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72-491: The CJTF has been accused of abuses, including slaughtering men beside a mass grave , diverting food destined for starving families and beating men and subjecting women and girls to systematic sexual violence in camps. The CJTF is composed mainly of local volunteers who are familiar with the terrain and the communities they protect. These volunteers work alongside the Nigerian military and other security forces. The organization

144-555: A Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' in the year 1238, was discovered during an excavation in 2005, in Yaroslavl, Russia. The Thirty Years' War , in the 17th century, was Europe's deadliest religious conflict. In the Battle of Lützen , 47 soldiers who perished were buried in a mass grave. Archaeological and osteological analyses found that the soldiers ranged in age from 15–50 years. Most corpses had evidence of blunt force trauma to

216-568: A chapel . Some crematoria also incorporate a columbarium , a place for interring cremation ashes. Prior to the Industrial Revolution , cremation could only take place on an outdoor, open pyre; the alternative was burial . In the 19th century, the development of new furnace technology and contact with cultures that practiced cremation led to its reintroduction in the Western world . The organized movement to instate cremation as

288-427: A famine , epidemic , or natural disaster . In disasters , mass graves are used for infection and disease control. In such cases, there is often a breakdown of the social infrastructure that would enable proper identification and disposal of individual bodies. Many different definitions have been given. The Bournemouth Protocol on Mass Grave Protection and Investigation focuses on circumstances that suggest that

360-521: A cremator heated by concentrated solar energy . Another new design starting to find use in India, where wood is traditionally used for cremation, is a cremator based around a wood gas fired process. Due to the manner in which the wood gas is produced, such crematories use only a fraction of the required wood; and according to multiple sources, have far less impact on the environment than traditional natural gas or fuel oil processes. A typical unit contains

432-418: A criminal mass grave as a burial site containing three or more victims of execution , although an exact definition is not unanimously agreed upon. Mass graves are usually created after many people die or are killed, and there is a desire to bury the corpses quickly for sanitation concerns. Although mass graves can be used during major conflicts such as war and crime , in modern times they may be used after

504-735: A mass grave executed with their hands tied. On the other hand, during the Maratha, Santalaris and Aloda massacre , 126 Turkish Cypriots including elderly people and children were murdered by EOKA B and the inhabitants of the three villages were buried in mass graves with a bulldozer . The villagers of Maratha and Santalaris , 84 to 89 people in total, were buried in the same grave. Mass graves were used to bury Turkish Cypriot victims of Tochni massacre too. Mass grave mapping teams have located 125 Khmer Rouge prison facilities and corresponding gravesites to date in Cambodia while researching

576-700: A mass grave of Reds executed at the Hennala camp . Mass graves from the Tulsa race massacre were excavated in September 2023. There are over 2,000 known mass graves throughout Spain from the Spanish Civil War wherein an estimated 500,000 people died between 1936 and 1939, and approximately 135,000 were killed after the war ended. Exhumations are ongoing. Some are conducted on the basis of information given in witnesses' and relatives' testimonies to

648-532: A nighttime curfew. Additionally, the new dictatorship resulted in widespread violence, leading to executions and casualties. Abducted captives were disposed of in one of the five defense zones within Argentina where they were held. The bodies were typically buried in individual marked anonymous graves. Three mass graves are known to exist on Argentinian police and military premises although other bodies were disposed of through cremation or by being airdropped over

720-525: A presence in vulnerable communities to deter insurgent attacks and provide security for local populations. 3. Support to Military Operations: CJTF members assist the Nigerian military in various operations, including raids and checkpoints. They provide logistical support and help in the identification of insurgent hideouts. 4. Humanitarian Assistance: The CJTF has also been involved in providing humanitarian aid to displaced persons and affected communities, including distributing food and medical supplies. While

792-440: A primary and secondary combustion chamber. These chambers are lined with a refractory brick designed to withstand the high temperatures. The primary chamber contains the body – one at a time usually contained in some type of combustible casket or container. This chamber has at least one burner to provide the heat which vaporizes the water content of the body and aids in combustion of the organic portion. A large door exists to load

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864-493: A result of dental amalgam ). Much of this technology is borrowed from the waste incineration industry on a scaled-down basis. With the rise in the use of cremation in Western nations where amalgam has been used liberally in dental restorations, mercury has been a growing concern. 900 °C (1,650 °F) The application of computer control has allowed cremators to be more automated, in that temperature and oxygen sensors within

936-451: A very large amount of thermal energy . A 68 kg (150 lbs) body which contains 65% water will require 100 MJ of thermal energy before any combustion will take place. 100 MJ is approximately equivalent to 3 m (105 ft ) of natural gas, or 3 liters of fuel oil (0.8 US gallons). Additional energy is necessary to make up for the heat capacity ("preheating") of the furnace, fuel burned for emissions control, and heat losses through

