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64-737: The Civil Aviation Administration of China ( CAAC ; 中国民用航空局 ) is the civil aviation authority of the People's Republic of China , under the Ministry of Transport . It oversees civil aviation and investigates aviation accidents and incidents . As the aviation authority responsible for China, it concludes civil aviation agreements with other aviation authorities, including those of the Special administrative regions of China which are categorized as "special domestic." It directly operated its own airline , China's aviation monopoly, until 1988. The agency

128-608: A 700 could carry a 13,000-lb payload from Chicago to New York in 2 hours 45 minutes against a 10-mph headwind, burning 6395 lb of fuel. In the field of intercity transports employing the propeller turbine, the Vickers Viscount Model 700 appears to be considerably superior to anything else in its class. [It has] exceptionally fine flying qualities and is a most comfortable vehicle in which to travel. John Watkins, Chief Technical Officer of Trans Australia Airlines . All production Viscounts were powered by

192-576: A CAA may build and operate airports , including non- airside operations such as passenger terminals; the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal and the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines being among such authorities. In other countries, private companies or local government authorities may own and operate individual airports. Civil aviation authorities do not regulate military aviation. Military aviation will typically have

256-768: A completely separate personnel licensing system. In the United Kingdom, military aviation is regulated by the Military Aviation Authority . The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) refers to civil aviation authorities as National Airworthiness Authorities (NAA), particularly when referring to an authority in its capacity as an airworthiness authority; or sometimes as National Aviation Authorities (also NAA). EASA refers to them as National Aviation Authorities. The independent development of CAAs resulted in differing regulations from country to country. This required aircraft manufacturers in

320-412: A development aircraft for the type for several years. In late August 1950, BEA placed an order for 20 aircraft; further orders came in the following year from operators such as Air France , Aer Lingus , and Misrair . In 1953, the basic cost given for a Viscount was £235,000. One reporter, after travelling on an Air France Viscount, wrote in 1953: "Noise level was less than that of piston engines. It

384-588: A dozen Viscounts, and purchased later turboprop aircraft such as the Fokker F27 Friendship ; It later transitioned to jet aircraft as passenger demand outgrew the capacity of the Viscounts. To compete with its rival TAA, another Australian airline, Ansett-ANA also procured its own small Viscount fleet; the Viscount allowed Ansett to set out a faster and superior service than the larger TAA for

448-553: A government agency and reorganized six regional administration agencies, and no longer provided commercial flight services. In 1988, the airline CAAC was divided into a number of individual air carriers, many of them named after the region of China where it had its hub. On 19 April 1993, the General Administration of Civil Aviation became the ministry-level agency of the State Council. In March 2008, CAAC

512-671: Is headquartered in Dongcheng, Beijing . On 2 November 1949, shortly after the founding of the People's Republic of China , the CCP Central Committee decided to found the Civil Aviation Agency under the name of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission , and under the command of the People's Liberation Army Air Force , to manage all non-military aviation in the country, as well as provide general and commercial flight services. The Civil Aviation Agency

576-587: Is not English) Vickers Viscount This is an accepted version of this page The Vickers Viscount is a British medium-range turboprop airliner first flown in 1948 by Vickers-Armstrongs . A design requirement from the Brabazon Committee , it entered service in 1953 and was the first turboprop-powered airliner. The Viscount was well received by the public for its cabin conditions, which included pressurisation , reductions in vibration and noise, and panoramic windows. It became one of

640-458: The 1972 Nixon visit to China , the country ordered 10 Boeing 707 jets. In December 1973, it took the unprecedented step of borrowing £40 million from Western banks to fund the purchase of 15 additional Trident jets. Soviet-built Ilyushin Il-62 aircraft were used on long range routes during the 1970s and 1980s. On 5 March 1980, the General Administration of Civil Aviation was no longer managed by

704-642: The Armstrong Siddeley Mamba , which the government specified for the two prototypes. The choice of the Mamba engine increased the weight, but Vickers made sure the engine nacelle would fit either the Mamba or Dart. While the Dart progressed better in development, the government asked in August 1947 for the second prototype to be Dart-powered. The second prototype was designated the 630 and was named as

