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50-530: This valley is mainly served by the following roads: The river surface is generally frozen from mid-December to the end of March. Safe circulation on the ice is generally done from the end of December to the beginning of March. The water level of the river varies with the seasons and the precipitation. The geographic slopes bordering the Châteauguay River are, to the north the St. Lawrence River (including

100-528: A drop of , according to the following segments: Upper course of the river, in American territory (segment of 32.9 kilometres (20.4 mi)) Intermediate course of the river, down the Canada-US border (segment of 53.7 kilometres (33.4 mi)) Lower course, downstream from the rivière des Anglais (segment of 20.2 kilometres (12.6 mi)) The river is home to many species of birds and fish and

150-535: Is 1,344,200 square kilometres (518,998.5 sq mi), of which 839,200 km (324,016.9 sq mi) is in Canada and 505,000 km (194,981.6 sq mi) is in the United States. The basin covers parts of Ontario and Quebec in Canada, parts of Minnesota , Wisconsin , Illinois , Indiana , Ohio , Pennsylvania , New York , Vermont , and nearly the entirety of the state of Michigan in

200-645: Is a large international river in the middle latitudes of North America connecting the Great Lakes to the North Atlantic Ocean . Its waters flow in a northeasterly direction from Lake Ontario to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , traversing Ontario and Quebec in Canada and New York in the United States. A section of the river demarcates the Canada–U.S. border . As the primary drainage outflow of

250-520: Is a major stopping-point for migrating ducks and Canada geese . Although polluted for many years, the river has been cleaned up and is beginning to be an eco-tourism destination for canoeing and kayaking. The drainage basin and surrounding area is known as the Chateauguay Valley . The Châteauguay River was the site of a significant battle during the War of 1812 . In 1813, an American army

300-680: Is home to the Thousand Islands . Today, the St. Lawrence River begins at the outflow of Lake Ontario and flows adjacent to Gananoque , Brockville , Morristown , Ogdensburg , Massena , Cornwall , Montreal , Trois-Rivières , and Quebec City before draining into the Gulf of St. Lawrence , often given as the largest estuary in the world. The estuary begins at the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans , just downstream from Quebec City. The river becomes tidal around Quebec City. The St. Lawrence River runs 3,058 kilometres (1,900  mi ) from

350-587: Is home to the southernmost Beluga whale population in the world. This section is connected to the Gulf of St. Lawrence , an enclosed sea leading to the Atlantic Ocean by Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle-Isle . The zone of contact between fresh and salt water corresponds to a region of high concentrations of suspended matter causing a zone of maximum turbidity (MTZ) of a length that can vary from 70 to 120 kilometres (43 to 75 mi), depending on

400-588: Is that country's sixth oldest surviving European place-name. The earliest regular Europeans in the area were the Basques , who came to the St Lawrence Gulf and River in pursuit of whales from the early 16th century. The Basque whalers and fishermen traded with indigenous Americans and set up settlements, leaving vestiges all over the coast of eastern Canada and deep into the St. Lawrence River. Basque commercial and fishing activity reached its peak before

450-524: Is the second longest river in Canada. Lake Champlain and the Ottawa , Richelieu , Saint-Maurice , Saint-François , Chaudière and Saguenay rivers drain into the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence River is in a seismically active zone where fault reactivation is believed to occur along late Proterozoic to early Paleozoic normal faults related to the opening of the Iapetus Ocean . The faults in

500-694: The Armada Invencible ' s disaster (1588), when the Basque whaling fleet was confiscated by King Philip II of Spain . Initially, the whaling galleons from Labourd were not affected by the Spanish defeat. Until the early 17th century, the French used the name Rivière du Canada to designate the St. Lawrence upstream to Montreal and the Ottawa River after Montreal. The St. Lawrence River served as

