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25-600: The Xsara World Rally Car , based on the road going Xsara hatchback but ultimately having very little resemblance to it under the skin, was one of the most successful cars ever to compete in the World Rally Championship . In 1999, the WRCs predecessor, the two wheel drive naturally aspirated Xsara Kit Car, won overall in Rallye Catalunya and Tour de Corse . This car was considered the best car in

50-546: A FIA World Rallycross Championship event. World Rally Car A World Rally Car is a racing automobile built to the specific regulations set by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) and designed for competition in the World Rally Championship (WRC). The cars were introduced in 1997 as a replacement for Group A regulations used in the manufacturers' championship, and were replaced by Group Rally1 in 2022. Between 1997 and 2010,

75-415: A Wankel engine is 3 times smaller than the physical displacement, but this is compensated by the fact that the shaft has 3 times the rotational speed of the rotor. The nominal displacement is the swept volume of a single chamber. Historically, many car model names have included their engine displacement. Examples include the 1923–1930 Cadillac Series 353 (powered by a 353 Cubic inch /5.8-litre engine), and

100-532: A different aerodynamic kit. The cars could be smaller models (there was no longer a minimum 4 m length) and include a custom-build or production 1600 cm direct injection turbo-charged global race engine with a 33 mm (1.3 in) diameter air restrictor and a maximum boost pressure of 2.5 bar (36 psi) absolute. This limited torque to about 400 N⋅m (300 lb⋅ft) or less ). Exotic materials ( titanium , magnesium , ceramics and composite ) were forbidden except when present in

125-400: A minimum of 1230 kg and chassis strengthening for greater rigidity. The maximum width was set at 1770 mm while front and rear tracks shouldn't exceed 1550 mm. Unlike the requirements for the preceding Group A cars, manufacturers were no longer required to build "homologation specials" in order to meet approval. The base model did not need to have all the characteristics of

150-597: Is practised, vehicle manufacturers often seek to increase power output through higher-revving engines or turbocharging , instead of increasing the displacement. Examples of countries where the road taxes are based upon engine displacement: Wankel engines are able to produce higher power levels for a given displacement. Therefore, they are generally taxed as 1.5 times their stated physical displacement (1.3 litres becomes effectively 2.0, 2.0 becomes effectively 3.0), although actual power outputs can be higher than suggested by this conversion factor. The nominal displacement of

175-492: The FIA European Rallycross Championship every year from 2000 to 2005. In September 2014, French based Lebanese businessman Nabil Karam entered the 2014 World RX of France with an Xsara, finishing 34th out of 37 entrants after the qualifying heats, and failing to qualify for the semi-finals. Having upgraded to a DS3 for the edition of 2015 , this is the only time an Xsara has been used in

200-562: The Wankel design and the oval-piston type used in Honda NR motorcycles, can sometimes yield misleading results when attempting to compare engines. Manufacturers and regulators may develop and use specialised formulae to determine a comparative nominal displacement for variant engine types. In several countries fees and taxes levied on road vehicles by transport authorities are scaled in proportion to engine displacement. In countries where this

225-458: The power (through mean effective pressure and rotational speed ) an engine might be capable of producing and the amount of fuel it should be expected to consume. For this reason displacement is one of the measures often used in advertising, as well as regulating, motor vehicles. It is usually expressed using the metric units of cubic centimetres (cc or cm , equivalent to millilitres ) or litres (l or L), or – particularly in

250-597: The 1963–1968 BMW 1800 (a 1.8-litre engine) and Lexus LS 400 with a 3,968 cc engine. This was especially common in US muscle cars , like the Ford Mustang Boss 302 and 429, and later GT 5.0L, The Plymouth Roadrunner 383, and the Chevrolet Chevelle SS 396 and 454. However, trends towards downsizing and hybrid/electric drivetrains since 2010 have resulted in far fewer model names being based on

275-483: The United States  – cubic inches (CID, cu in, or in ). The overall displacement for a typical reciprocating piston engine is calculated by multiplying together three values; the distance travelled by the piston (the stroke length ), the circular area of the cylinder, and the number of cylinders in the whole engine. The formula is: Using this formula for non-typical types of engine, such as

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300-513: The WRC car, as evidenced from cars such the Peugeot 206 , 307 , Citroën Xsara , and Škoda Fabia , which during this period had no road car variant with a turbocharged petrol engine or four-wheel-drive. To limit power, all forced induction cars were fitted with a 34 mm diameter air restrictor before the turbocharger inlet, limiting the airflow to about 10 cubic meters per minute. The restriction

325-603: The Xsara WRC, Jesús Puras , Carlos Sainz , and François Duval have also driven it to win since its 2001 conception. The car was replaced in 2007 by the Citroën C4 WRC , however the Xsara was still used by privateers and others. World champion of 2003 , Petter Solberg drove a 2006 spec Xsara for the majority of the season of 2009 , which was entered by his own Petter Solberg World Rally Team . Kenneth Hansen won

