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78-483: The City Air Terminal Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., owned 50.1% by Vienna Airport and 49.9% by Austrian Federal Railways , was founded in 2002 to operate the express train service. Trains run between the airport and Wien Mitte train station daily every half hour from 05:37 am to 23:39 pm. For the approximately 20 kilometer route the CAT requires 16 minutes without intermediate stops. At the airport as well as at Wien Mitte,

156-557: A 60% renewable electricity goal by 2030. 2019 legislation in Washington also requires 100% clean electricity by 2045, eliminating coal by 2025. Further states and territories to require 100% carbon-free electricity are Hawaii, Maine, Minnesota, Nevada, New Mexico, New York, Virginia, Puerto Rico, and Washington, DC. According to a study by Global Energy Monitor, China is expected to generate 1,200 gigawatts of renewable energy (wind and solar) by 2025. According to Mark Z. Jacobson ,

234-565: A base for low-cost carriers Ryanair and Wizz Air . It is capable of handling wide-body aircraft up to the Airbus A380 . The airport features a dense network of European destinations as well as long-haul flights to Asia , North America and Africa . Originally built as a military airport in 1938 and used during World War II as the Heinkel firm's southern military aircraft design and production complex, or Heinkel-Süd facility, it

312-413: A country is typically a more challenging goal than carbon neutrality . The latter is a climate mitigation target, politically decided by many countries, and may also be achieved by balancing the total carbon footprint of the country (not only emissions from energy and fuel) with carbon dioxide removal and carbon projects abroad. As of 2018 according to REN21 transformation is picking up speed in

390-531: A diverse group of 20 or more other countries target renewable energy shares in the 2020–2030 time frame that range from 10% to 50%. Supporters of 100% renewable energy do not consider nuclear power as renewable or sustainable due to perceived risks of disasters and high-level waste management , and consider carbon capture and storage to have limited safe storage potential. These constraints have also led to an interest in 100% renewable energy. A well established body of academic literature has been written over

468-518: A first paper in which he addresses the optimal combination of renewables, which was followed by several other papers on the transition to 100% renewable energy in Denmark. Since then, Lund has been publishing several papers on 100% renewable energy. After 2009, publications began to rise steeply, covering 100% scenarios for countries in Europe, America, Australia and other parts of the world. Even in

546-602: A monosystem ÖBB Class 1016 locomotive. All carriages are air-conditioned , with free Wi-Fi , power sockets at solo seats, storage space for luggage and an infotainment system on board. Previously, multisystem ÖBB Class 1014 and ÖBB Class 1116 locomotives were used. From 2027, three new Stadler KISS bilevel EMUs will replace the existing rolling stock. The ÖBB Railjet trains also run every half hour and are slightly faster as well as cheaper. They run non-stop from Vienna Airport to Vienna's main railway station Wien Hauptbahnhof . ÖBB also operates suburban trains under

624-434: A potential means to "expand the range of 1.5 °C pathways", if the findings can be corroborated. World total primary energy consumption by type in 2020 As of 2021, wind and solar were consistently increasing their share worldwide, but still represented just 5% of global primary energy consumption, albeit far more of useful energy consumption . A report by J.P. Morgan Asset Management (the biggest lender to fossil fuels in

702-551: A response that disputed the piece point by point and claimed that the authors were motivated by allegiance to energy technologies that the 2015 paper excluded. Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies and he has rebutted their criticisms. A followup paper was published by Jacobson and others in 2022, in which paths to 100% renewable energy by 2035 and 2050 were developed for 145 countries. The study concluded that

780-435: A result of insufficient cobalt and lithium reserves. Batteries containing less or no cobalt are feasible. Lithium is much more difficult to replace with maintained performance and cost. A review suggests large institutions are prone to resisting "the challenge of 100% RE scenarios based on the dogma that the world cannot do without fossil fuels and nuclear energy". Institutions that have received extensive criticism include

