Misplaced Pages

#282717

31-602: The Citroën DS3 WRC is the World Rally Car built for the Citroën World Rally Team by Citroën Racing for use from the 2011 World Rally Championship season . It is based upon the Citroën DS3 road car, and replaced the highly successful Citroën C4 WRC . It was built to the new World Rally Car regulations for 2011, which were based upon the existing Super 2000 regulations, but is powered by

62-405: A 33 mm (1.3 in) diameter air restrictor and a maximum boost pressure of 2.5 bar (36 psi) absolute. This limited torque to about 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) or less ). Exotic materials ( titanium , magnesium , ceramics and composite ) were forbidden except when present in the base model. Carbon fibre and aramid fibre were very restricted ("only one layer of fabric

93-843: A bid to reduce air pollution, the Hong Kong Government enacted the Motor Vehicle Idling (Fixed Penalty) Ordinance from December 2011. The law prohibits drivers from idling for more than three minutes in any 60-minute period. Both police traffic wardens and inspectors of the Environmental Protection Department can fine offenders HK$ 320. Both the Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency have programs in place to reduce idling. The DOE

124-938: A car's engine after ten seconds of idling to reduce emissions. Assuming a temperature of -1 °C (30 °F), and with a gasoline Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of 896 hPa (13.0) psi. Legend: Assuming a temperature of 24 °C (75 °F), and with a gasoline Reid vapor pressure of 620 hPa (9.0 psi). Source: Health effects of idling are related to engine exhaust, and include acute effects such as eye, throat, and bronchial irritation; nausea; cough, phlegm congestion; allergic or asthma-like respiratory response; increased risk for cardiac events; cancer, and chronic effects, such as bronchitis, decreased lung function, damage to reproductive function (low birth weight and damage to sperm chromatin and DNA). These health effects are more damaging in those with preexisting heart disease, asthma, or other lung problems. Children are also more susceptible, due to their faster breathing rate and

155-480: A production car with a minimum production run of 2500 units. A number of modifications could be made including increasing the engine displacement up to 2.0L, forced induction (including an anti-lag system ), addition of four wheel drive , fitment of a sequential gearbox , modified suspension layout and attachment points, aerodynamic body modifications, weight reduction to a minimum of 1230 kg and chassis strengthening for greater rigidity. The maximum width

186-549: A tax credit for alternative fuel and qualified idle reduction technologies, as well as the Green Truck Grant Program which allows the Governor's Energy Office to provide reimbursement of up to 25% of costs to owners of commercial trucks used in interstate commerce to reduce emissions. There are many local ordinances and programs to discourage idling, such as ordinances limiting the minutes per hour in which

217-488: A turbocharged 1.6-litre engine rather than the normally aspirated 2-litre engine found in Super 2000 cars. Development work on the car was carried out during 2010 by Citroën drivers Sébastien Loeb , Dani Sordo , Sébastien Ogier and test driver Philippe Bugalski , as well as sister Peugeot drivers Kris Meeke and Stéphane Sarrazin . The engine has been specifically developed for this car (older regulations required that

248-488: A turbocharged petrol engine or four-wheel-drive. To limit power, all forced induction cars were fitted with a 34 mm diameter air restrictor before the turbocharger inlet, limiting the airflow to about 10 cubic meters per minute. The restriction was intended to limit power output to 220 kW (300 hp) although some WRC engines were believed to produce around 250–250 kW (330–340 hp). Engine development did not focus on peak power output but towards producing

279-558: A very wide powerband (or power curve). Typically, power output in excess of 220 kW (300 hp) was available from 3000 rpm to the 7500 rpm maximum, with a peak of 250–250 kW (330–340 hp) at around 5500 rpm. At 2000 rpm (the engine idle speed in "stage" mode) power output was slightly above 150 kW (200 hp). By 2004, the best cars had ABS , electronic clutch control, paddle-shift , traction control , three active differentials , ride height control with GPS, electronic dampers and active suspension . For 2005