1008-508: A viable method for body disposal began in the 1870s. In 1869 the idea was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni "in the name of public health and civilization". In 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Lodovico Brunetti of Padua published reports or practical work they had conducted. A model of Brunetti's cremating apparatus, together with

1080-601: Is structured to include various units responsible for different operational tasks, such as intelligence gathering, surveillance, and community patrols. The task force is typically organized at the local level, with each unit reporting to a regional commander who coordinates with military officials. 1. Intelligence Gathering: CJTF members provide crucial intelligence on the movements and activities of insurgent groups. Their local knowledge enables them to gather information that might be inaccessible to external forces. 2. Community Protection: The task force conducts patrols and maintains

1152-467: The Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica (ARMH). These testimonies serve the purpose of helping geophysicists , archaeologists and forensic scientists to locate graves in order to identify bodies and allow families to rebury their relatives. In the summer of 2008, information from these testimonies was used to unearth a 4 meter long square grave containing five skeletons near

1224-791: The Atlantic Ocean . Approximately 15,000 people are estimated to have been assassinated. Argentina's largest mass grave's exhumation began in March 1984 at the San Vicente Cemetery in Cordoba. The grave was 3.5 meters deep and 25 by 2.5 meters across. It contained approximately 400 bodies. Of the recovered and exhumed bodies, 123 were of young people violently killed during the 1976–1983 dictatorship . The remaining bodies were identified as older and having died nonviolent deaths such as leprosy . The Rwandan genocide began after

1296-792: The Bosnian War and thousands of victims remain unidentified as of 2017. The Second Libyan Civil War that began in 2014 is a proxy war between the UN-recognized Government of National Accord (GNA) of Fayez al-Sarraj and the Libyan National Army (LNA) of the militia leader Khalifa Haftar . In 2020, the GNA ousted the forces of Haftar, who is backed by the United Arab Emirates and Russia , and captured Tarhuna . The GNA discovered mass graves in

1368-523: The Boston -based pro-Israel media advocacy organization " CAMERA " deny that there was a "massacre". After the Six-Day War in 1967, some 80 Egyptian soldiers were buried in a mass-grave in fields tended by kibbutz Nahshon . The field was later turned into a theme park called " Mini Israel ". The commanders included 25 who burnt to death in a wild fire. An attempt to publish this information in

1440-672: The Haganah , and one British soldier . Dozens of unidentified bodies, burned beyond recognition, were buried in a mass grave in the Sanhedria Cemetery . Tantura was a Palestinian fishing village. Historians and Palestinian survivors claimed the men in Tantura were the victims of a mass execution after surrendering to the Alexandroni Brigade , and then their bodies buried in a mass grave. The grave in Tantura

1512-674: The IDF 's history department, said he had collected testimony from dozens of officers who admitted to killing Egyptian prisoners of war at various locations during the Six Day War . Yitzhaki reported the case to his superiors, but the report remained in storage at IDF headquarters, until 1995, when the Washington Post reported two mass graves at Arish in the Sinai Peninsula . Ras Sedr massacre ( Arabic : مجزرة رأس سدر )

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1584-616: The Killing Fields . These mass graves are believed by villagers to possess tutelary spirits and signify the dead bodies becoming one with the earth. Buddhist rituals, which were taboo at the time, were performed in the 1980s which transformed the anonymous bodies into "spirits of the departed." In the 1990s, religious ceremonies were re-established and the Festival of the Dead was celebrated annually. On at 3:21 AM on 24 March 1976,

1656-556: The Sinai peninsula , on 8 June 1967. Survivors alleged that approximately 400 wounded Egyptians were buried alive outside the captured El Arish International Airport , and that 150 prisoners in the mountains of the Sinai were run over by Israeli tanks. Egyptian researchers have found mass graves of Egyptian POWs from 1967. The expedition was sponsored by al-Ahram , Cairo 's government-run newspaper in 1995. Conservative Israeli media and

1728-542: The Vietnam War . In the fall of 1969, the body count unearthed from mass graves was around 2,800. During the months and years that followed the Battle of Huế , dozens of mass graves were discovered in and around Huế . The victims of the Huế massacre buried in mass graves included government officials, innocent civilians, women and children. They were tortured, executed and in some cases, buried alive. The estimated death toll

1800-514: The World War II with the " final solutions to the Jewish question ", crematoria were widely used for the disposal of corpses. The most technically advanced cremation ovens were those developed by the company “ Topf and Sons ” from Erfurt . While a crematorium can be any place containing a cremator, modern crematoria are designed to serve a number of purposes. As well as being a place for

