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75-565: The primary objective of the law was to establish a "national" and "professional" civil service by dismissing certain groups of tenured civil servants. Individuals of non- Aryan origin, particularly those of Jewish descent, were compelled to retire, while members of the Communist Party or affiliated organizations were to be terminated from their positions. Additionally, the law forbade Jews, non-Aryans, and political opponents from holding positions as teachers, professors, judges, or within

150-536: A Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European language family by this time. The inequality of races and the notion of a "superior race" was universally accepted by the scholars of this era, therefore race was referred to "national character and national culture" beyond biological confinement. In 1853, Arthur de Gobineau published An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races , in which he originally identified

225-622: A "physical-genetic species" rather than an ethnolinguistic category. Encyclopedias and textbooks of historiography, ethnography, and anthropology from this era, such as Meyers Konversations-Lexikon , Brockhaus Enzyklopädie , Nordisk familjebok , H. G. Wells 's A Short History of the World , John Clark Ridpath 's Great Races of Mankind , and other works reinforced European racial constructions developed on now-pseudoscientific concepts such as racial taxonomy , Social Darwinism , and scientific racism to classify human races. The term Aryan

300-579: A "return to the origins". Various writers in the newspaper Zhar-Ptitsa showed interest in a purported manuscript—the Book of Veles —which supposedly dated to the first century BCE. F. A. Izenbek, a White Army officer, alleged the discovery of this manuscript during the Russian Civil War . However one of Izenbek's friends, Iurii Miroliubov, had forged the manuscript, and used the term " Vedism " to describe Russian neo-paganism; he later appropriated

375-694: A distinction between Aryans and non-Aryans. It also included provisions for compulsory retirement and the requirement of providing evidence of Aryan ancestry. A series of related ordinances were issued to implement the law and introduce further regulations. Article 1 of the Law claimed that in order to re-establish a "national" and "professional" civil service, members of certain groups of tenured civil servants were to be dismissed. Civil servants who were not of Aryan descent were to retire. Non-Aryans were defined as someone descended from non-Aryans, especially those descended from Jewish parents, or grandparents. Members of

450-436: A high elevation in central Asia, speaking a proto-language ancestral to later Indo-European languages, which later branched off in two directions: one moved towards Europe and the other migrated to Iran, eventually splitting again with one group invading north-western India and conquering the dark-skinned dasas of Scythian origin who lived there. The northern Aryans of Europe became energetic and combative, and they invented

525-856: A misreading of the Sanskrit text, and indicate that the Rig Vedic opposition between ārya and dasyu is distinction between "disorder, chaos and dark side of human nature" contrasted with the concepts of "order, purity, goodness and light", and " dark and light worlds ". In other contexts of the Vedic passages the dinstiction between ārya and dasyu refers to those who had adopted the Vedic religion , speaking Vedic Sanskrit, and those who opposed it. However, increasing number of Western writers of this era, especially among anthropologists and non-specialists influenced by Darwinist theories, contrasted Aryans as

600-465: A new, imagined biological category: "a tall, light-complexioned, blonde, blue-eyed race" - supposed phenotypic traits of Nordic race . The anglicized term "Aryan" then developed into a purely racialist meaning implicating Nordic racial type. However, modern scholarship of Indo-European studies use "Aryan" and "Indo-Aryan" in their original senses referring to Indo-Iranian and Indic branch of Indo-Europeans. Classification of human races based on

675-458: A parent or grandparent belonged to the Jewish religion who are non-Aryan .... Thus, the Law by no means excludes the possibility of non-Aryan descent, even if none of the parents or grandparents belonged to the Jewish religion, in the event that non-Aryan descent can be established by other means. Aryan race The Aryan race is a pseudoscientific historical race concept that emerged in

750-546: A particular people or even a particular 'racial' group but all those who had joined the tribes speaking Vedic Sanskrit and adhering to their cultural norms (such as ritual, poetry, etc.)". Scholars state that the historical Aryans, the Vedic period Bronze Age tribes who lived in Iran , Afghanistan , and the northern Indian subcontinent —composers of the Rig Veda and Avesta—were unlikely to be blond or blue-eyed, contrary to