858-407: A separated apron, opened in 2006. To accommodate future growth, in 1998 Vienna Airport published a master plan that outlined expansion projects until 2015. These projects included a new office park, railway station, cargo center, general aviation center, air traffic control tower, terminal, and runway. Additionally, the plan called for streamlined security control. The centerpiece of the enlargement

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936-466: A significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." It

1014-422: A wind-water-solar (WWS) based system "requires less energy, costs less, and creates more jobs than business as usual". The cost reduction was primarily due to the substantial (-56.4%) decrease in overall energy demand thanks to the increased efficiency of relying on renewable electricity for all energy needs. In 2014, renewable sources such as wind , geothermal , solar , biomass , and burnt waste provided 19% of

1092-457: Is a mistake. Carbon capture and storage projects may still use coal or natural gas but capture carbon dioxide for storage or alternative uses. Pathways to eliminate greenhouse gases may include these in addition to renewable energy to save money, or to avoid shutting down existing plants and allow for flexibility in designing a carbon-free electric grid. In 2018, California passed SB 100, which mandates 100% clean, carbon-free by 2045, including

1170-585: Is an international airport serving Vienna , the capital of Austria . It is located in Schwechat , 18 km (11 mi) southeast of central Vienna and 57 kilometres (35 mi) west of Bratislava , the capital of Slovakia . Its name in the Austrian Aeronautical Information Publication is Wien-Schwechat Airport . It is the country's largest airport and serves as the hub for Austrian Airlines as well as

1248-469: Is an attractive option because renewable resources available in the United States, taken collectively, can supply significantly greater amounts of electricity than the total current or projected domestic demand." The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are political rather than technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies,

1326-445: Is an energy system where all energy use is sourced from renewable energy sources . The endeavor to use 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating/cooling and transport is motivated by global warming , pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system, since most of today's energy

1404-515: Is available from 24 hours until 75 minutes before departure. Airlines that offer check in include Austrian Airlines , Brussels Airlines , Bulgaria Air , Croatia Airlines , Eurowings , Lufthansa , Luxair , Swiss , TAP Air Portugal and Wizz Air . The CAT offers particularly wide aisles, ample luggage space, free Wi-Fi , power outlets and TV screens on the train providing visitors with information about Vienna. A variety of newspapers and magazines as well as Epapers are available free of charge on

1482-447: Is based on the assumption "that the best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry. The main barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low-carbon energy strategies are seen to be primarily social and political rather than technological or economic. The key roadblocks are: climate change denial ,

1560-423: Is currently around a quarter of world energy supply and consumption ; primary energy use is expected to decrease with renewable energy deployment as electricity use increases, as it is likely to be combined with some degree of further electrification. For example, electric cars achieve much better fuel efficiency than fossil fuel cars, and another example is renewable heat such as in the case of Denmark, which

1638-552: Is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels . According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. Renewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated. As of 2019 , however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F). 100% renewable energy in

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1716-465: Is derived from non-renewable fossil fuels . Research into this topic is fairly new, with few studies published before 2009, but has gained increasing attention in recent years. The majority of studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and industry – is feasible and economically viable. A cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and

1794-628: Is estimated that the world will spend an extra $ 8 trillion over the next 25 years to prolong the use of non-renewable resources, a cost that would be eliminated by transitioning instead to 100% renewable energy. Research that has been published in Energy Policy suggests that converting the entire world to 100% renewable energy by 2050 is both possible and affordable, but requires political support. It would require building many more wind turbines and solar power systems but wouldn't utilize bioenergy . Other changes involve use of electric cars and

1872-468: Is feasible. According to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy that were published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights the technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." A review of 97 papers published since 2004 and focusing on islands concluded that across the studies 100% renewable energy was found to be "technically feasible and economically viable." A 2022 review found that

