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91-539: It was founded on September 10, 1945, to promote pro-Western values of democracy, with the aim of ushering Japan into the reconstruction period. By its dissolution, the CCD had worked on a wide range of subjects; from Japanese actions during the war, to abuses and severe crimes committed by the Occupation soldiers. In 1946, the department was subsumed as part of G-2 . On August 9, 1951, following many organizational upheavals,

182-573: A 1945 report by the Japan Medical Care Organization was heavily censored for predicting an increase in the threat of venereal disease to public health, linked to the presence of Occupation forces and “fraternization” with locals. Another report on gonorrhea among Yokohama prostitutes (where many Occupation forces lived) was also subject to multiple deletions. Aside from STDs, the CCD also heavily censored any mention of rape, especially in cases with Japanese sex workers. One of

273-538: A Western diet and undergo cosmetic procedures on the eyes. These tactics aided American reconstruction, as they encouraged Japanese women to follow Western fashion trends and increasingly dress in Western attires drawing them closer to the West. A number of critics voiced their concern about this trend, several articles criticized the standards of American beauty as inferior to that of Japanese arguing that kimono will make

364-463: A comeback to the fashion trend of Japanese women. However, American ideals of beauty continued to have a presence in Japanese society even after the occupiers left Japan, with cosmetic companies popularizing face powders “reminiscent of Caucasian skin.” Amid these grand transformations of Japanese society and its people, the censorship completely isolated Japanese people from the rest of the world. As

455-512: A commanding authority constituted a censorship violation since it clashed with the American narrative that “democratization was proceeding independent of the Occupation.” For example, a report on the production of typhus fever vaccines ordered by SCAP was deleted. Kurihara Sadako , a hibakusha survivor of the Hiroshima nuclear bomb, had her poetry collection that addressed the aftermath of

546-509: A diverse port city, and Portuguese products imported through Nagasaki (such as tobacco, bread, textiles and a Portuguese sponge-cake called castellas ) were assimilated into popular Japanese culture. Tempura derived from a popular Portuguese recipe originally known as peixinhos da horta , and takes its name from the Portuguese word, 'tempero,' seasoning, and refers to the tempora quadragesima, forty days of Lent during which eating meat

637-455: A film set in Japanese history but with modern day criticisms and themes. Originally, For film director Akira Kurosawa , he made a jidaigeki resulting in Rashomon (1950), during a period where many films were set in a contemporary time period, so by setting a film in the distant past he was able to reassert a Japanese identity to film. Kurosawa recounts in his autobiography a preference for

728-529: A number of daimyōs . The most notable among them was Ōmura Sumitada . In 1569, Ōmura granted a permit for the establishment of a port with the purpose of harboring Portuguese ships in Nagasaki, which was set up in 1571, under the supervision of the Jesuit missionary Gaspar Vilela and Portuguese Captain-Major Tristão Vaz de Veiga , with Ōmura's personal assistance. The little harbor village quickly grew into

819-482: A number of people, principally school children, were evacuated to rural areas for safety, consequently reducing the population in the city at the time of the atomic attack. On the day of the nuclear strike (August 9, 1945) the population in Nagasaki was estimated to be 263,000, which consisted of 240,000 Japanese residents, 10,000 Korean residents, 2,500 conscripted Korean workers, 9,000 Japanese soldiers, 600 conscripted Chinese workers, and 400 Allied POWs . That day,

910-522: A plan to pass administrative control over to the Society of Jesus rather than see the Catholic city taken over by a non-Catholic daimyō . Thus, for a brief period after 1580, the city of Nagasaki was a Jesuit colony, under their administrative and military control. It became a refuge for Christians escaping maltreatment in other regions of Japan. In 1587, however, Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's campaign to unify

1001-412: A plutonium bomb. The first combat use of a nuclear weapon was the " Little Boy " bomb, which was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The first plutonium bomb was tested in central New Mexico , United States, on July 16, 1945. The Fat Man bomb was more powerful than the one dropped over Hiroshima, but because of Nagasaki's more uneven terrain, there was less damage. The city