310-930: Is funding research and development for alternative and advanced vehicles, which includes the gathering of quantitative data on medium-duty trucks, examining idling reduction alternatives, and the CoolCab project for semi-truck curtains and installation. The EPA's programs include the Environmental Technology Verification Program, the Smart Way Transport Partnership (freight incentives), the Model State Idling Law (diesel) and Clean School Bus USA. All but 11 states have at least one incentive or law in place to reduce idling, while 7 states have at least four. The state of Colorado has in place

341-418: Is not depressed. In combustion engines , idle speed is generally measured in revolutions per minute (rpm) of the crankshaft . At idle speed, the engine generates enough power to run reasonably smoothly and operate its ancillaries ( water pump , alternator , and, if equipped, other accessories such as power steering ), but usually not enough to perform useful work, such as moving an automobile unless it

SECTION 10

#1732797528283

372-463: Is set too high. The opposite of idle speed is redline , the maximum rotational speed the engine can be run out without risking serious engine damage. For a passenger car engine, idle speed is customarily between 600 and 1000 rpm. For medium and heavy duty trucks , it is approximately 600 rpm. For many single-cylinder motorcycle engines , idle speed is set between 900 and 1100 rpm. Two-cylinder motorcycle engines are often set around 1000 rpm. If

403-417: Is used and is affixed to the visible face of the part"), except for bodywork's side protections where multiple layers of aramid fibre were allowed. The gear changes must be made with a mechanical linkage system, so paddle-shifters were outlawed. However the system was re-allowed in 2015 . There was no center differential (earlier it used to be 3 differentials, with a center/3rd differential included), but

434-561: The United States by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): It is often believed that stopping and restarting the engine uses more fuel than idling. According to the Environmental Defense Fund citing an engine studies report from 2000 by Environment and Climate Change Canada , an engine restart uses fuel approximately equal to 10 seconds of idling. Consequently, recommendations have been made to shut off

465-452: The United States, about a billion gallons (3.8 billion liters) of fuel is consumed by idling heavy-duty truck and locomotive engines each year. Many newer semi-trucks have small auxiliary power units (APUs) to run accessories more efficiently while the truck is parked. Hybrid vehicles typically shut down their internal combustion engines while stopped, although some conventional vehicles are also including start-stop systems to shut off

496-421: The brakes in tarmac configuration: the diameter of the discs has been reduced from 355 to 350 mm and the water-cooling system has been removed. At the 2016 Rally Finland , Kris Meeke established a new record for the fastest FIA WRC round in history, with a 126.60 km/h average speed. World Rally Car Between 1997 and 2010, the regulations mandated that World Rally Cars must have been built upon

527-444: The changing of some parts, including suspension, steering, turbochargers, and gearboxes. Starting in 2011, rules for WRC cars changed to be more restrictive. New regulations were derived from Super 2000 cars with a different aerodynamic kit. The cars could be smaller models (there was no longer a minimum 4 m length) and include a custom-build or production 1600 cm direct injection turbo-charged global race engine with

558-591: The engine be based on an existing mass-produced engine's cylinder block and head gasket). It officially develops 220 kW (300 hp) at 6,000 rpm and 350 N⋅m (36 kgf⋅m) at 3,250 rpm. In October 2012, Citroën announced the DS3 RRC intended for use in the championships below that of the WRC: WRC-2 (formerly S-WRC), European Rally Championship (ERC), Middle East Rally Championship (MERC), some national championships and so on. Visually and internally,

589-523: The engine is operating a large number of accessories, particularly air conditioning , the idle speed must be raised to ensure that the engine generates enough power to run smoothly and operate the accessories. Most air conditioning-equipped engines have an automatic adjustment feature in the carburetor or fuel injection system that raises the idle when the air conditioning is running. Engines modified for power at high engine speeds, such as auto racing engines, tend to have very rough (unstable) idle unless

620-415: The engine runs without any loads except the engine accessories, and without the additional fuel via the gas pedal. If the vehicle moves while in gear and idling, the "idle speed" mechanically should be adjusted. Idle speed , sometimes simply called " idle ", is the rotational speed an engine runs at when the engine is idling, that is when the engine is uncoupled from the drivetrain and the throttle pedal