1950-457: Is little that limits integrating renewable technologies for satisfying the total global energy demand. Mark Z. Jacobson , professor of civil and environmental engineering at Stanford University and director of its Atmosphere and Energy program, says that producing all new energy with wind power , solar power , and hydropower by 2030 is feasible, and that existing energy supply arrangements could be replaced by 2050. Barriers to implementing

2028-517: Is over 25%. Albania has 94.8% of installed capacity as hydroelectric, 5.2% diesel generator; but Albania imports 39% of its electricity. In 2016, Portugal achieved 100% renewable electricity for four days between 7 and 11 May, partly because efficient energy use had reduced electricity demand. France and Sweden have low carbon intensity, since they predominantly use a mixture of nuclear power and hydroelectricity. In 2018 Scotland met 76% of their demand from renewable sources. Although electricity

2106-534: Is proposing to move to greater use of heat pumps for heating buildings to provide multiple kilowatts of heat per kilowatt of electricity. Other electricity generating sources are considered clean, though not necessarily renewable, as they also do not emit carbon dioxide or other greenhouse gases and air pollutants. The largest of these is nuclear energy, which produces no emissions. Some argue that transitioning to 100% renewable energy would be too slow to limit climate change , and that closing down nuclear power stations

2184-406: Is the goal of the use renewable resources for all energy. 100% renewable energy for electricity, heating, cooling and transport is motivated by climate change , pollution and other environmental issues, as well as economic and energy security concerns. Shifting the total global primary energy supply to renewable sources requires a transition of the energy system , since most of today's energy

2262-662: The Earth Policy Institute , a nonprofit research organization based in Washington, D.C., says a rapid transition to 100% renewable energy is both possible and necessary. Brown compares with the U.S. entry into World War II and the subsequent rapid mobilization and transformation of the US industry and economy. A quick transition to 100% renewable energy and saving of our civilization is proposed by Brown to follow an approach with similar urgency. According to World Bank

2340-497: The International Energy Agency and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , with the latter also being criticized for not including studies on 100% RE systems in their IPCC reports. A report found that China is about to produce "almost 95% of the world's polysilicon and the ingots and wafers" of the solar panel supply chain, with this level of concentration in any global supply chain "would represent

2418-620: The electricity sector in Denmark , as of 2014 , is 45% wind power, with plans in place to reach 85%. The electricity sector in Canada and the electricity sector in New Zealand have even higher percentages of renewables (mostly hydro), 65% and 75% respectively, and Austria is approaching 70%. As of 2015 , the electricity sector in Germany sometimes meets almost 100% of the electricity demand with PV and wind power, and renewable electricity

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2496-404: The fossil fuels lobby , political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints. No uniform definition for 100% renewable energy systems has been adopted across the published literature. Recent studies show that a global transition to 100% renewable energy across all sectors – power, heat, transport and desalination well before 2050

2574-627: The "Schnellbahn" brand to the airport as S7, calling at multiple stations downtown, including Wien Mitte. The ticket from/to Vienna city center by suburban or long-distance trains costs €4,30 one-way (compared to €11 for the City Airport Train, as of May 2022) or €8,60 return (€19 for the CAT). The journey on the S7 takes 23 minutes between the airport and Wien Mitte station. The City Airport Train offered shorter travel times (16 minutes vs. 23 minutes on

2652-401: The "below 2°C" climate scenario requires 3 billions of tonnes of metals and minerals by 2050. Supply of mined resources such as zinc, molybdenum, silver, nickel, copper must increase by up to 500%. A 2018 study analysed the metal requirements to transition the global energy system up to 2060. Currently used battery technologies and known reserves are not compatible with the transition scenario as

2730-605: The A4 in the east. Taxis and car rental facilities are available at the airport. There are also several taxi companies that operate at the airport. Buses operate from the airport to various places in Vienna and to other cities including Bratislava , Budapest and Brno . [REDACTED] Media related to Vienna International Airport at Wikimedia Commons [REDACTED] Vienna International Airport travel guide from Wikivoyage 100%25 renewable energy 100% renewable energy