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1092-432: A powerful weapon of war, information about the resulting radiation deaths and illnesses caused by the atomic bombs were suppressed by officials. Medical reports, case notes, and other records collected by Japanese medical professionals who treated survivors at Hiroshima were confiscated by American officers and remained classified for years. Occupation officials outright denied radiation effects and censored public criticism of

1183-562: A raid of August 1, 1945, was the most effective, with a few of the bombs hitting the shipyards and dock areas in the southwest portion of the city, several hitting the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, and six bombs landing at the Nagasaki Medical School and Hospital, with three direct hits on buildings there. While the damage from these few bombs was relatively small, it created considerable concern in Nagasaki and

1274-528: A single day, whilst the driest month has been September 1967, with 1.8 millimetres (0.07 in). Precipitation occurs year-round, though winter is the driest season; rainfall peaks sharply in June and July. August is the warmest month of the year. On January 24, 2016, a snowfall of 17 centimetres (6.7 in) was recorded. The nearest airport is Nagasaki Airport in the nearby city of Ōmura . The Kyushu Railway Company (JR Kyushu) provides rail transportation on

1365-415: A small plain near the end of the bay. Two rivers divided by a mountain spur form the two main valleys in which the city lies. The heavily built-up area of the city is confined by the terrain to less than 4 square miles (10 km ). Nagasaki has the typical humid subtropical climate of Kyūshū and Honshū, characterized by mild winters and long, hot, and humid summers. Apart from Kanazawa and Shizuoka it

1456-460: A subservient status in society, and glorification of revenge.” As a result, the Kabuki theater companies (which centered around themes of loyalty and revenge which Occupation censors considered as tied to militarism and therefore inappropriate) were most impacted, with 2,500 prints destroyed by SCAP. Children's literature was also subject to censor. For example, the 1932 children's story “The Ants and

1547-621: A turning point in the representation of Americans in Japan. By early 1946, General MacArthur began to receive various letters from Japanese citizens supporting Japan-US cooperation, with some going as far as to ask for the US annexation of Japan as it is “the only way to save a drowning Japan.” Additionally, a number of censorship policies have contributed to westernizing Japanese society and expose Japanese people to Western societal ideals, such as beauty standards and fashion trends. In addition to censorship,

1638-460: Is 405.86 km (156.70 sq mi). The first contact with Portuguese explorers occurred in 1543. An early visitor was supposedly Fernão Mendes Pinto , who came from Sagres on a Portuguese ship which landed nearby in Tanegashima . Soon after, Portuguese ships started sailing to Japan as regular trade freighters , thus increasing the contact and trade relations between Japan and

1729-553: Is distinct from the White Purge pursued by SCAP officials, which targeted conservative ultranationalists (e.g.war criminals, former governors of occupied territories, militarists), forbidding them from holding public office. However, the General Headquarters undertook great efforts to conceal the censorship. This, ironically, was to support America's role as a model of democracy. Mentioning the Occupation forces as

1820-528: Is estimated that by 1947, more than 8,000 Japanese workers were employed by the CCD. Headed by General Douglas MacArthur , the United States imposed political restrictions and weakened the policy structures in Japan to implement a reformation consolidating democracy and the rule of law. Seeking American control, the consequent reformation of Japan's social system and ideology, held promise of long-term stable influence in Japan. The CCD worked to facilitate

1911-670: Is the capital and the largest city of the Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan . Founded by the Portuguese, the port of Nagasaki became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have been recognized and included in the UNESCO World Heritage List . Part of Nagasaki

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2002-589: Is the most comprehensive archive in the world of Japanese print publications issued during the early years of the Occupation of Japan, 1945–1949. The Collection is located in Hornbake Library at the University of Maryland . Dr. Gordon W. Prange , a professor of History at the University of Maryland, worked as Chief of General Douglas MacArthur 's historical staff between 1946 and 1951 during

2093-555: Is the wettest sizeable city in Japan. In the summer, the combination of persistent heat and high humidity results in unpleasant conditions, with wet-bulb temperatures sometimes reaching 26 °C (79 °F). In the winter, however, Nagasaki is drier and sunnier than Gotō to the west, and temperatures are slightly milder than further inland in Kyūshū. Since records began in 1878, the wettest month has been July 1982, with 1,178 millimetres (46 in) including 555 millimetres (21.9 in) in