825-628: A revival of the intellectual quest for "the German language and traditions" and a desire to "discard the cold, artificial logic of Enlightenment ". After Darwin 's 1859 publication of On the Origin of Species and publicization of the theorized model of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE), the Romantics convicted that language was a defining factor in national identity , combined with the new ideas of Darwinism . The German nationalists misemployed

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900-419: A significant role in various neo-pagan movements. The Russian Slavophile movements borrowed various discrete ideas of a presumed "prestigious Aryan origin" of Europeans from Nazi Germany. Although Russian Orthodoxy was the primary religious influence on Russian nationalists, the primacy of Christianity was treated skeptically by these groups, who later began searching for an ancient text to rationalize

975-659: A state—who are descendants of a Volk domiciled in Europe in a closed tribal settlement and are closely related to German racial community. The Nazi concept of " Volksgemeinschaft " racially unified ethnic Germans, including those living outside the German Reich, propounding only the members of the racial community be considered Aryan. Members of the SS deemed Aryans could be selected from populations of Volksdeutsche across Europe to create "master race". Nazi Party established

1050-486: A theory rejected by modern scholarships. "Aryan" then came to be used by scholars of the 19th century to refer to Indo-Europeans. The now-discredited and chronologically reconstructed North European hypothesis was endorsed by such scholars who situated the PIE homeland in northern Europe, which led to the association of " Proto-Indo-Europeans ", originally a hypothesized linguistic population of Eurasian PIE speakers, with

1125-548: Is considered the founding Nazi ideologues of Slavic Neopaganism . With the rise of first-wave feminism , various authors of the Goddess movement cast the ancient Indo-Europeans as a "patriachal, warlike invaders who destroyed a utopian prehistoric world of feminine peace and beauty" in various archaeological dramas and books such as Riane Eisler 's The Chalice and the Blade (1987) and Marija Gimbutas 's Civilization of

1200-543: Is controversial within white nationalist circles. Many white supremacist neo-Nazi groups and prison gangs , notably in the United States, view themselves as part of an Aryan race, including the Aryan Brotherhood , Aryan Nations , Aryan Guard , Aryan Republican Army , White Aryan Resistance , Aryan Circle , Aryan Brotherhood of Texas , and others . Indo-European history, real and feigned, plays

1275-698: Is described as "one of the most important proto-Nazi texts", The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century , in which he theorized an existential struggle to the death between a superior German-Aryan race and a destructive Jewish-Semitic race. In 1916, Madison Grant published The Passing of the Great Race , a polemic against interbreeding between "Aryan" Americans, the original Thirteen Colonies settlers of British-Scots-Irish-German origin, with immigrant "inferior races", which according to him were, Poles , Czechs , Jews, and Italians . The book

1350-466: The 1935 Nuremberg Laws , and the racist doctrines of Adolf Hitler considered Jews , Roma and Slavs , including Poles , Czechs , Russians and Serbs , "racially inferior sub-humans" ( German : Untermensch , lit.   'sub-human'); the term was also applied to " Mischling " (persons of mixed "Aryan" and non-Aryan, such as Jewish, ancestry) and black people . A definition of Aryan that included all non-Jewish Europeans

1425-585: The Communist Party , or any related or associated organisation were to be dismissed. This meant that Jews, other non-Aryans, and political opponents could not serve as teachers , professors , judges , or other government positions. Shortly afterwards, a similar law was passed concerning lawyers , doctors , tax consultants , musicians, and notaries . As the law was first drafted by the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick , all those of "non-Aryan descent" were to be fired immediately at

1500-544: The Northern Europeans " in self-congratulatory studies. Subsequently, the German Romantics' quest for a "pure" national heritage led to the interpretation of the ancient speakers of PIE language as the distinct progenitors of a "racial-linguistic-national stereotype". The term " Aryan " was originally used as an ethnocultural self-designative identity and epithet of "noble" by Indo-Iranians and

1575-649: The Proto-Indo-European language were distinct progenitors of a superior specimen of humankind, and that their descendants up to the present day constitute either a distinctive race or a sub-race of the Caucasian race , alongside the Semitic race and the Hamitic race . This taxonomic approach to categorizing human population groups is now considered to be misguided and biologically meaningless due to