2808-526: The Austrian Federal Administrative Court ruled in favour of a third runway. The following airlines offer regular scheduled and charter flights at Vienna Airport: The Vienna S-Bahn line S7 provides a local service to the city centre taking approx. 25 minutes. The more expensive City Airport Train connects the airport directly to Wien Mitte railway station , close to the city centre, in 16 minutes. Additionally,

2886-545: The CAT departs from specially designated platforms. In Vienna the departure point, called City Air Terminal, is located on the ground floor of the shopping center Wien Mitte The Mall. Passengers can check in their baggage at the City Air Terminal at the railway station Wien-Mitte and get their boarding passes. The City Air Terminal offers all the services of an international airport terminal with both staffed check-in desks and self-service check-in kiosks. This service

2964-498: The CAT staff and the ticket vending machines, on the train or online in advance. A combined ticket can be purchased for onward travel in Vienna. Ticket prices are €14,90 (single) and €24,90 (return). Children under the age of 15 travel for free. For comparison: the normal price with a regular ÖBB -train from the airport to Vienna is €4.30. As of 2024, each CAT trainset consist of three bilevel Siemens Viaggio Twin  [ de ] carriages hauled in push-pull configuration by

3042-532: The S7), with similar service frequency (30-min intervals) as the suburban trains, thus having a competitive advantage. Since December 2014, long-distance trains (initially ICE, then Railjet services) also reach the airport, offering a competitive schedule to Wien Hauptbahnhof, with significantly cheaper tickets. ÖBB has further extended the suburban train services in 2017, introducing more limited stop "Regionalzug" services between Wien Mitte (and other downtown stations) and

3120-440: The U.S. to increase domestic energy production using solar power (76%), wind power (71%), and natural gas (65%). Far fewer want more petroleum production (46%) and more nuclear power (37%). Least favored is coal, with about one in three Americans favouring it. REN21 says renewable energy already plays a significant role and there are many policy targets that aim to increase this: At the national level, at least 30 nations around

3198-595: The United States, commitment by Denmark, and Vision 2050 for Europe set a 2050 timeline for converting to 100% renewable energy, later reduced to 2040 in 2011. Zero Carbon Britain 2030 proposes eliminating carbon emissions in Britain by 2030 by transitioning to renewable energy. In 2015, Hawaii enacted a law that the Renewable Portfolio Standard shall be 100 percent by 2045. This is often confused with renewable energy. If electricity produced on

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3276-649: The additional Terminal 1A located opposite Terminal 1. Terminals 1, 2 and 3 connect to the five concourses. The central arrivals hall for all terminal areas is located in Terminal 3. In addition to the aforementioned refurbishments of existing passenger facilities, a completely new building is under construction as of early 2024, which is supposed to connect the existing pier east and pier north. The so-called T3 Southern Enlargement will be offering 70,000 m2 (750,000 sq ft) of leisure area and new additional bus gates. The opening had originally been planned for 2023, however,

3354-524: The airport projected that a third runway will be necessary by 2025, however, environmental organizations and some local communities oppose construction. These groups have attacked the decision of Lower Austria (the state in which the airport is located) to move ahead with the first phase of construction. A verdict from the administrative court that has taken up the lawsuit was expected later in 2015. As of September 2016, there were ongoing public protests while no legal decision had been made. On 28 March 2018,

3432-454: The airport, continuing to Wolfsthal. In the current timetable (2018), an average of 6 suburban and long-distance services connect downtown Vienna and the airport every hour, while the frequency of CAT departures remain constant (2 trains per hour). The CAT is powered by zero-emission traction current from 100% renewable energy (92% hydro, 8% wind power). Vienna International Airport Vienna Airport ( IATA : VIE , ICAO : LOWW )

3510-444: The best solutions can be found only if one focuses on the synergies between the sectors" of the energy system such as electricity, heat, transport or industry. Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow of Princeton University have developed a series of " climate stabilization wedges " that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and "renewable energy sources", in aggregate, constitute