1872-723: The 1990s was forbidden by the military censor , but the suppression order was lifted in 2022. After publication in Israeli newspapers , Yedioth Ahronoth and Haaretz , Egyptian president Abdel Fattah al-Sisi raised the issue with Israeli prime minister Yair Lapid , who directed his military secretary , "to examine the issue in-depth and to update Egyptian officials". The Chilean military coup against President Salvador Allende occurred on 11 September 1973. The military surrounded Santiago and searched for people hiding in potential guerilla insurgent locations. Civilians were detained for long periods of time and some disappeared. Following

1944-827: The Associated Press estimated that the true death toll may be up to three times that figure. On 15 September 2022, several mass graves, including one site containing at least 440 bodies were found in woods near the Ukrainian city of Izium after it was recaptured by Ukrainian forces. The graves contained bodies of people who were killed by Russian forces. One of the victims was a Ukrainian poet, children's writer, activist and Wikipedian Volodymyr Vakulenko . According to Ukrainian investigators, 447 bodies were discovered: 414 bodies of civilians (215 men, 194 women, 5 children), 22 servicemen, and 11 bodies whose gender had not yet been determined as of 23 September 2022. Most of

2016-668: The CJTF has been praised for its contributions to the fight against Boko Haram, it has faced several challenges and controversies. Issues include allegations of human rights abuses by some members, financial problems , logistical difficulties, and occasional conflicts with the military over coordination and operational control. Despite these challenges, the CJTF remains a crucial component of Nigeria's counter-insurgency strategy. The CJTF has been instrumental in supporting military operations and providing security in areas affected by insurgency. Its local knowledge and commitment have helped in reducing

2088-568: The Chilean military decided to exhume the bodies from Lonquén , Yumbel , and Santiago's General Cemetery . The military airdropped the exhumed bodies over open water or remote mountain locations. Many mass graves of both Turkish and Greek Cypriots were found in Cyprus after Turkey invaded the island in 1974 . On 3 August, 14 Greek Cypriot civilians were executed and buried in a mass grave. In Eptakomi 12 Greek Cypriots were found in

2160-599: The Harouda farm of the town that was under the control of the Kaniyat militiamen, who allied with Haftar in 2019. For a decade, the Kaniyat militia brutalized and killed more than a thousand civilians, where around 650 were murdered in 14 months under the UAE-backed Haftar forces. Thousands of holes were dug by government workers, where 120 bodies recovered. The unearthed remains were used by the families to identify

2232-508: The Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp were dug by German civilians under orders from U.S. soldiers. The Hadassah convoy massacre took place on 13 April 1948, when a convoy, escorted by Haganah militia, bringing medical and military supplies and personnel to Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus , Jerusalem, was ambushed by Arab forces. The attack killed 79 people, including: medics, associated personnel, insurgent fighters from

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2304-574: The West opened in Milan in 1876. By the end of the 19th century, several countries had seen their first crematorium open. Golders Green Crematorium was built from 1901 to 1928 in London and pioneered two features that would become common in future crematoria: the separation of entrance and exit, and a garden of remembrance. In the extermination camps created by the authorities of Nazi Germany during

2376-405: The area and flagged any potential human remains. In January 1996, forensic anthropologists located and exhumed 53 skeletal assemblages. A second mass grave was found under a tree marked with wire, indicating a memorial . Below the tree was a trench filled with multiple bodies. The third and fourth mass graves were found using a probe to test for deteriorating remains. The third grave was marked by

2448-437: The body container. Temperature in the primary chamber is typically between 760–980 °C (1,400–1,800 °F). Higher temperatures speed cremation but consume more energy, generate more nitric oxide , and accelerate spalling of the furnace's refractory lining. The secondary chamber may be at the rear or above the primary chamber. A secondary burner(s) fires into this chamber, oxidizing any organic material which passes from

2520-479: The cemetery of Yumbel . Mass graves were also identified in Santiago's General Cemetery with multiple bodies being forced into a single coffin. This cemetery had an influx of over 300 bodies within a three-month time span. These mass graves were distinguished by a cross with the initials "NN." "NN" is indicative of the phrase " Nomen Nescio " or " no name ." Following extensive media coverage of these mass graves,

2592-600: The church of Andrew the Apostle. 116 bodies were found in the mass grave near the Church of Andrew the Apostle. On 21 April, Human Rights Watch published an extensive report that summarized their own investigation in Bucha , implicating Russian troops in summary executions, other unlawful killings, enforced disappearances, and torture. Mariupol 's deputy mayor Serhii Orlov stated on 9 March 2022 that at least 1,170 civilians in