651-400: The engine when it would otherwise idle. At the macro level, governments can implement strategies to reduce reliance on motorised transport, including investing in public transport and implementing transit-oriented development. Idling is forbidden unless there is a specific reason to do so (version 1975-2026, art. 8.6 ), superseded by version 2026-09, art. 8.7 The city of Toronto enacted

SECTION 20

#1732797528283

682-432: The fact that their respiratory system is still developing. Idling pollutants also disproportionately affect the elderly, who have limited physiological reserve to compensate for the adverse effects of the pollutants. Effort has been made to reduce the amount of time engines spend idling, chiefly due to fuel economy and emissions concerns, although some engines can also be damaged if kept idling for extended periods. In

713-624: The first idling bylaw (No. 673-1998 Chapter 517 in the Municipal Code) in Canada in 1996 to reduce idle time to 3 minutes for vehicles and marine vessels. There are plans by the health department to ask for the bylaw to be amended to a limit of one minute and no exemptions to be made for the city's fleet, including the Toronto Transit Commission buses. Other Canadian municipalities have followed Toronto's lead: In

744-471: The idle speed is raised significantly. Idle speed may refer to the idle creep of a vehicle with an automatic transmission. Commercial aircraft descend with a minimum thrust, that is, the engines are operating at idle speed. This situation happens when an aircraft is gliding and during the landing flare, for approach the engines are usually not operated at idle power. Both running an engine and idling an engine produce several pollutants that are monitored in

775-473: The maximum width of the WRC cars was increased from 1770 mm to 1800 mm. In an attempt to cut costs, since 2006 new regulations required mechanical front and rear differentials, while the central differential remained active. Active suspension and water injections were also prohibited. Cars entered by a manufacturer had to be equipped with the same engine for two rallies; further limitations were imposed on

806-414: The new World Rally Cars were allowed for use by manufacturers' teams only. Engine idle Idling refers to running a vehicle's engine and the vehicle is not in motion, or when the vehicle drops to its resting point of RPMs. This commonly occurs when drivers are stopped at a red light, waiting while parked outside a business or residence, or otherwise stationary with the engine running. When idling,

837-461: The new regulation allows the only front and rear axle differential and a mechanical clutch to disconnect the rear axle during handbrake use (to reduce cost and make the cars' driving style more exciting again for both spectators and TV broadcasts). These two differentials must be mechanical, without electronic control or hydraulic or viscous systems (from 2006 to 2010 the center differential and previously all three could be active ). The minimum weight

868-511: The two models (DS3 WRC and RRC) are different since the regulations are more restrictive on the RRC. For example, the WRC 1.6-litre turbocharged direct-injection engine has been slightly modified dropping the power from 220 kW (300 hp) to 205 kW (275 hp), visually the bumper intakes are smaller and the rear spoiler complies with the S2000 standards. The other significant change concerns

899-445: Was 1200 kg empty and 1350 kg (1360 kg from 2013) with driver and co-driver (in both cases when measured with only one spare wheel ). The 1.6 L turbo-charged global race engine was retained in the 2017 World Rally Car regulations, but the turbo restrictor diameter was increased from 33 mm to 36 mm, increasing the engine's power output from 230 to 280 kW (310 to 380 hp). The minimum empty vehicle weight

930-471: Was decreased by 10 kg but the combined vehicle, crew and spare wheel weight remained at 1360 kg. Manufacturers were given more freedom to maximise aerodynamic performance, including large brake cooling ducts in fairings forming enlarged wheel arches. Electronically controlled active centre differentials were permitted, while the front and rear differentials remain mechanical. While 2011 specification World Rally Cars were allowed to compete in 2017,

961-516: Was set at 1770 mm while front and rear tracks shouldn't exceed 1550 mm. Unlike the requirements for the preceding Group A cars, manufacturers were no longer required to build "homologation specials" in order to meet approval. The base model did not need to have all the characteristics of the WRC car, as evidenced from cars such the Peugeot 206 , 307 , Citroën Xsara , and Škoda Fabia , which during this period had no road car variant with

Citroën DS3 WRC - Misplaced Pages Continue

#282717