3588-712: The cost of installation of a photovoltaic system on residential or commercial buildings. On-shore wind power is spreading over all continents and is economically competitive with fossil and nuclear power in several regions. Concentrated solar thermal power (CST) with thermal storage has moved from the demonstration stage of maturity to the limited commercial stage and still has the potential for further cost reductions of about 50 percent. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates had anticipated. Wind turbines generate 39 percent of Danish electricity, and Denmark has many biogas digesters and waste-to-energy plants as well. Together, wind and biomass provide 44% of

3666-555: The development of enhanced transmission grids and storage. As part of the Paris Agreement , countries periodically update their climate change targets for the future, by 2018 no G20 country had committed to a 100% renewable target. Until 2018, there were 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy. In the same year, 100% renewable energy was also mentioned in the Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C as

3744-417: The early 21st century, it was extraordinary for scientists and decision-makers to consider the concept of 100% renewable electricity. However, renewable energy progress has been so rapid that things have totally changed since then: Solar photovoltaic modules have dropped about 75 percent in price. Current scientific and technological advances in the laboratory suggest that they may become less expensive than

3822-427: The electricity consumed by the country's six million inhabitants. In 2010, Portugal's 10 million people produced more than half their electricity from indigenous renewable energy resources. Spain's 40 million inhabitants meet one-third of their electrical needs from renewables. Renewable energy has a history of strong public support. In America, for example, a 2013 Gallup survey showed that two in three Americans want

3900-458: The event of cooperation with nearby Bratislava Airport . The third runway is planned to be parallel to and south of the existing runway 11/29. It will be designated 11R/29L, with the existing runway being renamed 11L/29R. The new runway is planned to be 3680 m long and 60 m wide, and equipped with a category III instrument landing system in one direction (29L). Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic

3978-527: The few publicly traded airport operators in Europe, was privatised in 1992. The state of Lower Austria and the City of Vienna each hold 20% of the shares, the private employee participation foundation holds 10%, with the remaining 50% held privately. The shares are part of the Austrian Traded Index . In 1992, the new Terminal 1 was opened and a year later the shopping area around the plaza in

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4056-400: The first detailed analysis of scenarios with high shares of renewables were published. These were followed by the first detailed 100% scenarios. In 2006, a PhD thesis was published by Czisch in which it was shown that in a 100% renewable scenario energy supply could match demand in every hour of the year in Europe and North Africa. In the same year, Danish Energy professor Henrik Lund published

4134-635: The grid is 65 GWh from fossil fuel and 35 GWh from renewable energy and rooftop off grid solar produces 80 GWh of renewable energy, then the total renewable energy is 115 GWh and the total electricity on the grid is 100 GWh. Then the RPS is 115 percent. Cities like Paris and Strasbourg in France, planned to use 100% renewable energy by 2050. Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play

4212-434: The key roadblocks are: climate change denial , the fossil fuels lobby , political inaction, unsustainable energy consumption , outdated energy infrastructure , and financial constraints. Studies have shown that Southeast Asia countries could achieve almost 100% renewable elecitricity based on solar, wind, and off-river pumped hydro energy storage at a competitive LCOE of around US$ 55–115/MWh. Using 100% renewable energy

4290-404: The largest number of their "wedges". Similarly, in the United States, the independent National Research Council has noted that "sufficient domestic renewable resources exist to allow renewable electricity to play a significant role in future electricity generation and thus help confront issues related to climate change, energy security , and the escalation of energy costs ... Renewable energy

4368-453: The main conclusion of most of the literature in the field is that 100% renewables is feasible worldwide at low cost. Existing technologies, including storage, are capable of generating a secure energy supply at every hour throughout the year. The sustainable energy system is more efficient and cost effective than the existing system. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in their 2011 report that there