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1650-650: The Prussian Academy of Sciences and emigrated to the United States before he could be expelled. Article 4 of the Law ("Civil servants who, after their previous political activities, cannot guarantee that they will always stand up for the national state without reservation[…].") had the intention to remove all personnel that, because of their political views, could not be relied upon by the Party to execute its wishes (Gleichschaltung). This Article 4 affected all Germans irrespective of their "racial" origins. Following

1725-514: The Reich , Länder and municipal levels of government. However, the President of Germany , Paul von Hindenburg objected to the bill until it had been amended to exclude three classes of civil servants from the ban: Hitler agreed to these amendments and the bill was signed into law on 7 April 1933. In practice, the amendments excluded most Jewish civil servants; after Hindenburg's death in 1934,

1800-561: The SS and worked for the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology publishing theories of Nazi eugenics and racial evolution, claimed the Nordic race as a highly evolved race, and Aboriginal Australians as being the lowest rank in the racial hierarchy . Hans F. K. Günther was considered to be the most influential Nazi anthropologist, although he was not professionally trained. Günther's racist writings on Nordicism

1875-413: The SS organization Ahnenerbe ( German : Deutsches Ahnenerbe ) for conducting archaeological investigations of a presumed "Germanic expansion in pre-history". Nazi scholars endorsed the now-discredited North European hypothesis in an effort to prove PIE was originally spoken by an "Aryan master race", and associated the Semitic languages with "inferior races". Historical revisionism around race

1950-437: The close genetic similarity and complex interrelationships between these groups . The term was adopted by various racist and antisemitic writers during the 19th century, including Arthur de Gobineau , Richard Wagner , and Houston Stewart Chamberlain , whose scientific racism influenced later Nazi racial ideology . By the 1930s, the concept had been associated with both Nazism and Nordicism , and used to support

2025-525: The disabled . Nazi Germany introduced the Anti-Jewish legislation that systemically discriminated against Jews by requiring Aryan certification for a German Reich citizen. After Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany , the public policies of Nazi Germany became increasingly hostile towards supposed "inferior types", particularly Jews, who were considered to be the highest manifestation of

2100-460: The lexical similarities between Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages such as Persian , Gothic , Greek , and Latin , and concluded that Sanskrit—as a descendant language —belonged to the same proto- or parent-language in the language family —that is PIE, as the other Indo-European languages, in his Third Anniversary Discourse on the Hindus (1786). However, the linguistic homeland of

2175-529: The original speakers of Proto-Indo-European was a politicized debate among the archaeologists and comparative historical linguists since the start, entangling in chauvinistic causes. Some European nationalists and dictators , most notably the Nazis, later attempted to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland in their country or region as racially superior. According to Leon Poliakov ,

2250-599: The scientific theory of natural selection for the rationalization of the supposed fitness of some races over others, although Darwin himself never applied his theory of fitness to vague entities such as races or languages. The "unfit" races were suggested as a source of genetic weakness, and a threat that might contaminate the superior qualities of the "fit" races. The misleading mixture of pseudoscience and Romanticism produced new racial ideologies which used distorted Social Darwinist interpretations of race to explain "the superior biological-spiritual-linguistic essence of

2325-531: The white supremacist ideology of Aryanism that portrayed the Aryan race as a " master race ", with non-Aryans regarded as racially inferior ( Untermensch , lit.   ' subhuman ' ) and an existential threat that was to be exterminated . In Nazi Germany , these ideas formed an essential part of the state ideology that led to the Holocaust . In the late 18th century, Proto-Indo-European (PIE)

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-551: The "First Ordinance for the accomplishment of the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, the first definition of a Jew was defined as: A person is to be considered non-Aryan if he is descended from non-Aryan, and especially from Jewish parents or grandparents. It is sufficient if one parent or grandparent is non-Aryan. This is to be assumed in particular where one parent or grandparent

2475-486: The "Siebente Verordnung zum Reichsbürgergesetz". On 1 September 1933, Frick issued the second supplementary decree of the law in attempt to define the terms "Aryan" and "non-Aryan": In defining the concept of Aryan descent in accordance with section 3 of the Law for the Restoration of the Civil Service, it is not religion which is decisive, but rather descent, race, blood. It is in particular not only those of whom