550-641: The Great Lakes Basin , the St. Lawrence has the second-highest discharge of any river in North America (after the Mississippi River ) and the 16th-highest in the world. The estuary of St. Lawrence is often cited by scientists as the largest in the world. Significant natural landmarks of the river and estuary include the 1,864 river islands of the Thousand Islands , the endangered whales of Saguenay–St. Lawrence Marine Park , and

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600-548: The Gulf of St. Lawrence , in Quebec , Canada . The estuary is divided into 3 parts: the fluvial estuary , the middle estuary and the maritime estuary . The waters coming from the north shore of the St. Lawrence and Labrador come mainly from the Canadian Shield . Among the deepest and largest estuaries in the world, the St. Lawrence maritime estuary extends nearly 250 km before it widens at Point-des-Monts into

650-729: The Gulf of St. Lawrence : Flowing through and adjacent to numerous Indigenous homelands, the river was a primary thoroughfare for many peoples. Beginning in Dawnland at the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the river borders Mi'kma'ki in the South (what is today known as the Canadian Maritimes ), and Nitassinan in the North, the national territory of the Innu people . On the south shore beyond

700-507: The Hudson River . The Accommodation with ten passengers made her maiden voyage from Montreal to Quebec City in 66 hours, for 30 of which she was at anchor. She had a keel of 75 feet, and a length overall of 85 feet. The cost of a ticket was eight dollars upstream, and nine dollars down. She had berths that year for twenty passengers. Within a decade, daily service was available in the hotly-contested Montreal-Quebec route. Because of

750-866: The Mi'kmaw district of Gespe'gewa'ki , the river passes Wolastokuk (the Maliseet homeland), Pαnawαhpskewahki (the Penobscot homeland), and Ndakinna (the Abenaki homeland). Continuing, the river passes through the former country of the St. Lawrence Iroquois and then three of the six homelands of the Haudenosaunee : the Mohawk or Kanienʼkehá꞉ka , the Oneida or Onyota'a:ka , and the Onondaga or Onöñda’gaga’ . In

800-1112: The St. Lawrence Seaway ), to the east the Noire River and the Lacolle River , to the west the Saint-Louis River . It winds its way northward through several towns and villages in Quebec, Canada, such as Elgin , Hinchinbrooke , Huntingdon , Dewittville , Ormstown and Châteauguay , before emptying into the Saint Lawrence River near Montreal . The Châteauguay River originates at Upper Chateauguay Lake (length: 3.0 kilometres (1.9 mi); altitude: ), in Clinton County, New York , in New York State , in Adirondacks . The Châteauguay River flows over 106.8 kilometres (66.4 mi), with

850-696: The Thousand Islands chain near Alexandria Bay, New York and Kingston, Ontario ; the Hochelaga Archipelago , including the Island of Montreal and Île Jésus ( Laval ); the Lake St. Pierre Archipelago (classified a biosphere world reserve by the UNESCO in 2000) and the smaller Mingan Archipelago . Other islands include Île d'Orléans near Quebec City and Anticosti Island north of the Gaspé . It

900-601: The 10th of August feast day for Saint Lawrence in 1535. Indigenous people use the following names: In winter, the St. Lawrence River begins producing ice in December, with the formation of ice cubes between Montreal and Quebec City . The prevailing winds and currents push this ice towards the estuary, and it reaches the east of Les Méchins at the end of December. Ice covers the entire Gulf of St. Lawrence in January and February. Ice helps navigation by preventing

950-661: The Appalachian division at all. The source of the North River in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota (Seven Beaver Lake) is considered to be the source of the St. Lawrence River. Because it crosses so many lakes, the water system frequently changes its name. From source to mouth, the names are: The St. Lawrence River also passes through Lake Saint-Louis and Lake Saint-Pierre in Quebec. The St. Lawrence River and

1000-677: The Gulf of St. Lawrence. This enclosed sea is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by Cabot Strait and the Strait of Belle-Isle. The culture of the First Nations in Canada was largely based on birch, and the Birch bark canoe provided these hunting peoples with the mobility essential to this way of life. After crossing the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the itinerary of the first Europeans: whalers , fishermen , explorers and navigators enters