4446-614: The mismanagement of the Skylink project, chief executive Herbert Kaufman agreed to resign at the end of December 2010. The new building with its North Pier has 17 jetbridges and makes the airport capable of handling more aircraft, although the new terminal is not able to handle Airbus A380 aircraft. However, the older Concourse D will see an upgrade to accommodate the A380. The airport has four terminal buildings named Terminal 1, 2 and 3 which are directly built against each other as well as

4524-424: The most significant barriers to the widespread implementation of large-scale renewable energy and low carbon energy strategies, at the pace required to prevent runaway climate change , are primarily political and not technological. According to the 2013 Post Carbon Pathways report, which reviewed many international studies, the key roadblocks are: In 2011, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , some of

4602-413: The original plans. On 5 June 2012, the new Austrian Star Alliance Terminal (Terminal 3, named Skylink during its construction) was opened, which enables the airport to handle up to 30 million passengers per year. Construction started in 2004 and was suspended due to projected cost increases in 2009, but resumed in 2010. The maximum planned costs totaled less than €770 million. Following concerns over

4680-959: The past decade , evaluating scenarios for 100% renewable energy for various geographical areas. In recent years , more detailed analyses have emerged from government and industry sources. The incentive to use 100% renewable energy is created by global warming and ecological as well as economic concerns, post peak oil . The first country to propose 100% renewable energy was Iceland , in 1998. Proposals have been made for Japan in 2003, and for Australia in 2011. Albania, Iceland, and Paraguay obtain essentially all of their electricity from renewable sources (Albania and Paraguay 100% from hydroelectricity , Iceland 72% hydro and 28% geothermal). Norway obtains nearly all of its electricity from renewable sources (97 percent from hydropower). Iceland proposed using hydrogen for transportation and its fishing fleet. Australia proposed biofuel for those elements of transportation not easily converted to electricity. The road map for

4758-467: The power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport. There are many places around the world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy. At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply. According to a review of the 181 peer-reviewed papers on 100% renewable energy published until 2018, "[t]he great majority of all publications highlights

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4836-517: The project had been delayed in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2023 it was announced that the construction of the new building was then set to start in mid-2023. Construction for the new terminal annex subsequently started in February 2024 with a completion date expected for 2027. Vienna Airport originally projected that it would need a third runway by 2012, or 2016 at the latest, in

4914-423: The renewable energy plan are seen to be "primarily social and political, not technological or economic". Jacobson says that energy costs today with a wind, solar, and water system should be similar to today's energy costs from other optimally cost-effective strategies. The main obstacle against this scenario is the lack of political will. His conclusions have been disputed by other researchers. Jacobson published

4992-434: The safe level beyond which climate change becomes catastrophic and irreversible. Stephen W. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of " climate stabilization wedges " that can allow societies to maintain their quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change , and "renewable energy sources", in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges". Lester R. Brown founder and president of

5070-403: The technical feasibility and economic viability of 100% RE systems." While there are still many publications that focus on electricity only, there is a growing number of papers that cover different energy sectors and sector-coupled , integrated energy systems. This cross-sectoral, holistic approach is seen as an important feature of 100% renewable energy systems and is based on the assumption "that

5148-475: The total energy consumed worldwide, with roughly half of that coming from traditional use of biomass. The largest sector in terms of energy consumption is electricity with a renewable share of 22.8%, most of it coming from hydropower with a share of 16.6%, followed by wind with 3.1%. As of 2018 , according to REN21 , transformation is picking up speed in the power sector, but urgent action is required in heating, cooling and transport. There are many places around

5226-533: The train and in the stations. Tickets may already be booked on the Internet at www.cityairporttrain.com or at the CAT ticket machines at the City Air Terminal at Wien Mitte and the Vienna Airport. The CAT BONUS CLUB is the membership scheme of the City Airport Train. Bonus Club members earn bonus points that can be redeemed for rewards. Membership is free. Tickets can be bought at both destinations from