2550-458: The "master race" ( German : Herrenrasse ). Recent archaeogenetic studies contradict these ideas, and instead suggest that Proto-Indo-European speaking peoples probably had brown eyes and hair, and intermediate skin complexion. After the death of Kossinna, Heinrich Himmler , and other Nazi figures such as Alfred Rosenberg , adopted his nationalistic theories of Germanic peoples and methodologies, including settlement archaeology, and founded

2625-552: The Aryan identity as asserted in the Rig Veda was cultural , religious , and linguistic , not racial; nor do the Vedas contemplate racial purity . The Rig Veda affirms a ritualistic barrier : an individual is considered Aryan if they sacrifice to the right gods, which requires performing traditional prayer in the traditional language, and does not connote a racial barrier. Michael Witzel states that term Aryan "does not mean

2700-512: The Aryan race as the white race, and the only civilized one, and conceived cultural decline and miscegenation as intimately intertwined. He argued that the Aryans represented a superior branch of humanity, and attempted to identify the races of Europe as Aryan and associated them with the sons of Noah , emphasizing superiority, and categorized non-Aryan as an intrusion of the Semitic race . According to him, northern Europeans had migrated across

2775-569: The Aryans". Following Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II , various neo-Nazi and racial nationalist movements developed a more inclusive definition of Aryan claiming to Western European peoples, with Nordic and Germanic peoples being the most "racially pure". However, in the United States , most white nationalists define whiteness broadly as people of European ancestry , and some consider Jews to be white although this

2850-645: The Christian faith. In 1932, Nazi Gauleiter Rudolf Jordan claimed that SS Security Chief Reinhard Heydrich was not a pure "Aryan". Within the Nazi organisation such innuendo could be damning, even for the head of the Reich's counterintelligence service. Gregor Strasser passed the allegations on to Achim Gercke who investigated Heydrich's genealogy. Gercke reported that Heydrich was "... of German origin and free from any coloured and Jewish blood". He insisted that

2925-595: The Civil Service Law to differentiate between 'Aryans' and 'non-Aryans'. However, the quantity of how much Jewish blood an individual was allowed to have until it was considered to damage the German Volk remained untenable. (The following is translated from the German version of this page.) Political opponents of national socialism ("Officials who, on account of their past political activities cannot guarantee that they have always acted wholeheartedly for

3000-673: The Goddess (1991). Notes Bibliography Achim Gercke Achim Gercke (3 August 1902 – 27 October 1997) was a German politician. Born in Greifswald , Gercke was the son of the classical philologist Alfred Gercke . After pursuing an academic career, he became a department head of the NSDAP in Munich on 1 January 1932. In April 1933 he was appointed to the Ministry of

3075-454: The Indian religious scripture, the Vedas , to aggrandize the manuscript. Nationalistic white Russian émigrés and neo-Pagans consider the manuscript to be an authentic historical source of Slavic antiquity, who claim a direct link between "ancient Aryans" and themselves as Slavs. However, the manuscript is declared literary forgery by scholars. Alexey Dobrovolsky , a Russian neo-Nazi ,

Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-636: The Interior , where he served as an expert on racial matters. Gercke devised the system of "racial prophylaxis", forbidding the intermarriage between Jews and Aryans . As a student, he had attempted to develop a card index listing all Jews in Germany. His articles outlined Nazi policy on what to do to the Jews during the early phase of the Third Reich , which included expulsion from Germany. He described

3225-615: The Semitic race, and segregation of Jews in ghettos culminated in the policy of extermination the Nazis called the Final Solution to the Jewish Question . The state-sponsored persecution systematically murdered over 6 million Jews, 5.7 million Slavs, 1.8–3 million Poles, 270,000 disabled people, among other victims , including children through mass shooting , gas chamber , gas van , and concentration camps , in

3300-467: The amendments were superseded completely by the Nuremberg Laws . Nonetheless, passage of the law was a crucial turning point in the history of German Jewry , for it marked the first time since the last German Jews had been emancipated in 1871 that an anti-Semitic law had been passed in Germany. In one particularly notable example of the law's effect, Albert Einstein resigned his position at