1050-470: The Maritime Estuary characteristics that distinguish it from other reaches of the St. Lawrence: nutrient-rich surface waters throughout the summer and upwellings of deep, cold water that favour the formation of Euphausiids. -Krill . Those organisms rise towards the surface near the shore, providing vast food stores for whales as large Baleen whales , as many others variety of whales and seals. It

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1100-694: The River ensure the safe efficient passage of the vessels under their care. Running for about 160 km, the fluvial estuary or estuarine section of the river extends from the outlet of lake Saint-Pierre to the RCM L'Islet ; the portion of the river under the power of freshwater tides. The average depth of the main channel varies from 13 to 40 m, with pools of 21 m in Trois-Rivières-Ouest and 60 m in Quebec City . Starting with lake Saint-Pierre,

1150-406: The St. Lawrence River includes: Large marine mammals travel in all the seas of the earth, the research and observations of these giants concern fishermen and shipping industry , exercise a fascination and a keen interest for laymen and, subjects of endless studies for scientists from Quebec, Canada and around the world. Thirteen species of cetaceans frequent the waters of the estuary and

1200-640: The St. Lawrence to attack the city from the west, which they successfully did at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham . The river was used again by the British to defeat the French siege of Quebec under the Chevalier de Lévis in 1760. In 1809, the first steamboat to ply its trade on the St. Lawrence was built and operated by John Molson and associates, a scant two years after Fulton's steam-powered navigation of

1250-800: The United States). The Seaway (including the Welland Canal ) now permits ocean-going vessels to pass all the way to Lake Superior . During the Second World War , the Battle of the St. Lawrence involved submarine and anti-submarine actions throughout the lower St. Lawrence River and the entire Gulf of St. Lawrence , Strait of Belle Isle and Cabot Strait from May to October 1942, September 1943, and again in October and November 1944. During this time, German U-boats sank several merchant marine ships and three Canadian warships. In

1300-586: The United States. The average discharge below the Saguenay River is 16,800 cubic metres per second (590,000 cu ft/s). At Quebec City, it is 12,101 m /s (427,300 cu ft/s). The average discharge at the river's source, the outflow of Lake Ontario, is 7,410 m /s (262,000 cu ft/s). The St. Lawrence River includes Lake Saint Francis at Salaberry-de-Valleyfield , Lake Saint-Louis south of Montreal and Lake Saint Pierre east of Montreal. It encompasses four archipelagoes :

1350-618: The area are rift -related and comprise the Saint Lawrence rift system . According to the United States Geological Survey, the St. Lawrence Valley is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division, containing the Champlain section. However, in Canada, where most of the valley is, it is instead considered part of a distinct St. Lawrence Lowlands physiographic division, and not part of

1400-543: The early 17th century, the Huron-Wendat Nation migrated from their original country of Huronia to what is now known as Nionwentsïo centred around Wendake . Nionwentsïo occupies both the north and south shores of the river, overlapping with Nitassinan and the more western Wabanaki or Dawnland countries. Adjacent on the north shore is the Atikamekw territorial homeland of Nitaskinan and, upstream,

1450-484: The ecological conditions of the St. Lawrence underwent a radical change. The slow and continuous advance of the great mass of fresh water gradually gives way to the regime of the upflow tide, where twice every twenty-four hours the shores undergo a short alternation of emersion and immersion. The waters of the streams and rivers that flow into the river differ from those of the St. Lawrence in terms of temperature, chemical composition and suspended solids. The main rivers of

1500-533: The farthest headwater to the mouth and 1,197 km (743.8 mi) from the outflow of Lake Ontario. These numbers include the estuary; without the estuary, the length from Lake Ontario is c. 500 km (c. 300 mi). The farthest headwater is the North River in the Mesabi Range at Hibbing , Minnesota. Its drainage area, which includes the Great Lakes, the world's largest system of freshwater lakes,