2184-525: The Boeing B-29 Superfortress Bockscar , commanded by Major Charles Sweeney , departed from Tinian 's North Field just before dawn, this time carrying a plutonium bomb , code named " Fat Man ". The primary target for the bomb was Kokura , with the secondary target being Nagasaki, if the primary target was too cloudy to make a visual sighting. When the plane reached Kokura at 9:44 a.m. (10:44 am. Tinian Time),

2275-533: The Meiji period , Nagasaki became a center of heavy industry . Its main industry was ship-building , with the dockyards under control of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries becoming one of the prime contractors for the Imperial Japanese Navy , and with Nagasaki harbor used as an anchorage under the control of nearby Sasebo Naval District . During World War II , at the time of the nuclear attack, Nagasaki

2366-630: The Nagasaki bugyō . With the Meiji Restoration , Japan opened its doors once again to foreign trade and diplomatic relations. Nagasaki became a treaty port in 1859 and modernization began in earnest in 1868. Nagasaki was officially proclaimed a city on April 1, 1889. With Christianity legalized and the Kakure Kirishitan coming out of hiding, Nagasaki regained its earlier role as a center for Roman Catholicism in Japan. During

2457-606: The Nishi Kyushu Shinkansen and Nagasaki Main Line , whose terminal is at Nagasaki Station . In addition, the Nagasaki Electric Tramway operates five routes in the city. The Nagasaki Expressway serves vehicular traffic with interchanges at Nagasaki and Susukizuka. In addition, six national highways crisscross the city: Route 34 , 202 , 206 , 251 , 324 , and 499 . On August 9, 1945,

2548-602: The Occupation of Japan . When censorship of the Japanese media by the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) was lifted, Dr. Prange arranged for the shipment of the CCD materials to the University of Maryland. The materials arrived at the University in 1950. In 1978, the Board of Regents of the University of Maryland passed a motion to name the collection the "Gordon W. Prange Collection." The holdings of

2639-595: The Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) released a Press Code illustrating a list of censored topics for the Japanese Press. The Code's requirements included: Censorship included not only new publications, but publications from the pre-war and wartime period that were reissued during the Occupation. Notable examples of censorship to protect SCAP reputation included the replacement of

2730-474: The 35,000 deaths were 150 Japanese soldiers, 6,200 out of the 7,500 employees of the Mitsubishi Munitions plant, and 24,000 others (including 2,000 Koreans ). The industrial damage in Nagasaki was high, leaving 68‍–‍80% of the non-dock industrial production destroyed. It was the second and, to date, the last use of a nuclear weapon in combat , and also the second detonation of

2821-632: The Allied Powers (GHQ-SCAP), following Japanese Occupation in 1945, aimed to prevent the revival of imperialism , militarism , and overcome dynamic tensions in Japanese society. Through the SCAP, the United States carried out widespread censorship and monitoring of Japan with the creation of special agencies. Among these projects, the Civil Intelligence Section(CIS) in the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence (G-2) undertook

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2912-418: The American censorship he felt over the Japanese censors. Prior, the Japanese film industry experienced a decade of censorship on the requirement of the military government, Kurosawa describing this time as “an age that had no respect for creation”. His description of American censors juxtaposes this, stating “they all behaved toward us in a gentlemanly fashion. Not a single one among them treated us as criminals,

3003-479: The American-produced Mark of Zorro were subject to deletion of swordplay scenes. Similarly in the theater industry, 322 of 518 classic plays such as kabuki reviewed by censors had been banned by December 1945 “because they contained one or more of such objectionable themes as glorification of feudal ideology or militarism, blind loyalty, a cheap valuation of human life, relegation of women to

3094-406: The CCD was careful not to destroy them entirely. The objectionable sections were studied by the CCD to deepen knowledge on Japan's history, culture, strategy, language, and geography, then destroyed all copies of the film save a negative and two prints. There were films critical of American occupation that were able to be released, avoiding the censors. This was done by creating a jidaigeki film,

3185-682: The Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD) was formally dissolved. Much of its records are housed in the Gordon W. Prange Collection in the Hornbake Library at the University of Maryland . The CCD had two branches; the Communications Division and the Pictorial and Broadcasting Division. The Communication Division censored mail, telephone, telegraph, and other communications media. The Broadcasting Division