3375-587: The authors of the oldest known religious texts of Rig Veda and Avesta within the Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European language family—Sanskrit and Iranian , who lived in ancient India and Iran . Although the Sanskrit ā́rya- and Iranian *arya- descended from a form *ā̆rya-, it was only attested to the Indo-Iranian tribes. Benjamin W. Fortson states that there may have been no term for self-designation of Proto-Indo-Europeans, and no such morphemes has survived. J. P. Mallory et al. states although

3450-475: The civil service would have to be able to produce the Ariernachweis (proof of Aryan ancestry) in order to prove that they had no ancestors of the Jewish faith. The loophole was closed by the 1935 Nuremberg Laws . Jewish civil servants still holding their posts were given notice by 31 December 1935 at the latest. According to § 6 of the law, civil servants could be forced into retirement without cause "for

3525-399: The concept of the Aryan race was deeply rooted in philology, based on the work of Sir William Jones' claiming that Sanskrit was related to Greco-Roman (European) languages. Other thinkers invented secularized origins for European civilization that were not based on the biblical genealogies from which Europe's aristocracy had long claimed descent. The influence of Romanticism in Germany saw

3600-556: The decree, Albert Gorter redefined the term 'Aryan' in the Aryan paragraph as: The Aryans (also Indo-Germans, Japhetiten) are one of the three branches of the Caucasian (white race); they are divided into the western (European), that is the German, Roman, Greek, Slav, Lett, Celt [and] Albanesen, and the eastern (Asiatic) Aryans, that is the Indian (Hindu) and Iranian (Persian, Afghan, Armenian, Georgian, Kurd). Non-Aryans are therefore: 1.

3675-689: The government. Its reach extended to other professions such as lawyers, doctors, tax consultants, musicians, and notaries. Initially, the law sought the dismissal of all non-Aryan civil servants, but subsequent amendments were introduced to exempt World War I veterans, individuals serving since August 1914, and those who had lost family members in the war. This law represented a significant turning point for German Jewry , prompting notable figures such as Albert Einstein to resign and emigrate prior to being forcibly expelled. Another provision aimed to remove personnel deemed unreliable due to their political beliefs. The legislation defined Aryan lineage and established

3750-461: The idea of a nation, while the southern Aryans of Iran and India were passive and meditative and focussed on religion and philosophy. Though he occasionally used the term "Aryan race" afterward, Müller later objected to the mixing of the linguistic and racial categories, and was "deeply saddened by the fact that these classifications later came to be expressed in racist terms". In his 1888 lecture at Oxford , he stated, "[the] science of Language and

3825-525: The just-enacted Nuremberg Laws restricting Jews as provisional measures, which indicated the direction future measures would take. Gercke argued for defining "Jew" as including any person with one-sixteenth Jewish blood. Later in 1942, the Wannsee Conference ultimately defined "Jew" quite differently: Persons having one Jewish grandparent were mostly excluded and even certain persons with two Jewish grandparents might be excluded, if they followed

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3900-480: The late-19th century to describe people who descend from the Proto-Indo-Europeans as a racial grouping . The terminology derives from the historical usage of Aryan , used by modern Indo-Iranians as an epithet of "noble". Anthropological , historical , and archaeological evidence does not support the validity of this concept. The concept derives from the notion that the original speakers of

3975-779: The members of two other races, namely the Mongolian (yellow) and the Negroid (black) races; 2. the members of the two other branches of the Caucasian race, namely the Semites (Jews, Arabs) and Hamites (Berbers). The Finns and the Hungarians belong to the Mongoloid race; but it is hardly the intention of the law to treat them as non-Aryans. Thus … the non-Jewish members of the European Volk are Aryans... However, this definition

4050-512: The method and advocacy for the ideology of a Germanic master race . Max Müller popularized the term Aryan in his writings on comparative linguistics , and is often identified as the first writer to mention an Aryan race in English. He began the racial interpretation of the Vedic passages based upon his editing of the Rigveda from 1849 to 1874. He postulated a small Aryan clan living on