1550-534: The flow of the river. This zone of maximum turbidity is located between Île d'Orléans (salinity greater than 0 PSU ) and Île aux Coudres (salinity below 10 PSU). The mechanisms of estuarine circulation associated with this environment make it a privileged site of primary and secondary production which shelters many fish nurseries. High environmental turbidity provides shelter against predators while larvae are maintained under optimum temperature and salinity conditions. Large variations in salinity and turbidity result in

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1600-550: The fluvial estuary, on the south shore, are the Bécancour , Chaudière , Rivière du Sud rivers, on the north shore: St. Maurice Champlain , Batiscan , Sainte-Anne , Jacques-Cartier , Saint-Charles , Montmorency rivers and several secondary watercourses. The waters retain their distinctiveness over a relatively long course before mixing. Those in the Rivière des Outaouais keep their properties up to 25 km downstream from

1650-619: The formation of waves, and therefore spray, and prevents the icing of ships. With the draining of the Champlain Sea , due to a rebounding continent from the Last Glacial Maximum , the St. Lawrence River was formed. The Champlain Sea lasted from about 13,000 years ago to about 10,000 years ago and was continuously shrinking during that time, a process that continues today. The head of the St. Lawrence River, near Lake Ontario,

1700-471: The further reaches of Anishinaabewaki, specifically the homelands of the Algonquin and Mississauga Nations. The Norse explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the 11th century and were followed by fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century European mariners, such as John Cabot , and the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte-Real . The first European explorer known to have sailed up the St. Lawrence River itself

1750-546: The genesis of the Appalachian Mountains explain the nature and configuration of the bedrock . Ice and interglacial periods led to glaciations , melts, and marine invasions, ice movements level the Appalachian Mountains. The large layers of sediment in the territory are the legacy of tectonic movements combined whit glacial and interglacial periods. Among the deepest and largest estuaries in

1800-635: The inland ports of the Great Lakes Waterway . The river has been called a variety of names by local First Nations . Beginning in the 16th century, French explorers visited what is now Canada and gave the river names such as the Grand fleuve de Hochelaga and the Grande rivière du Canada , where fleuve and rivière are two French words ( fleuve being a river that flows into the sea). The river's present name has been used since 1604 when it

1850-489: The largest tributaries of the Great Lakes . The St. Lawrence River tributaries are listed upstream from the mouth. The major tributaries of the inter-lake sections are also shown, as well as the major rivers that flow into the Great Lakes. Great Lakes tributaries are listed in alphabetical order. The list includes all tributaries with a drainage area of at least 1,000 square kilometres and an average flow of more than 10 cubic metres per second. tributary The diversity of

1900-469: The late 1970s, the river was the subject of a successful ecological campaign (called "Save the River"), originally responding to planned development by the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The campaign was organized, among others, by Abbie Hoffman . [[Category:Rivers Estuary of St. Lawrence St. Lawrence River Estuary stretches from west to east for 655 km, from the outlet of Lake Saint Pierre to Pointe-des-Monts, where it becomes

1950-410: The limestone monoliths of the Mingan Archipelago . Long a transportation route to Indigenous peoples , the St. Lawrence River has played a key role in the history of Canada and in the development of cities such as Montreal and Quebec City . The river remains an important shipping route as the backbone of the St. Lawrence Seaway , a lock and canal system that enables world marine traffic to access

2000-399: The main route for European exploration of the North American interior, first pioneered by French explorer Samuel de Champlain . Control of the river was crucial to British strategy to capture New France in the Seven Years' War . Having captured Louisbourg in 1758, the British sailed up to Quebec the following year thanks to charts drawn up by James Cook . British troops were ferried via