350-403: The base model. Carbon fibre and aramid fibre were very restricted ("only one layer of fabric is used and is affixed to the visible face of the part"), except for bodywork's side protections where multiple layers of aramid fibre were allowed. The gear changes must be made with a mechanical linkage system, so paddle-shifters were outlawed. However the system was re-allowed in 2015 . There

375-430: The center differential and previously all three could be active ). The minimum weight was 1200 kg empty and 1350 kg (1360 kg from 2013) with driver and co-driver (in both cases when measured with only one spare wheel ). The 1.6 L turbo-charged global race engine was retained in the 2017 World Rally Car regulations, but the turbo restrictor diameter was increased from 33 mm to 36 mm, increasing

400-446: The central differential remained active. Active suspension and water injections were also prohibited. Cars entered by a manufacturer had to be equipped with the same engine for two rallies; further limitations were imposed on the changing of some parts, including suspension, steering, turbochargers, and gearboxes. Starting in 2011, rules for WRC cars changed to be more restrictive. New regulations were derived from Super 2000 cars with

425-919: The class. The late Philippe Bugalski placed seventh overall and won the Kit Car F2 class. In 2001, the Kit Cars category disappeared and was replaced by the Super 1600 and Super 2000. Citroën Xsara competed in the category of World Rally Car. In 2002, French driver Sébastien Loeb was supposed to win the Monte Carlo Rally but he was penalized for an illegal tyre change, but he later won the Deutschland Rally. In 2003, Citroën partook their first full championship season, with Loeb joined by former champions Colin McRae and Carlos Sainz . The Xsara

450-446: The engine's power output from 230 to 280 kW (310 to 380 hp). The minimum empty vehicle weight was decreased by 10 kg but the combined vehicle, crew and spare wheel weight remained at 1360 kg. Manufacturers were given more freedom to maximise aerodynamic performance, including large brake cooling ducts in fairings forming enlarged wheel arches. Electronically controlled active centre differentials were permitted, while

475-486: The front and rear differentials remain mechanical. While 2011 specification World Rally Cars were allowed to compete in 2017, the new World Rally Cars were allowed for use by manufacturers' teams only. Engine displacement Engine displacement is the measure of the cylinder volume swept by all of the pistons of a piston engine , excluding the combustion chambers . It is commonly used as an expression of an engine's size, and by extension as an indicator of

500-473: The rally in second and lost the drivers title by one point to Petter Solberg . In 2004, Loeb won his first drivers championship and successfully defended his title in 2005, winning a record ten rallies in a single season. Sébastien Loeb won 28 rallies with the car, three consecutive Driver's Championship titles from 2004 to 2006 , and Citroën to three consecutive Manufacturer's Championship titles in 2003 , 2004 , and 2005 . In addition to Leob piloting

525-458: The regulations mandated that World Rally Cars must have been built upon a production car with a minimum production run of 2500 units. A number of modifications could be made including increasing the engine displacement up to 2.0L, forced induction (including an anti-lag system ), addition of four wheel drive , fitment of a sequential gearbox , modified suspension layout and attachment points, aerodynamic body modifications, weight reduction to

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550-529: Was intended to limit power output to 220 kW (300 hp) although some WRC engines were believed to produce around 250–250 kW (330–340 hp). Engine development did not focus on peak power output but towards producing a very wide powerband (or power curve). Typically, power output in excess of 220 kW (300 hp) was available from 3000 rpm to the 7500 rpm maximum, with a peak of 250–250 kW (330–340 hp) at around 5500 rpm. At 2000 rpm (the engine idle speed in "stage" mode) power output

575-465: Was more competitive, winning four rallies, and both Loeb and Sainz went into the final round of the season, the Wales Rally GB, with a chance at winning the drivers title. After championship rival Richard Burns suffered a blackout and withdrew from the rally, and Sainz crashed out on day one, Citroën chose to prioritise winning the manufacturers' title, which they did by 15 points. Loeb finished

600-484: Was no center differential (earlier it used to be 3 differentials, with a center/3rd differential included), but the new regulation allows the only front and rear axle differential and a mechanical clutch to disconnect the rear axle during handbrake use (to reduce cost and make the cars' driving style more exciting again for both spectators and TV broadcasts). These two differentials must be mechanical, without electronic control or hydraulic or viscous systems (from 2006 to 2010

625-460: Was slightly above 150 kW (200 hp). By 2004, the best cars had ABS , electronic clutch control, paddle-shift , traction control , three active differentials , ride height control with GPS, electronic dampers and active suspension . For 2005 the maximum width of the WRC cars was increased from 1770 mm to 1800 mm. In an attempt to cut costs, since 2006 new regulations required mechanical front and rear differentials, while

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