4125-431: The national state") should either be forced into retirement or let go from their jobs. Moreover, civil servants should be let go if they had started their jobs after 1918 and were now unable to demonstrate that they had acquired all the training necessary for their careers. These people were called "membership book officials (Parteibuch-Beamte)" in the language of National Socialist propaganda. According to § 3 (1) of

4200-477: The now-pseudoscientific study of phenotypical differences developed during the nineteenth century and evidence in support of such theories were sought from the study of language and reconstructions of language families. Scholars of this era established the ethnological term "Aryan" as the race that had spoken the Proto-Indo-European language, and in this context, the term was often used as a synonym for "Indo-Europeans". Scholars point out that, even in ancient times,

4275-513: The organization NSDAP/AO to disseminate Nazi propaganda among the ethnic German minorities considered Volksdeutsche in central and eastern Europe. Nazi racial theories considered the "purest stock of Aryans" the Nordic people , identified by physical anthropological features such as tallness, white skin, blue eyes, narrow and straight noses, doliocephalic skulls , prominent chins, and blond hair, including Scandinavians , Germans , English and French , with Nordic and Germanic people being

4350-524: The process known as the Holocaust . The ethnic Germans considered Volksdeutsche joined the local SS organizations under NSDAP/AO and participated in Nazi-sponsored pogroms in eastern and central Europe during the Holocaust, including seizures of Jewish property. The Aryan race belief was used by the Nazis to justify the persecution, depicting the victims as the "antipode and eternal enemy of

4425-415: The proponents of Aryanism and Nordicism. The racial interpretation of Aryans stems from the now-discredited culture-historical archaeology theory of Gustaf Kossinna , who asserted a one-to-one correspondence between archaeological culture and archaeological race . According to Kossinna, the continuity of a "culture" exposits the continuity of a "race" which lived continuously in the same area, and

4500-451: The resemblance of a culture in a younger layer to a culture from an older layer indicates that the autochthonous tribe from the homeland had migrated. Kossinna developed an ethnic paradigm in archaeology called settlement archaeology and practiced the nationalistic interpretation of German archaeology for the Third Reich . The obsolete North European hypothesis was endorsed by Kossinna and Karl Penka , including German nationalists, which

4575-670: The science of Man cannot be kept too much asunder [...] it would be as wrong to speak of Aryan blood as of dolichocephalic grammar", and in his Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas (1888), he writes, "[the] ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan blood, Aryan eyes, and hair, is a great sinner as a linguist [...]". European scholars of 19th century interpreted the Vedic passages as depicting battle between light-skinned Aryan migrants and dark-skinned indigenous tribes, but modern scholars reject this characterization of racial division as

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4650-473: The simplification of administration". The vacant positions created by this action were not to be refilled. In rapid succession numerous regulations were dispensed with, as well as many employees and labourers in civil service as well as in the Reichsbank. Pensions were not allowed for all groups of people forced into the ranks of pensioners by this law. The guaranteed old-age pension was reduced in 1938 by

4725-460: The term "Aryan" takes on an ethnic meaning attesting to Indo-Iranians, there is no grounds for ascribing this semantic use to the Proto-Indo-European reconstruction of lexicon *h₂eryós i.e. there is no evidence that the speakers of proto-language referred to themselves as "Aryans". However, in the 19th century, it was proposed that ā́rya- was not only the tribal self-designation of Indo-Iranians, but self-designation of Proto-Indo-Europeans themselves,

4800-460: The world and founded the major civilizations, before being diluted through racial mixing with indigenous populations described as racially inferior, leading to the progressive decay of the ancient Aryan civilizations. In 1878, German American anthropologist Theodor Poesche published a survey of historical references attempting to demonstrate that the Aryans were light-skinned blue-eyed blonds. In 1899, Houston Stewart Chamberlain published what

4875-558: Was a best-seller at the time. While the Aryan race theory remained popular, particularly in Germany , some authors opposed it, in particular Otto Schrader , Rudolph von Jhering and the ethnologist Robert Hartmann , who proposed to ban the notion of Aryan from anthropology. The term was also adopted by various occultists and esoteric ideological systems of this era, such as Helena Blavatsky , and Ariosophy . Final solution Parties The racial policies of Nazi Germany ,