2050-517: The middle estuary of the St. Lawrence extends, according to the authors, from the eastern tip of Île d'Orléans or Saint-Jean-Port-Joli , to the mouth of the Saguenay River . This estuary section widens rapidly from a few kilometres to 10 km, then to 20 km upstream of Île aux Coudres and the archipelago of L'Isle-aux-Grues . The middle estuary is mainly characterized by the mixing of freshwater-influenced waters with salt water and high turbidity (turbid water). The hydrodynamic conditions, mainly

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2100-426: The mouth of the Saint-Maurice. Downstream of Grondines , the currents of the rising tide (flood) reverse the direction of the river's flow. The result is an increasingly homogeneous stirring and mixing of fresh water from different sources. Extends along seven kilometres of shoreline in the St. Lawrence River's fluvial estuary, the Grondines and Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pérade swamp is one of the last, large, treed swamps on

2150-457: The reversal of tidal currents and the increase in the salinity gradient, are such that a large amount of suspended solids is trapped and forms a muddy plug (turbidity zone). At ebb tide, the average water flow reaches 90,000 m3/s (fresh and salt water) in Montmagny . Over the millennia, several geomorphological events have shaped the landscape of the territory on the south shore of the middle estuary. The tectonic movements responsible for

2200-412: The river. Between Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures and Île aux Grues , from 2008 to 2012, three plants characteristic of the St. Lawrence freshwater estuary and in a precarious situation were monitored annually: Victorin's gentian ( Gentianopsis virgata ssp. victorinii), Victorin's water-hemlock ( Cicuta maculata var. victorinii) and Parker's Buckwheat ( Eriocaulon parkeri ). Running for about 195 km,

2250-407: The virtually impassable Lachine Rapids , the St. Lawrence was once continuously navigable only as far as Montreal. Opened in 1825, the Lachine Canal was the first to allow ships to pass the rapids. An extensive system of canals and locks, known as the St. Lawrence Seaway , was officially opened on 26 June 1959 by Elizabeth II (representing Canada) and President Dwight D. Eisenhower (representing

2300-464: The waters of the Estuary, where the most difficult manoeuvres of the voyage begin: reefs, shoals, diagonal currents, fog and the presence of shallow channels, often narrow and winding, not to mention winter and ice and its unpredictable and fearsome storms. Throughout its history, the estuary or St. Lawrence River is not easily domesticated. From Les Escoumins to the Great Lakes , St. Lawrence maritime pilots experts in navigating specific sectors of

2350-423: The world, running for about 300 km, the maritime Estuary of the St. Lawrence extends from the mouth of Saguenay River at Tadoussac to Pointe-des-Monts where the Gulf begins. Along the shore, the Whale Route (Route 138) , stretches from Tadoussac to Labrador, the National road is one of the best places in the world to observe marine mammals. There, the two bodies of water that mix off the coast of Tadoussac give

2400-415: Was Jacques Cartier . At that time, the land along the river described as "about two leagues, a mountain as tall as a heap of wheat" was inhabited by the St. Lawrence Iroquoians . During Cartier's second voyage in 1535, because Cartier arrived in the estuary on Saint Lawrence 's feast day 10 August, he named it the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The St. Lawrence River is today partly within the U.S. and as such

2450-593: Was advancing north to try to capture Montreal . A Canadian force, composed of Canadian regular and militia units, and First Nations warriors, defeated the American forces at the battle of the Châteauguay on October 26, 1813. The battle kept Montreal from falling into American hands, which had major strategic value for keeping Upper Canada supplied and in communication with British forces in Lower Canada . [REDACTED] Media related to Rivière Châteauguay at Wikimedia Commons St. Lawrence River The St. Lawrence River ( French : Fleuve Saint-Laurent )

2500-410: Was recorded on a map by Samuel de Champlain Champlain opted for the names Grande riviere de sainct Laurens and Fleuve sainct Laurens in his writings, supplanting the earlier names. In contemporary French, the name is rendered as the fleuve Saint-Laurent . The name Saint-Laurent (Saint Lawrence) was originally applied to the eponymous bay by Jacques Cartier upon his arrival into the region on

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