Google and its hardware and marketing partners from selling Chromebooks. The suit was later dismissed and, as part of an undisclosed settlement between Google and ISYS, ISYS abandoned its trademark efforts. Free and open-source software Free and open-source software ( FOSS )
3239-512: The first half of FY22 (FY21 annual Gross Sales: $ 1.79 billion). In December 2022, Kogan.com acquired furniture and homewares operator Brosa for $ 1.5 million after the company went into voluntary administration. Kogan.com’s success is built off technology and digital efficiencies to make in-demand products and services more affordable and accessible. Product lines available via Kogan Retail brands include TVs, consumer electronics, appliances, homewares, hardware, toys and more. Kogan Marketplace
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3318-548: The first pre-paid mobile provider to use the widespread Telstra network. Kogan Mobile launched on 12 December 2012. By 14 December, it had already sold more than 10,000 SIM cards. In response to the announcement, a spokesman from Telstra stated; "Telstra Wholesale is not in partnership or any other direct relationship with Kogan." Kogan Mobile experienced many problems with customers being suspended for "overuse" despite offering an "unlimited call" plan. Australian Communications Consumer Action Network (ACCAN), stated that Kogan
3397-562: The functionality of software they can bring about changes to the code and, if they wish, distribute such modified versions of the software or often − depending on the software's decision making model and its other users − even push or request such changes to be made via updates to the original software. Manufacturers of proprietary, closed-source software are sometimes pressured to building in backdoors or other covert, undesired features into their software. Instead of having to trust software vendors, users of FOSS can inspect and verify
3476-416: The goal of developing the most efficient software for its users or use-cases while proprietary software is typically meant to generate profits . Furthermore, in many cases more organizations and individuals contribute to such projects than to proprietary software. It has been shown that technical superiority is typically the primary reason why companies choose open source software. According to Linus's law
3555-567: The government charged that bundled software was anticompetitive. While some software was still being provided without monetary cost and license restriction, there was a growing amount of software that was only at a monetary cost with restricted licensing. In the 1970s and early 1980s, some parts of the software industry began using technical measures (such as distributing only binary copies of computer programs ) to prevent computer users from being able to use reverse engineering techniques to study and customize software they had paid for. In 1980,
3634-491: The historical potential of an " economy of abundance " for the new digital world , FOSS may lay down a plan for political resistance or show the way towards a potential transformation of capitalism . According to Yochai Benkler , Jack N. and Lillian R. Berkman Professor for Entrepreneurial Legal Studies at Harvard Law School , free software is the most visible part of a new economy of commons-based peer production of information, knowledge, and culture. As examples, he cites
3713-451: The insurance business. A partnership with Medibank enabled the creation of a health insurance brand, Kogan Health; another partnership with Hollard subsidiary PetSure Australia permitted the establishment of Kogan Pet, for pet insurance; and a brand for life and funeral insurance, Kogan Life Insurance, was founded via an agreement with Greenstone Financial Services. Kogan Energy was launched on 9 September 2019 in partnership with part of
3792-485: The level of interest in a particular project. However, unlike close-sourced software, improvements can be made by anyone who has the motivation, time and skill to do so. A common obstacle in FOSS development is the lack of access to some common official standards, due to costly royalties or required non-disclosure agreements (e.g., for the DVD-Video format). There is often less certainty of FOSS projects gaining
3871-545: The more people who can see and test a set of code, the more likely any flaws will be caught and fixed quickly. However, this does not guarantee a high level of participation. Having a grouping of full-time professionals behind a commercial product can in some cases be superior to FOSS. Furthermore, publicized source code might make it easier for hackers to find vulnerabilities in it and write exploits. This however assumes that such malicious hackers are more effective than white hat hackers which responsibly disclose or help fix
3950-477: The most popular proprietary database and the most popular open-source database. Oracle's attempts to commercialize the open-source MySQL database have raised concerns in the FOSS community. Partly in response to uncertainty about the future of MySQL, the FOSS community forked the project into new database systems outside of Oracle's control. These include MariaDB , Percona , and Drizzle . All of these have distinct names; they are distinct projects and cannot use
4029-640: The open source licensing and reuse of Commission software (2021/C 495 I/01) was adopted, under which, as a general principle, the European Commission may release software under EUPL or another FOSS license, if more appropriate. There are exceptions though. In May 2022, the Expert group on the Interoperability of European Public Services came published 27 recommendations to strengthen the interoperability of public administrations across
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#17327825316944108-544: The parties stipulated that Google would pay no damages. Oracle appealed to the Federal Circuit , and Google filed a cross-appeal on the literal copying claim. By defying ownership regulations in the construction and use of information—a key area of contemporary growth —the Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) movement counters neoliberalism and privatization in general. By realizing