3276-711: The Japanese Constitution of 1947. The holdings are: Between 1992 and 2001, the University of Maryland Libraries partnered with the National Diet Library (NDL) to microfilm the Prange magazines and newspapers. In 2005, the digitization of the Prange books and pamphlets began. Phase One consisted of the scanning of the 8,000 children's books in the Prange Collection, which was completed in 2010. Phase Two began that same year with

3367-506: The Mushroom” by Miyazawa Kenji , was ordered deleted because of a “militaristic expression” where the ants were soldiers, although there were no fighting scenes in the book. The plot (an ant soldier falling asleep and being surprised by the sudden appearance of a mushroom) actually subtly made fun of the military, rather than promoting Japan's wartime imperialist ambitions in the East. Beyond

3458-400: The Prange Collection once constituted the files copies of the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD). Two copies of print publications were submitted to the CCD for censorship review. One copy was retained by the CCD, and one copy was returned to the publisher or author with instructions for revisions. The Prange Collection also holds several gift collections, including Charles L. Kades ' drafts of

3549-516: The Spanish Franciscans were the vanguard of an Iberian invasion of Japan. In response, Hideyoshi ordered the crucifixions of twenty-six Catholics in Nagasaki on February 5 of the next year (i.e. the " Twenty-six Martyrs of Japan "). Portuguese traders were not ostracized, however, and so the city continued to thrive. In 1602, Augustinian missionaries also arrived in Japan, and when Tokugawa Ieyasu took power in 1603, Catholicism

3640-544: The U.S. bombings. They labeled Japanese and European reports of lingering “radioactive poison gas” as “propaganda”, most likely wishing to avoid international stigma surrounding chemical weapons , which had been banned during the First World War . Guidelines provided to publishers during the Occupation banned content that contained wartime propaganda, especially those that glorified the military, ultranationalism, feudalism, and depictions of Japan as “the sacred land of

3731-525: The US censorship in occupied Japan has shaped the Japanese political consciousness by enforcing the continued socialization in the acceptance of authority and the sense that ordinary people are unable to influence the course of events: “So well did they succeed in reinforcing this consciousness that after they left, and time passed, many non-Japanese including Americans came to regard such attitudes as peculiarly Japanese.” Gordon W. Prange Collection The Gordon W. Prange Collection ( / p r æ ŋ / )

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3822-600: The archipelago altogether. They had previously been living on a specially constructed artificial island in Nagasaki harbour that served as a trading post , called Dejima . The Dutch were then moved from their base at Hirado onto the artificial island. The Great Fire of Nagasaki destroyed much of the city in 1663, including the Mazu shrine at the Kofuku Temple patronized by the Chinese sailors and merchants visiting

3913-427: The atomic bomb, many Hibakusha suffered from severe discrimination, poverty, and loneliness amid ignorance about the incident. Not only were Hibakusha discriminated against in the workplace but also in marriage, as the survivors, especially women, were thought to be prone to have deformed children. The fact that many Hibakusha chose to keep their status secret due to the widespread discrimination made them unable to access

4004-401: The bomb heavily censored. According to scholar Edward A. Dougherty, "American Censors deleted stanzas and whole poems from the book before publication and because of an earlier run in with Occupation Officials, she herself cut additional materials out". The collection would later be republished in its uncensored format in 1986. Because of the censorship conducted by the CCD, hibakusha experience

4095-504: The bomb on the city's Urakami Valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south, and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. The bomb exploded 53 seconds after its release, at 11:02 a.m. at an approximate altitude of 1,800 feet. Less than a second after the detonation, the north of the city was destroyed and more than 10% of the city's population were killed. Among

4186-410: The bomb, such as Kurihara's “Let Us Be Midwives”, was able to evade censorship as it was published directly after the bombing, and the criteria the CCD used to censor was largely up to interpretation. Documentary company Nichi-ei promptly sent cameramen to the site of the two atomic bombings to record footage, the surviving footage that made it to American censors was filmed by Toshio Kashiwada. The film

4277-474: The censorship came to a close with the end of the occupation on April 28, 1952, it continued to have a lasting impact on Japanese society and its press. Even after Japan recovered its independence, the press continued to maintain a cautionary attitude in their coverage of the Establishment, which rendered the role of the press as an ineffective watchdog in post-treaty Japan. The government closely regulates