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768-504: The Cocos (Keeling) Islands to Melbourne's Essendon Airport in 10 hours 16 minutes (343.8 mph). Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) received its first Viscount in 1954, and the aircraft quickly proved profitable, leading to additional orders. The Viscount proved to be an invaluable aircraft for TAA, aviation author John Gunn stating, "TAA had achieved dominance on Australia's trunk routes with its turboprop Viscounts". TAA procured over

832-407: The 700. The fuselage was lengthened 3 ft 10 in (1.17 m) and the rear pressure bulkhead was moved aft 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m), allowing more passengers to be carried. The 800s (excepting the 806s) were powered by the Dart 510. The third type of Viscount was the 810. It was the same size as the 800s, but was powered with R.Da. 7/1 Mk 225 or Mk 530 Darts. With the greater power,

896-468: The 810 was faster and longer ranged than the 800. Proposed type 740, 850, and 870 Viscounts never left the drawing board. The Viscount's good performance and popularity with customers encouraged Vickers to privately finance and develop an enlarged and re-engined variant of the Viscount, later designated as the Vickers Vanguard . The Vanguard drew extensively from the knowledge and design of

960-975: The Agency ratified the Report for the Opinions of System Devolving ( Chinese : 关于体制下放意见的报告 ) from the party branch of the Ministry of Transport in 17 June. Both national and local authorities have responsibilities of civil aviation. International and main domestic flights were mainly under the leadership of the national authority while local and agricultural flights were mainly under the leadership of local authority. Thus, most provinces and autonomous regions established their own civil aviation administration offices. Five administration offices in Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Ürümqi were changed to be regional administration agencies in 13 December. The Agency

1024-657: The European Union and the European Free Trade Association. Member states continue to have their own agencies, which implement EASA rules. EASA has working relationships with non-member states including Armenia, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. It was renamed the European Union Aviation Safety Agency in 2018. This is a list of national and supra-national civil aviation authorities. (If the local language

1088-779: The MAX grounding in China. In early August 2021, a MAX made a test flight in Shanghai for validation. Later, the CAAC issued an airworthiness directive on 2 December to allow the type return to service if the MCAS is corrected following Boeing's instructions. Currently, CAAC is an administrative department mostly intended to supervise the aviation market. CAAC releases route applications every week and for routes that do not fly to an open-sky country/region, there will be monthly scoring releases that determine

1152-690: The MAX, including the European Union Aviation Safety Agency the next day. It took the US Federal Aviation Administration until 13 March to ground the MAX. Aviation commentators saw this as having bolstered the global reputation of the CAAC at the expense of the FAA. After the MAX was cleared to return by the FAA in November 2020, the CAAC reiterated that there "is no set timetable" to lifting

1216-742: The PLA Air Force, and was transferred to the State Council. Some administrative works were still under the People's Liberation Army and the air controlling was managed by PLA General Stuff Department and Air Force Command. On 30 January 1987, the State Council ratified the Report for the Reform Solution and Executive Steps of the Civil Aviation System Administration System ( Chinese : 关于民航系统管理体制改革方案和实施步骤的报告 ). Since then, CAAC acted solely as

1280-483: The PLA Air Force. The General Administration of Civil Aviation was transferred to the PLA Air Force on 20 November 1969. In 1963, China purchased six Vickers Viscount aircraft from Great Britain, followed in 1971 by the purchase of four Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft from Pakistan International Airlines . In August 1971, the airline purchased six Trident 2Es directly from Hawker Siddeley. The country also placed provisional orders for three Concorde aircraft. With

1344-672: The People's Aviation Company of China was created, headquartered in Tianjin. On 9 June 1953, following Aeroflot in the Soviet Union, the People's Aviation Company of China was merged with the Civil Aviation Agency of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission. Later, the SKOGA was merged with the Beijing administration office on 1 January 1955. In November 1954, the Civil Aviation Agency of

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1408-529: The People's Revolutionary Military Commission and the State Council issued the Decision for Reorganizing Civil Aviation ( Chinese : 关于整编民用航空的决定 ) and the Civil Aviation Agency of the People's Revolutionary Military Commission was transferred to the military system and was under the direct control of the PLA Air Force, then split the civil aviation administration division and airline division to form