4187-629: The physical retail stores shut down, the Dick Smith brand transitioned to an online-only consumer electronics store. On 7 July 2016, Kogan.com floated on the Australian Securities Exchange . In May 2020, Kogan.com acquired Matt Blatt, a leading Australian online furniture retailer, for $ 4.4 million. Kogan.com acquired New Zealand-based online retailer Mighty Ape in December 2020 for $ 122.4 million. At December 2021, Kogan.com delivered $ 698 million in gross sales for
4266-432: The public defence of Harvey when he came under fire for Harvey Norman's alleged logging practices. Kogan stated: "Like him or hate him, Gerry Harvey is not a criminal – he should not be singled out for some supposed moral crime simply because he has complied with the law, and has sought Australian timber to use in his furniture." In March 2011, Kogan argued that some of Australia's biggest retailers were overly reliant upon
4345-418: The required resources and participation for continued development than commercial software backed by companies. However, companies also often abolish projects for being unprofitable, yet large companies may rely on, and hence co-develop, open source software. On the other hand, if the vendor of proprietary software ceases development, there are no alternatives; whereas with FOSS, any user who needs it still has
4424-484: The right, and the source-code, to continue to develop it themself, or pay a 3rd party to do so. As the FOSS operating system distributions of Linux has a lower market share of end users there are also fewer applications available. "We migrated key functions from Windows to Linux because we needed an operating system that was stable and reliable -- one that would give us in-house control. So if we needed to patch, adjust, or adapt, we could." Official statement of
4503-441: The savings available to consumers unless the basis by which those savings are calculated was also stated. In August 2010 Kogan began a public dispute with Gerry Harvey , co-founder of well-known Australian retailer Harvey Norman . The argument concerned the future of consumer electronics retailing in Australia, and in particular whether Australians should shop online or in a bricks and mortar retailer. Kogan challenged Harvey to
4582-521: The source code themselves and can put trust on a community of volunteers and users. As proprietary code is typically hidden from public view, only the vendors themselves and hackers may be aware of any vulnerabilities in them while FOSS involves as many people as possible for exposing bugs quickly. FOSS is often free of charge although donations are often encouraged. This also allows users to better test and compare software. FOSS allows for better collaboration among various parties and individuals with
4661-473: The success of Apple , claiming that 30% of Australian retailer JB Hi-Fi 's revenue in 2010 had come from Apple or Apple related products. Terry Smart, CEO of JB Hi-Fi, responded by saying "That figure is not even close to reality. We don't have a big enough supply that represents such a substantial part of the business." Kogan responded by challenging Smart to a one million dollar bet that JB Hi-Fi would not stock Apple hardware by 14 March 2014. The deed for
4740-518: The trademarked name MySQL. In August 2010, Oracle sued Google , claiming that its use of Java in Android infringed on Oracle's copyrights and patents. In May 2012, the trial judge determined that Google did not infringe on Oracle's patents and ruled that the structure of the Java APIs used by Google was not copyrightable. The jury found that Google infringed a small number of copied files, but
4819-837: The vulnerabilities, that no code leaks or exfiltrations occur and that reverse engineering of proprietary code is a hindrance of significance for malicious hackers. Sometimes, FOSS is not compatible with proprietary hardware or specific software. This is often due to manufacturers obstructing FOSS such as by not disclosing the interfaces or other specifications needed for members of the FOSS movement to write drivers for their hardware - for instance as they wish customers to run only their own proprietary software or as they might benefit from partnerships. While FOSS can be superior to proprietary equivalents in terms of software features and stability, in many cases it has more unfixed bugs and missing features when compared to similar commercial software. This varies per case, and usually depends on
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#17327825316944898-442: The way that such retailers attempt to sell expensive cables with their new televisions and computers, and accusing them of a campaign of "deliberate misinformation" with regard to this issue. Kogan.com began giving away cables free of charge with every television purchased. John Lewis and Currys defended the practice of charging for cables by pointing out the various features of their cables. Kogan responded by stating: "I think it's
4977-485: The web. Perens subsequently stated that he felt Eric Raymond 's promotion of open-source unfairly overshadowed the Free Software Foundation's efforts and reaffirmed his support for free software. In the following 2000s, he spoke about open source again. From the 1950s and on through the 1980s, it was common for computer users to have the source code for all programs they used, and the permission and ability to modify it for their own use. Software , including source code,
5056-401: The year before. In October 2010, BRW ranked Kogan as Australia's 15th fastest growing company with yearly revenue of $ 12.22 million. Also in 2010, the company released Q1 FY11 growth figures, with revenue up 48.12% on the previous quarter. The business recorded its highest single day of sales ever on 31 July 2012, exceeding $ 1 million in transactions. In October 2012, Kogan again made
5135-581: Was floated on the Australian Securities Exchange . In its first year as a listed business on the Australian Securities Exchange, Kogan.com delivered $ 221.3 million in gross sales. Kogan.com was established in 2006 by Ruslan Kogan in his parents' garage. He started with a website offering LCD televisions that would be assembled for him in Chinese factories. In October 2010, Ruslan Kogan announced that Kogan.com would expand to