4368-406: The censorship policies aimed at “[drawing] a ring around Japan through which no unauthorized information slipped, either to or from Japan,” Japanese people had very limited knowledge of global affairs during the time, nor were they allowed to inform the world of what was happening in their country. The same went for the people of the rest of the world. The majority of foreign correspondents in Japan at

4459-476: The city was obscured by clouds and smoke, as the nearby city of Yahata had been firebombed on the previous day – the steel plant in Yahata had also instructed their workforce to intentionally set fire to containers of coal tar , to produce target-obscuring black smoke. Unable to make a bombing attack 'on visual' because of the clouds and smoke, and with limited fuel, the plane left the city at 10:30 a.m. for

4550-476: The city's industry. These connections with the Japanese war effort made Nagasaki a major target for strategic bombing by the Allies during the war. In the 12 months prior to the nuclear attack, Nagasaki had experienced five small-scale air attacks by an aggregate of 136 U.S. planes which dropped a total of 270 tons of high explosives , 53 tons of incendiaries , and 20 tons of fragmentation bombs . Of these,

4641-478: The conquered people. However, as censorship of media and propaganda began to toll, the negative perception of Americans, too, began to change. Articles celebrating the success of occupation forces were published, while negative opinions were deliberately left out. The media covering encounters between Japanese and Americans often portrayed American people as “lightheartedly childish, gullible, naive, yet carefree, down-to-earth, cheerful, amusing, easy”, hence representing

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4732-519: The country arrived in Kyūshū. Concerned with the large Christian influence in Kyūshū, Hideyoshi ordered the expulsion of all missionaries , and placed the city under his direct control. However, the expulsion order went largely unenforced, and the fact remained that most of Nagasaki's population remained openly practicing Catholic . In 1596, the Spanish ship San Felipe was wrecked off the coast of Shikoku , and Hideyoshi learned from its pilot that

4823-407: The direct work of reading and translating. This included public opinion in the press, film, television program, and radio, as well as surveillance and monitoring of postal mail, telephone, telegraphs. These translations would then be reviewed by Nisei checkers, and as needed, subject to a reexamination committee. Decision on censorship were made by supervisors and leadership from the United States. It

4914-488: The gods.” The prohibition of such sentiments was aimed at facilitating Japan's transition to a democratic state and away from its pre-war and wartime politics as an empire. The censorship of such themes impacted the cinema, literature, and theater industries profoundly, along with some consequences even in medical journals. In Japanese cinema, for example, the Civilian Information and Education Division (CIE),

5005-666: The lack of a proper seaport in Kyūshū for the purpose of harboring foreign ships posed a major problem for both merchants and the Kyushu daimyōs (feudal lords) who expected to collect great advantages from the trade with the Portuguese. In the meantime, Spanish Jesuit missionary St. Francis Xavier arrived in Kagoshima , South Kyūshū, in 1549. After a somewhat fruitful two-year sojourn in Japan, he left for China in 1552 but died soon afterwards. His followers who remained behind converted

5096-399: The landscape of post-war Japan leaving a lasting impact on its society. The most influential outcome of censorship concerned the change in Japanese people's perception of Americans at large. Before the US occupation forces arrived in Japan, many Japanese tended to want to avoid any contact with the "American beast" that according to wartime propaganda and rumors would rape, torture, and murder

5187-875: The main work. The CIS was divided into two parts, the Civil Censorship Detachment (CCD), and the Public Security Detachment (PSD). The CCD specifically undertook the censorship of public opinion in the press, publication, film, television, and radio, as well as monitoring the postal letters, phone calls, and telegram. In this period, more than 200 million letters, 136 million telegrams and 800,000 telephone calls from Japanese citizens were monitored. To assess telephone calls, 63 Japanese and 12 foreigners monitored calls throughout Japan by using 70 eavesdropping devices; for postal surveillance, 4,000 Japanese and 60 Americans sampled 2% of domestic correspondence; and finally for telegraphs, 100 Japanese and 12 American workers sampled 15% of total telegrams. In September 1945,