5304-503: The transit area of the B, C and D gates was opened. In 1996, Pier West with 12 jetbridges became operational. In 2006, the 109 m (358 ft) tall control tower started operating. It allows a free overview of the entire airport area and offers a night laser show, which aims to welcome the passengers even from the aircraft. From 2004 to 2007, an Office Park had been erected offering 69,000 m (740,000 sq ft) of rentable space. A VIP and general aviation terminal, including

5382-603: The underground railway station has been expanded to accommodate long-distance trains. Since December 2014, the first trains passing Vienna's new main station , ICE services from Germany , terminate at the airport. Since December 2015, ÖBB Railjet services operate to the airport as well. Long-distance train rides between the airport and the main station take approx. 15 minutes. The airport lies directly adjacent to motorway A4 which leads from central Vienna to Budapest . It has its own exit named Flughafen Wien-Schwechat . Bratislava can be reached via motorway A6 which splits from

5460-515: The world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond, and some 120 countries have various policy targets for longer-term shares of renewable energy, including a binding 20% by 2020 target for the European Union. Some countries have much higher long-term policy targets of up to 100% renewables. Outside Europe,

5538-428: The world with grids that are run almost exclusively on renewable energy ( see below ). At the national level, at least 30 nations already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of the energy supply. Renewable energy use has grown more quickly than even advocates anticipated. As of 2019 , however, it needs to grow six times faster to limit global warming to 2 °C (3.6 °F). 100% renewable energy

5616-508: The world". The IPCC said that if governments were supportive, and the full complement of renewable energy technologies were deployed, renewable energy supply could account for almost 80% of the world's energy use within forty years. Rajendra Pachauri , chairman of the IPCC, said the necessary investment in renewables would cost only about 1% of global GDP annually. This approach could contain greenhouse gas levels to less than 450 parts per million,

5694-550: The world's leading climate researchers selected by the United Nations, said "as infrastructure and energy systems develop, in spite of the complexities, there are few, if any, fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet a majority share of total energy demand in locations where suitable renewable resources exist or can be supplied". IPCC scenarios "generally indicate that growth in renewable energy will be widespread around

5772-522: The world) analyzed renewable energy forecasts made by eight scientists and research bodies (including Bent Sorensen , Mark Z. Jacobson , Amory Lovins ) between 1970 and 2020 and claimed that all of them were unrealistically optimistic as they ignored "energy density, intermittency and the complex realities of incumbent energy systems". The following places meet 90% or more of their average yearly electricity demand with renewable energy (incomplete list): Some other places have high percentages, for example

5850-551: Was built. In 1982, the airport was connected to the national motorway network ( Ostautobahn ). In 1986, the enlarged arrivals hall was opened, and in 1988 Pier East with 8 jet bridges was opened. On 27 December 1985, the El Al ticket counter was attacked by Abu Nidal , a Palestinian terrorist organization that simultaneously conducted a terrorist attack at Fiumicino Airport in Rome . Flughafen Wien AG  [ de ] , one of

5928-482: Was first suggested in a paper in Science published in 1975 by Danish physicist Bent Sørensen , which was followed by several other proposals. In 1976, energy policy analyst Amory Lovins coined the term " soft energy path " to describe an alternative future where energy efficiency and appropriate renewable energy sources steadily replace a centralized energy system based on fossil and nuclear fuels. In 1998,

6006-550: Was taken over by the British in 1945 and became RAF Schwechat under the occupation of the country. In 1954, the Betriebsgesellschaft was founded, and the airport replaced Wien-Aspern Airport as Vienna's (and Austria's) principal aerodrome. There was just one runway , which in 1959 was expanded to measure 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The erection of the new airport building began in 1959. In 1972, another runway

6084-497: Was the new terminal, dubbed Skylink during its construction. In 2002, the airport's management estimated that building the new terminal will cost €401.79 million. However, costs skyrocketed and in 2009 stood at an estimated €929.5 million. The Austrian Court of Audit then recommended that the airport implement several cost-savings measures, which in the Court's estimate brought down final costs to €849.15 million, still more than double

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