1472-429: The People's Revolutionary Military Commission was renamed Civil Aviation Agency of China. It was transferred to the State Council and came under the leadership of both State Council and PLA Air Force. The PLA Air Force was also responsible for technical, flight, aircrew, communicating, human resources, and political works. On 27 February 1958, the Civil Aviation Agency was transferred to the Ministry of Transport . Later,

1536-523: The Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop; from its initial 800 hp, and then 1,000 hp and higher, Rolls-Royce extensively developed the Dart engine, due to its popularity and use on the Viscount and several later aircraft. One key model was the Dart 506 engine, with better fuel efficiency than earlier models, allowing airline Viscounts to fly longer routes, with more payload. With the availability of more powerful engines, Vickers continued to develop

1600-580: The Type 700. Meanwhile, the first prototype Type 630 was awarded a restricted Certificate of Airworthiness on 15 September 1949, followed by a full certificate on 27 July 1950, which allowed the aircraft to be placed into trial service with BEA on 29 July to familiarise the pilots and ground crew with the new aircraft. It flew scheduled flights between London and Paris, and London and Edinburgh until 23 August 1950. The 29 July 1950 flight between Northolt and Paris – Le Bourget Airport with 14 paying passengers

1664-518: The US government imposed its embargo on Cuba in 1962, Cubana decided to sell all of its Viscounts. They were replaced by Soviet-built turboprop aircraft. South African Airways (SAA) was another major operator of the Viscount; by January 1959, it was operating on all of SAA's domestic routes. In 1961, SAA had seven Viscounts, and acquired a further aircraft from Cuba in the following year. In 1965, SAA began receiving Boeing 727s , which had been selected

1728-499: The Viscount 700 prototype G-AMAV achieved the fastest time (40 hours 41 minutes flying time) in the transport section of the 12,367 mi (19,903 km) air race from London to Christchurch , New Zealand. The aircraft averaged 320 mph (520 km/h) in the event, crossing the finish line nine hours ahead of its closest rival, a Douglas DC-6 A of KLM , with the latter winning on handicap. En route , equipped with extra fuel tanks, it flew 3,530 mi (5,680 km) nonstop from

1792-596: The Viscount became the mainstay of the route between Johannesburg in South Africa, Salisbury (now renamed Harare) in modern-day Zimbabwe , and London, England. CAA had enough Viscounts to entirely replace its Viking fleet and to occasionally lease them to other operators. More Viscounts were purchased by CAA right up until 1965, when CAA announced its intention to procure the British Aircraft Corporation 's jet-powered BAC 1-11 successor as

1856-734: The Viscount generated considerable interest from airlines and industry figures across the United States, including American aviation pioneer Howard Hughes , who purchased 15 Viscounts immediately after personally flying one. US Capital Airlines became an important operator of the Type 700 Viscount, using it heavily throughout the eastern US routes; in 1958, Capital reportedly had accumulated over 350,000 flight hours on its Viscounts, more than any other operator. Continental Airlines and Northeast Airlines also became US Viscount operators. The first airline in Latin America to operate

1920-404: The Viscount project. Never having flown other than piston-engined aircraft I was tremendously impressed with the smoothness of the four Dart turboprop engines. As I sat in the cabin, a coin was balanced on its edge on the table... Test Pilot Joseph Summers , commenting on flight characteristics of the Viscount. The prototype Type 630, registered G-AHRF , made its maiden flight from

1984-472: The Viscount was Cubana de Aviación . Cubana's −755D Viscounts, delivered in 1956, were placed on the Havana -Miami and Varadero -Miami routes, and were successful at raising Cubana's market share on these routes. During the 1958 Cuban elections, a Cubana Viscount was hijacked by gunmen aligned with the 26th of July Movement ; the aircraft crash-landed in the sea, reportedly killing 17 of the 20 occupants. When