5278-407: The most controversial and difficult to censor topics impacting Occupation forces' reputation were the after-effects of the two nuclear bombs dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima . U.S. officials both within the United States and in Japan immediately worked to suppress information about the effects of nuclear radiation. While the blast of the bomb was celebrated by President Truman 's radio broadcast as

5369-416: The necessary medical care and further isolated them, ultimately leaving the survivors to live in constant fear. The censorship also made it impossible for not only the Japanese but also the world to comprehend the full extent of the dangers of using nuclear weapons. Everyone, including the Japanese, Americans, and the world, were exposed to limited pieces of information, unable to grasp the full picture. While

5460-413: The occupiers “regularly planted articles, photographs, and other items in the Japanese press,” which included pro-American propaganda highlighting the glamour of American culture. Women's magazines such as Sutairu and Sutairu To Dezain encouraged Japanese women to idolize American beauty standards, arguing that the readers would be able to have a physique similar to that of American women if they followed

5551-411: The population was estimated to be 263,000. As of March 1, 2017, the city had population of 505,723 and a population density of 1,000 persons per km . Nagasaki is represented in the J. League of football with its local club, V-Varen Nagasaki . The Nagasaki Lantern Festival is celebrated annually over the first 15 days of Chinese New Year and is the largest of its kind in all of Japan. Kunchi ,

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5642-577: The port. In 1720 the ban on Dutch books was lifted, causing hundreds of scholars to flood into Nagasaki to study European science and art. Consequently, Nagasaki became a major center of what was called rangaku , or "Dutch learning". During the Edo period , the Tokugawa shogunate governed the city, appointing a hatamoto , the Nagasaki bugyō , as its chief administrator. During this period, Nagasaki

5733-568: The presence of Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a memorial, such as a one-legged torii at Sannō Shrine and an arch near ground zero . New structures were also raised as memorials, such as the Atomic Bomb Museum . Nagasaki remains primarily a port city, supporting a rich shipbuilding industry. On January 4, 2005, the towns of Iōjima , Kōyagi , Nomozaki , Sanwa , Sotome and Takashima (all from Nishisonogi District ) were officially merged into Nagasaki along with

5824-495: The rebels adopted many Portuguese motifs and Christian icons . Consequently, in Tokugawa society the word "Shimabara" solidified the connection between Christianity and disloyalty, constantly used again and again in Tokugawa propaganda. The Shimabara Rebellion also convinced many policy-makers that foreign influences were more trouble than they were worth, leading to the national isolation policy . The Portuguese were expelled from

5915-528: The release of state information through the exclusive press clubs operated by each ministry and can deny access to reporters who stray too far from the official line. The press also remains cautious in its stance toward both the United States and the United Nations, as few mainstream news organizations question Japan's political and diplomatic ties to the United States and its commitment to the United Nations to this day. Historian John W. Dower argues that

6006-504: The rest of the world, and particularly with mainland China , with whom Japan had previously severed its commercial and political ties, mainly due to a number of incidents involving wokou piracy in the South China Sea , with the Portuguese now serving as intermediaries between the two East Asian neighbors. Despite the mutual advantages derived from these trading contacts, which would soon be acknowledged by all parties involved,

6097-474: The roles of merchant and artist such as 18th century Yi Hai . It is believed that as much as one-third of the population of Nagasaki at this time may have been Chinese. The Chinese traders at Nagasaki were confined to a walled compound ( Tōjin yashiki ) which was located in the same vicinity as Dejima island; and the activities of the Chinese, though less strictly controlled than the Dutch, were closely monitored by

6188-414: The scanning of the books in the social sciences, including political science, economics, and history. Currently, education-related books are being scanned. Nagasaki This is an accepted version of this page Nagasaki ( Japanese : 長崎 , Hepburn : Nagasaki ) ( IPA: [naɡaꜜsaki] ; lit. "Long Cape") , officially known as Nagasaki City ( 長崎市 , Nagasaki-shi ),

6279-419: The secondary target. After 20 minutes, the plane arrived at 10:50 a.m. over Nagasaki, but the city was also concealed by clouds. Desperately short of fuel and after making a couple of bombing runs without obtaining any visual target, the crew was forced to use radar to drop the bomb. At the last minute, the opening of the clouds allowed them to make visual contact with a racetrack in Nagasaki, and they dropped