5214-534: Was "Open-source", and quickly Bruce Perens , publisher Tim O'Reilly , Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the rebranding. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize open-source principles. While the Open Source Initiative sought to encourage the use of the new term and evangelize the principles it adhered to, commercial software vendors found themselves increasingly threatened by
5293-604: Was "falling afoul" of the Telecommunications Consumer Protections Code, introduced in September 2012, which states that a product cannot be called unlimited if it is not actually unlimited. Kogan stated that they did not suspend customers but is rather the provider ispONE. In April 2013, Kogan took the provider ispONE to the Victorian Supreme Court. Kogan won an injunction ordering service provider ispONE to reinstate
5372-721: Was bootable from a USB drive. Other devices include the Kogan Agora Chromium Laptop by the Australian company Kogan and the Xi3 Modular Computer, introduced by the company of the same name. In late 2015, a team headed by Dylan Callahan released a beta ChromiumOS port to the Raspberry Pi 2 single-board computer. In 2016, Flint Innovations released a ChromiumOS port for the latest Raspberry Pi 3/B model named Flint OS for RPi. Subsequently, this project has been fully open-sourced at GitHub, with all
5451-447: Was commonly shared by individuals who used computers, often as public-domain software (FOSS is not the same as public domain software, as public domain software does not contain copyrights ). Most companies had a business model based on hardware sales, and provided or bundled software with hardware, free of charge. By the late 1960s, the prevailing business model around software was changing. A growing and evolving software industry
5530-462: Was competing with the hardware manufacturer's bundled software products; rather than funding software development from hardware revenue, these new companies were selling software directly. Leased machines required software support while providing no revenue for software, and some customers who were able to better meet their own needs did not want the costs of software bundled with hardware product costs. In United States vs. IBM , filed January 17, 1969,
5609-479: Was first made available in compiled form by hobbyists. More organized efforts have emerged over time, including a few manufacturers that have shipped devices with the operating system pre-installed. By May 2010, compiled versions of the work-in-progress source code had been downloaded from the Internet more than a million times. The most popular version, entitled "ChromiumOS Flow", was created by Liam McLoughlin,
5688-534: Was in the February 1986 edition of the FSF's now-discontinued GNU's Bulletin publication. The canonical source for the document is in the philosophy section of the GNU Project website. As of August 2017 , it is published in 40 languages. To meet the definition of "free software", the FSF requires the software's licensing respect the civil liberties / human rights of what the FSF calls the software user's " Four Essential Freedoms ". The Open Source Definition
5767-411: Was launched in October 2019 in partnership with Citigroup Pty Ltd. In partnership with Mercer Australia, Kogan.com offers a no frills, ultra low fee Australian superannuation fund, Kogan Super. In January 2015 Kogan.com launched Kogan Pantry, an online service delivering non-perishable foods, confectionery, cleaning products, toiletries, and pet food. Kogan Pantry has a smaller range of products than
5846-572: Was motivated partly by a desire to avoid GPLv3. The Samba project also switched to GPLv3, so Apple replaced Samba in their software suite by a closed-source, proprietary software alternative. Leemhuis criticizes the prioritization of skilled developers who − instead of fixing issues in already popular open-source applications and desktop environments − create new, mostly redundant software to gain fame and fortune. He also criticizes notebook manufacturers for optimizing their own products only privately or creating workarounds instead of helping fix
5925-528: Was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto . The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition and " copyleft " ideas. The FSF takes the position that the fundamental issue Free software addresses is an ethical one—to ensure software users can exercise what it calls " The Four Essential Freedoms ". The Linux kernel , created by Linus Torvalds ,
6004-657: Was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. Initially, Linux was not released under either a Free software or an Open-source software license. However, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License . FreeBSD and NetBSD (both derived from 386BSD ) were released as Free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995. Also in 1995, The Apache HTTP Server , commonly referred to as Apache,
6083-527: Was released under the Apache License 1.0 . In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar , a reflective analysis of the hacker community and Free software principles. The paper received significant attention in early 1998, and was one factor in motivating Netscape Communications Corporation to release their popular Netscape Communicator Internet suite as Free software . This code
6162-476: Was released. It automatically compiles a developer build and installs ChromiumOS on a USB drive. In 2015, New York City-based Neverware produced a ChromiumOS fork called CloudReady aimed at the educational market, with the intention of extending the life of older PCs and laptops. A subsequent version can dual-boot Neverware and the Windows operating system (until v64). In 2018, Neverware acquired Flint OS,
6241-565: Was the best performing stock on the ASX All Ordinaries index in 2017, with an annual gain of more than 300 per cent. The company has won the following awards: In April 2009 the company was ordered by the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) to modify its advertising, after it was accused of possible misleading conduct. The ACCC stated that price comparisons in the retailer's advertisements in
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