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2048-589: The Viscount with Britain directly. The last batch of six aircraft built was for the Chinese CAAC Airlines , which was delivered during 1964; at the end of production. 445 Viscounts had been manufactured. Many Viscounts were refurbished and saw new service with African operators; sales of these second-hand aircraft continued into the 1990s. The last airworthy Viscount, 9Q-COD, is believed to have been flown last in January 2009 for Global Airways in

2112-738: The Viscount with a newer turboprop aircraft, the Hawker Siddeley HS 748 . On 18 April 1996, British World Airlines conducted the last Viscount passenger service in Britain, exactly 46 years after BEA's inaugural flight; on board the flight were Sir George Edwards and Sir Peter Masefield . In late 1960, the People's Republic of China had begun negotiations with Vickers for as many as 40 Viscounts, but negotiations were protracted due to political tensions. At this point, China sought arrangements to purchase Viscounts second-hand from existing operators, and later achieved successive deals regarding

2176-428: The Viscount's design. Later models could carry more passengers and had fewer load limitations. Three basic versions of the Viscount were built. The first production version was the Type 700 powered by R.Da.3 Dart 505 and later R.Da.3 Dart 506s. A subvariant was the type 700Ds powered by R.D.a Dart 510s. The second version was the Type 800, which was shorter in range and had a higher passenger capacity aircraft than

2240-517: The Viscount, and maintained its advantage of lower operating costs over jet airliners, but its disadvantage in being slower became critical as jets became more available. Regular passenger flights were launched by BEA on 18 April 1953, the world's first scheduled turboprop airline service. BEA became a large user of the Viscount, as well the rival Handley Page Dart Herald ; by mid-1958, BEA's Viscount fleet had carried over 2.75 million passengers over 200,000 flight hours. Following BEA's launch of

2304-466: The Viscount. The first prototype already under construction was converted to the Dart as a 630, as well. The resulting Vickers Type 630 design was completed at Brooklands by chief designer Rex Pierson and his staff in 1945, a 32-seat airliner powered by four Dart engines for a cruising speed of 275 mph (443 km/h). An order for two prototypes was placed in March 1946, and construction started in

2368-404: The Viscount... it was quite likely that the smaller version would have gone into production... It was in a sense BEA's lack of enthusiasm for the [Type] 630 which made possible the [Viscount's] success." Early flight trials, however, showed the qualities of a turboprop, resulting in a February 1949 order from the Ministry of Supply for a prototype of a stretched version with more powerful engines,

2432-586: The aircraft carry 32 passengers, instead, but remained otherwise similar. The first design in June 1945 was based on the Viking with four turboprop engines and 24 seats and designated the VC-2 or Type 453. Later, a double-bubble fuselage was proposed to give extra underfloor cargo space. Neither was pressurised, but the designers soon realised that for economical operation, an altitude above 20,000 ft (6,100 m)

2496-584: The committee and Vickers' chief designer, Rex Pierson , Vickers advocated turboprop power. The committee was not convinced and split the specification into two types, the Type IIA using piston power, which led to the Airspeed Ambassador , and the turboprop-powered Type IIB, which Vickers was selected to develop in April 1945. British European Airways (BEA) was involved in the design and asked that

2560-525: The company's Foxwarren Experimental Department. Originally named Viceroy after the viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten , the aircraft was renamed Viscount following India's independence in 1947. Work took place on replacing the Darts with the Mamba, but this was dropped by the time the prototypes were reaching completion. After Pierson's death in 1948, George Edwards (later Sir George Edwards) took over as chief designer and assumed all technical control over

2624-477: The end of 1953, the order book had risen to 90, and 160 by the end of the following year. Vickers was able to quickly respond to the new orders, as it had gambled on such orders emerging and early on the decision had been taken to commit to a high production rate at the company's own risk. In 1957, the Vickers production line was producing the Viscount at a rate of one aircraft every three days. In October 1953,

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2688-592: The first Viscount was delivered to Canada in a large media event that included an improvised aerial display. TCA became a prolific operator of the type, placing multiple follow-up orders for additional Viscounts. By 1958, TCA had an operational fleet of 51 Viscounts. Aviation author Peter Pigott later wrote: "For TCA and Vickers, the Viscount was a public-relations coup. Passengers loved the quiet ride and panoramic windows. No other airline in North America flew turbo-prop airliners then, and no other British aircraft