6370-545: The stake in Nagasaki. They became known as the Martyrs of Japan and were later venerated by several Popes . Catholicism's last gasp as an open religion and the last major military action in Japan until the Meiji Restoration was the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. While there is no evidence that Europeans directly incited the rebellion, Shimabara Domain had been a Christian han for several decades, and

6461-453: The stringent restrictions on press accounts of GI criminality placed by the CCD. These crimes however, were uncommon and condemned by the US military. Due to the extremely secretive nature of US-led censorship in Japan, few people knew that censorship existed. Its existence was kept secret, and the only ones aware of it were those directly in contact with the censors - writers, editors, and journalists. However, its inner workings have influenced

6552-483: The success of these reconstruction aims by prohibiting negative sentiment in relation to the war , reconstruction, and the new alliance between the two countries. The consequences of this censorship were lasting, and the stories of Japanese victims such as the hibakusha , individuals who experienced physical change due to radiation exposure, and Japanese victims of rape by occupied soldiers remained long silenced. The U.S-led General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for

6643-660: The suppression of feudal themes, censoring “leftist propaganda” was also a major aim as part of the American policy of containment. Before mid-1947, criticism of the Soviet Union was banned as they had been a U.S. ally at the end of WWII, although this changed during the beginning stages of the Cold War . In 1950, General Douglas MacArthur pushed for the Red Purge in Japan in the wake of the Korean War . The Red Purge

6734-566: The term “hairy foreigner” ( ketōjin ) with “Westerner” ( seiōjin ). In addition to banning criticism of Occupation forces, criticism of China, Korea, and other Western allies were also prohibited by the CCD. Additionally, the mention of fraternization between Japanese locals and Occupation forces constituted a significant portion of censorship, with the mention of even hand-holding enough to result in deletion. Censorship also applied to medical journals, especially targeting venereal diseases, which censors perceived as symbolic of immorality. For example,

6825-463: The time were Americans and had to be accredited by the Occupation authorities, thereby severely limiting the world's knowledge of Japan under American occupation. The censorship regarding the nuclear bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki has particularly had a devastating impact on its survivors, such as the hibakusha . As the censorship produced an informative gap in what the Japanese people knew about

6916-481: The town of Kinkai the following year. Nagasaki and Nishisonogi Peninsulas are located within the city limits. The city is surrounded by the cities of Isahaya and Saikai , and the towns of Togitsu and Nagayo in Nishisonogi District . Nagasaki lies at the head of a long bay that forms the best natural harbor on the island of Kyūshū. The main commercial and residential area of the city lies on

7007-422: The wake of this incident strengthening coastal defenses, threatening death to intruding foreigners, and prompting the training of English and Russian translators. The Tōjinyashiki (唐人屋敷) or Chinese Factory in Nagasaki was also an important conduit for Chinese goods and information for the Japanese market. Various Chinese merchants and artists sailed between the Chinese mainland and Nagasaki. Some actually combined

7098-416: The way the Japanese censors had.” Mentions of crimes committed by Allied soldiers were not allowed to be reported on by media publications. In order to report on these, magazines and papers had to use euphemisms to describe the perpetrators of crimes being occupied soldiers, for example, “the criminals were unusually tall and hairy men”. Documentation of crimes committed by American soldiers are limited due to

7189-487: Was an important industrial city, containing both plants of the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, the Akunoura Engine Works, Mitsubishi Arms Plant, Mitsubishi Electric Shipyards, Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works, Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works, several other small factories, and most of the ports storage and trans-shipment facilities, which employed about 90% of the city's labor force, and accounted for 90% of

7280-543: Was depicted in contemporary art and literature as a cosmopolitan port brimming with exotic curiosities from the Western world. In 1808, during the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy frigate HMS Phaeton entered Nagasaki Harbor in search of Dutch trading ships. The local magistrate was unable to resist the crew’s demand for food, fuel, and water, later committing seppuku as a result. Laws were passed in