4950-413: Was adopted by various racist and antisemitic writers such as Arthur de Gobineau , Theodor Poesche , Houston Chamberlain , Paul Broca , Karl Penka and Hans Günther during the nineteenth century for the promotion of scientific racism , spawning ideologies such as Nordicism and Aryanism . The connotation of the term Aryan was detached from its proper geographic and linguistic confinement as

5025-713: Was also praised by Alfred Ploetz, founder of the German Society for Racial Hygiene , who made him an honorary member of the eugenic organization. In 1938, the Reich Ministry of Education released the German biology curriculum which reflected the curriculum developed by the National Socialist Teachers League and emphasized the Social Darwinst interpretation of the evolution of human races. Hans Weinert , who had joined

5100-651: Was constructed as the hypothesized common proto-language of the Indo-European languages . Sir William Jones , who was acclaimed as the "most respected linguist in Europe" for his Grammar of the Persian Language (1771), was appointed one of the three justices of the Supreme Court of Bengal . Jones, who arrived in Calcutta and began his study of Sanskrit and the Rig Veda , was astonished by

5175-537: Was deemed unacceptable, and the Expert Committee on Questions of Population and Racial Policy of 1933 brought together important Nazi intellectuals Alfred Ploetz , Fritz Thyssen , and Ernst Rüdin to plan the course of Nazi racial policy, defining an Aryan as one who was "tribally related to the German blood and descendant of a Volk ". The term " Volksdeutsche " was used by Nazis to indicate "ethnic Germans" who did not hold German Reich citizenship; Volksdeutsche further consist of "racial groups"—minorities within

5250-462: Was disseminated through the Nazi think tank Ahnenerbe. Hitler regularly invoked Social Darwinist concepts of Ernst Haeckel such as higher evolution ( German : Höherentwicklung ), struggle for existence ( German : Existenzkampf ), selection ( German : Auslese ), struggle for life ( German : Lebenskampf ), in his Nazi racial ideology, which is the central theme in the chapter "Nation and Race" of Mein Kampf . Haeckel's Social Darwinism

5325-504: Was encouraged, while the "inferior races" and people with physical or mental illness were deemed " life unworthy of life " ( German : lebensunwertes Leben , lit.   ' lives unworthy of life ') and many were interned in concentration camps . The culmination of Nazi eugenicist and racial hygiene programs of sterilization and extermination aimed at creating an " Aryan master race " and eliminating "inferior non-Aryan types" such as Jews, Slavs, Poles, Roma, homosexuals, and

5400-659: Was later used by the Nazis to condone their genocidal and racist state policies. Kossinna identified the Proto-Indo-Europeans with the Corded Ware culture , and placed the Proto-Indo-European homeland in Schleswig-Holstein . He argued a diffusionist model of culture, and emphasised the racial superiority of Germanic peoples over Romans ( Roman Empire ) and French , whom he described as destroyers of culture as compared to Germanics. Kossinna's ideas have been heavily criticised for its inherent ambiguities in

5475-553: Was of the Jewish religion. They could be let go or prematurely forced into retirement. According to § 3 (2), however, "non-Aryan" officials should be left in their positions if they had occupied those positions since a date before August 1914. Those Jewish civil servants who had a son or father who had been killed in the First World War were also spared from being sacked. This loophole also applied to "Frontkämpfer" (Front-line soldiers) (see Frontkämpferprivileg ). All persons in

5550-673: Was suffused with the ideas of Gobineau, who believed the Nordic race had originated in northern Europe and spread through conquest; this had expressed approval of the Nazi eugenics policies and had critical influence on scientific racism. Günther's theories gained acclamation from Hitler, who later included his books as a recommended reading material for the Nazi Party members . After the Nazis came to power, selective breeding for supposed Aryan traits such as athleticism, blond hair and blue eyes

5625-472: Was unacceptable because it included non-European races. Achim Gercke later redefined this unacceptable definition as the one already used by the Expert Advisor for Population and Racial Policy which stated "An Aryan is one who is tribally related to German blood. An Aryan is the descendant of a Volk domiciled in Europe in a closed tribal settlement since recorded history." This new definition allowed

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