2752-492: The first time. The Two Airlines Policy was formally established in 1952 by the Fifth Menzies Ministry. The policy took practical effect when Ansett purchased the failing Australian National Airways in 1957, resulting in it being the only competitor for the government-owned TAA. Unstated was the requirement for both airlines to have identical equipment. The first North American airline to use turboprop aircraft

2816-505: The following critical aspects of aircraft airworthiness and their operation: Depending on the legal system of the jurisdiction, a CAA will derive its powers from an act of parliament (such as the Civil or Federal Aviation Act), and is then empowered to make regulations within the bounds of the act. This allows technical aspects of airworthiness to be dealt with by subject matter experts and not politicians. A CAA may also be involved in

2880-445: The fuselage from 65 ft 5 in (19.94 m) to 74 ft 6 in (22.71 m) and meant an increased wingspan of 89 ft (27 m). The contract for the aircraft to Air Ministry specification C.16/46 was signed on 9 March 1946 and Vickers allocated the designation Type 609 and the name Viceroy . Although George Edwards had always favoured the 800 hp Rolls-Royce Dart other engines were considered, including

2944-464: The grass airfield at Wisley on 16 July 1948, piloted by Joseph "Mutt" Summers , Vickers' chief test pilot . The design was considered too small and slow at 275 mph (443 km/h), making the per-passenger operating costs too high for regular service, and BEA had placed an order for 20 piston-engined Airspeed Ambassadors in 1947. Retrospectively commenting on Britain's aviation industry, Duncan Burn stated: "Had BEA committed itself to full support of

3008-746: The investigation of aircraft accidents, although in many cases this is left to a separate body (such as the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) in Australia or the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) in the United States), to allow independent review of regulatory oversight. A CAA will regulate the control of air traffic but a separate agency will generally carry out air traffic control functions. In some countries

3072-465: The long-term successor to the Viscount. BEA, and its nationalised successor British Airways (BA), vigorously operated the Viscount on Britain's domestic routes. In the 1980s, BA began withdrawing its ageing Viscount fleet; all BA Viscount operations in Scotland had ended in 1982. Former BA aircraft were often sold on to charter operators such as British Air Ferries . Some airlines chose to replace

3136-465: The most successful and profitable of the first postwar transport aircraft; 445 Viscounts were built for a range of international customers, including in North America. The Viscount was a response to the 1943 Brabazon Committee's proposed Type II design for a postwar, small, medium-range, pressurised aircraft to fly less-travelled routes, carrying 24 passengers up to 1,750 mi (2,816 km) at 200 mph (320 km/h). During discussions between

3200-800: The past to develop different models for specific national requirements (such as the BAe Jetstream 31 ), and impeded airline travel into foreign jurisdictions. The Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) was signed in 1944 and addressed these issues. This then led to the establishment by the United Nations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in 1947 which now oversees member states, and works to implement regulatory changes to ensure that best practice regulations are adopted. The Joint Aviation Authorities (JAA)

3264-416: The previous year as a jet-powered replacement for the Viscount. SAA sold its last Viscount to British Midland in the 1970s. Central African Airways (CAA) had been a traditional customer of Vickers, already operating a number of Vickers Vikings when it received its first Viscount on 25 April 1956. The introduction of the Viscount roughly coincided with the opening of a major airport at Salisbury , and

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3328-504: The score for each of them. CAAC subsequently grants permission to start on those who score highest on the list. CAAC also issues frequent operation data and notices. CAAC administers China's no-fly list. List of Directors of the Civil Aviation Administration of China: Civil aviation authority Due to the inherent dangers in the use of flight vehicles, national aviation authorities typically regulate

3392-497: The separate Civil Aviation Agency and civil airline. Under this decision, from July to November 1951, the Civil Aviation Agency had four administration offices in Shanghai (Eastern China), Guangzhou (Central-Southern), Chongqing (Southwestern China), and Tianjin (Northern China). The Southern China branch was briefly renamed the Civil Aviation Administration Office of Southern China. On 17 July 1952,