7371-550: Was designated a "shogunal city". The number of such cities rose from three to eleven under Tokugawa administration. Consensus among historians was once that Nagasaki was Japan's only window on the world during its time as a closed country in the Tokugawa era. However, nowadays it is generally accepted that this was not the case, since Japan interacted and traded with the Ryūkyū Kingdom , Korea and Russia through Satsuma , Tsushima and Matsumae respectively. Nevertheless, Nagasaki

7462-504: Was forbidden, another example of the enduring effects of this cultural exchange. The Portuguese also brought with them many goods from other Asian countries such as China. The value of Portuguese exports from Nagasaki during the 16th century were estimated to ascend to over 1,000,000 cruzados , reaching as many as 3,000,000 in 1637. Due to the instability during the Sengoku period , Sumitada and Jesuit leader Alexandro Valignano conceived

7553-916: Was given complete power to censor all films that were produced, with Japanese film producers required to submit proposals and scripts in English prior to beginning filming. The chief of CIE, David Conde, released a list of banned content in Japanese films in November 1945. This included content that praised nationalism, patriotism, feudalism, cruelty and immoral violence. For example, the depiction of katana (traditional Japanese swords wielded by samurais) were banned as Occupation officials saw them as symbols of feudalism. In contrast, other violent weapons like guns in American Westerns were permitted, since they were allegedly used “only to defend justice and restore safety to their communities.” Even foreign films like

7644-523: Was home to a major Imperial Japanese Navy base during the First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War . Near the end of World War II , the American atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki made Nagasaki the second city in the world to experience a nuclear attack. The city was rebuilt. As of February 1, 2024 , Nagasaki has an estimated population of 392,281 and a population density of 966 people per km . The total area

7735-508: Was later released but with several censors dictated by the CCD. Films were reviewed in all stages of production, from synopsis, screenplay, and completed film. When the film was finished, CCD officials would view it in its first screening sessions, and there military censors would check for violations of its pictorial code. After viewing, the censors would either “pass the film for release, pass it with deletions, or suppress it” all together. The suppressed films were not returned to their owners, but

7826-432: Was not publicized and faced discrimination. Bomb survivors, such as Ogawa Setsuko, recount being discriminated against by doctors believing their radiation to be contagious, being hidden and isolated in family homes, and ostracized by the public. Simultaneous to the ostracization hibakusha were experiencing, U.S scientists were collecting evidence at institutions studying hibakusha but refusing to treat them. Some poems about

7917-577: Was officially banned and all missionaries ordered to leave. Most Catholic daimyo apostatized , and forced their subjects to do so, although a few would not renounce the religion and left the country for Macau , Luzon and Japantowns in Southeast Asia. A brutal campaign of persecution followed, with thousands of converts across Kyūshū and other parts of Japan killed, tortured, or forced to renounce their religion. Many Japanese and foreign Christians were executed by public crucifixion and burning at

8008-625: Was rebuilt after the war, albeit dramatically changed. The pace of reconstruction was slow. The first simple emergency dwellings were not provided until 1946. The focus of redevelopment was the replacement of war industries with foreign trade, shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally declared when the Nagasaki International Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in May 1949. New temples were built, as well as new churches, owing to an increase in

8099-467: Was released, but CCD officials such as C.B. Reese recommended the film be withdrawn from public circulation, but ultimately the CCD allowed it to run due to the difficulty of censoring an already released film and the bad press it would receive. Film in the time of American occupation was under much scrutiny. One of the earliest instances of film censorship was August of 1945, where a Japanese film crew took documentary images of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. A film

8190-470: Was still tolerated. Many Catholic daimyōs had been critical allies at the Battle of Sekigahara , and the Tokugawa position was not strong enough to move against them. Once Osaka Castle had been taken and Toyotomi Hideyoshi 's offspring killed, though, the Tokugawa dominance was assured. In addition, the Dutch and English presence allowed trade without religious strings attached. Thus, in 1614, Catholicism

8281-519: Was tasked with censoring information and entertainment media, such as news broadcasts, theater, and film. The first chief of the CCD was Lieutenant Colonel Donald D. Hoover, with a background in journalism and public relations. Hoover was succeeded by Lieutenant Colonel C. W. Wordsworth, and then Colonel Walter B. Putnam, the last chief of the CCD before its dissolution in 1951. The CCD was primarily composed of highly-educated Japanese nationals, often academics or western-educated graduates, they conducted

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