3456-435: The type, multiple independent charter operators, such as British Eagle , were quick to adopt the Viscount into their fleets. During the 1960s, the Viscount formed the backbone of domestic air travel in Scotland. The early operational service of the Viscount quickly proved it to have significant performance advances over its rivals, and orders rapidly rose as a result; up to November 1952, only 42 aircraft had been ordered; by

3520-434: Was Trans-Canada Air Lines (TCA), with a small fleet of Type 700 Viscounts. Initially, TCA was cautious of the Viscount due to the turboprop engine being a new technology, and a preference had existed for acquiring the piston-engined Convair CV-240 , instead; praise of the Viscount from pilots and a promise from Vickers to make any design changes desired by TCA persuaded it to procure the Viscount, instead. On 6 December 1954,

3584-461: Was a definite relief to be rid of the rough vibrations... The turboprop is an excellent shorthaul airplane and a definite crowd pleaser. The substitution of a lower constant-pitch noise and smoothness for the vibration, grunts, and groans of the piston engine gives the hesitant passenger a feeling of confidence." Viscount cabin windows were huge ellipses, 19 by 26 inches. Viscount operational costs were lower than many rival aircraft; Vickers projected

3648-594: Was bought by American airlines in such quantity." TCA operated the Viscount for two decades until Air Canada (TCA relabelled with a name equally at home in English and French), ended Viscount services in 1974. The type was replaced by the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 . Routine Flight (1955) featured the TCA introduction of the Viscount in this National Film Board of Canada documentary. TCA's procurement of

3712-903: Was created in December of the same year, and set offices in Chongqing , Guangzhou , Shanghai , Tianjin , and Wuhan . On 10 March 1950, the Guangzhou Office began to work, managing civil flight services in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hunan. Later, it was merged with Wuhan Office to form the Civil Aviation Office of Central and Southern China on 21 January 1951, in Guangzhou, and was renamed Central and Southern Civil Aviation Office, working for civil flight administrations in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei, and Hunan. On 7 May 1952,

3776-672: Was founded in 1970, for cooperation between European CAAs. It published the Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR), to create minimum standards across agencies. It was replaced by the European Aviation Safety Agency and disbanded in 2009. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) was created in 2003 as an agency of the European Union, replacing the Joint Aviation Authorities. It standardises aviation regulations across

3840-472: Was made a subsidiary of the newly created Ministry of Transport, and its official Chinese name was slightly adjusted to reflect its being no longer a ministry-level agency. Its official English name has remained Civil Aviation Administration of China. On 11 March 2019, the CAAC was the first civil aviation authority to ground the Boeing 737 MAX . After so doing, most of the world's aviation authorities grounded

3904-449: Was needed. Thus, pressurisation was required. The decision for pressurisation resulted in the double-bubble and elliptical fuselage designs being abandoned. A circular cross-section variant was offered at the beginning of 1946. The resulting 28-seat VC-2 was financed by the Ministry of Supply with an order for two prototypes. Before the contract was signed, though, the government asked for the capacity to be increased to 32. This stretched

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3968-461: Was renamed the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport on 17 November 1960. In April 1962, the Presidium of the 2nd National People's Congress decided to rename the General Administration of Civil Aviation of the Ministry of Transport to the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China on the 53rd meeting. It was transferred to the State Council and was managed by

4032-693: Was the first scheduled airline flight by any turbine-powered aircraft. The second prototype Viscount, the Type 663 testbed, had two Rolls-Royce Tay turbojet engines, and first flew in RAF markings as serial VX217 at Wisley on 15 March 1950. It was demonstrated at the Farnborough SBAC Show in September and was later used in the development of powered controls for the Valiant bomber. It later

4096-403: Was used as a test bed by Boulton Paul Ltd for the development of electronic flight-control systems. The designers then went back to the drawing board and the aircraft emerged as the larger Type 700 with up to 48 passengers (53 in some configurations), and a cruising speed of 308 mph (496 km/h). The new prototype G-AMAV first flew from Brooklands on 28 August 1950, and served as

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