2664-495: The church was surrounded by armed civilians , police and gendarmes . Those inside were attacked with a variety of weapons including grenades , guns , and machetes . Survivors of the attack were sought after and killed in the following days. Burial of these bodies took place in at least four mass graves. The first mass grave resulting from this attack was discovered behind the church where several bodies were left unburied and scattered. In December 1995, archaeologists surveyed

2736-461: The city had been killed in the city since Russia's invasion began and the dead were being buried in mass graves. By April 2022 several new mass graves located in vicinity of Mariupol were discovered using satellite footage. In early November 2022, Ukraine stated that at least 25,000 civilians had been killed in Mariupol. In late December 2022, based on the discovery of 10,300 new mass graves,

2808-667: The corpses would be left to rot or would be burned. Such examples have been found scattered throughout Europe. Most mass graves dug during the Finnish Civil War hold Reds, the communist Soviet-backed side. Many mass graves are located in uninhabited areas near the sites of the execution including the Pohjois-Haaga mass grave , the Tammisaari mass grave and the Hyvinkää mass grave. The Mustankallio Cemetery holds

2880-730: The coup, bodies were abundant in the streets and in the Mapocho River . It is estimated that 3,200 people were executed or disappeared between 1973 and 1990 in Chile. Higher estimates are up to 4,500 people. These bodies were taken to morgues to be identified and claimed. Unidentified bodies were buried in marked mass graves. From this conflict, several hidden mass graves have been identified. In December 1978, 15 bodies were discovered in an abandoned limestone mine in Lonquén . In October 1979, 19 bodies were exhumed after being secretly buried at

2952-485: The cremator. To provide a substitute for the traditional ritual of seeing the coffin descend into a grave, they incorporate a mechanism for removing the coffin from sight. On the other hand, in Japan, mourners will watch the coffin enter the cremator, then will return after the cremation for the custom of picking the bones from the ashes. While open outdoor pyres were used in the past and are often still used in many areas of

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3024-608: The dead showed signs of violent death and 30 presented traces of torture and summary execution, including ropes around their necks, bound hands, broken limbs and genital amputation. In April 2024, following the withdrawal of israeli forces, over 300 bodies of young men, women, and children were unearthed at the Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, Gaza, after Israeli military withdrawal. The bodies exhibited signs of having been bound and potentially executed in

3096-419: The deaths were unlawful. The debate surrounding mass graves amongst epidemiologists includes whether or not, in a natural disaster, to leave corpses for traditional individual burials, or to bury corpses in mass graves. For example, if an epidemic occurs during winter, flies are less likely to infest corpses, reducing the risk of outbreaks of dysentery , diarrhea , diphtheria , or tetanus , which decreases

3168-405: The direct application of flame to the body. Coal, coke , and wood were used in the past, heating the chambers from below (like a cooking pot). This resulted in an indirect heat and prevented mixing of ash from the fuel with ash from the body. The term retort when applied to cremation furnaces originally referred to this design. There has been interest, mainly in developing nations, to develop

3240-536: The evacuation of prisoners from Mittelbau camps to Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northern Germany . In April 1945, U.S. soldiers liberated the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. Only a few prisoners were still in the camp and the U.S. soldiers found the remains of approximately 1,300 prisoners in the Boelcke barracks. The names of these prisoners are unknown. Mass graves of the dead prisoners from

3312-474: The exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, where heat is transferred from the gases to the bricks. The flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, an open-hearth furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel , and this process made cremation an efficient and practical proposal. Charles's nephew, Carl Friedrich von Siemens perfected

3384-511: The field . Reports indicate that two other mass graves have been identified, but have yet to be excavated. Crematory A crematorium or crematory is a venue for the cremation of the dead . Modern crematoria contain at least one cremator (also known as a crematory , retort or cremation chamber ), a purpose-built furnace. In some countries a crematorium can also be a venue for open-air cremation . In many countries, crematoria contain facilities for funeral ceremonies, such as

3456-443: The funeral chapel, or other facilities or for distribution into local district heating networks has arisen in recent years. Such heat recovery efforts have been viewed in both a positive and negative light by the public. 760–980 °C (1,400–1,800 °F) . In addition, filtration systems ( baghouses ) are being applied to crematories in many countries. Activated carbon adsorption is being considered for mercury abatement (as

3528-500: The head while seven men had stabbing injuries. Most of the soldiers died from gunshot wounds inflicted by pistols and cavalry carbines. Several mass graves have been discovered that were the result of Napoleonic battles, mass graves were dug for expeditious disposal of deceased soldiers and horses. Often soldiers would plunder the substantial quantity of corpses prior to burial. Generally the mass graves were dug by soldiers or members of logistical corps. If these units were not available,

3600-463: The impact of Boko Haram's attacks and stabilizing affected communities. The task force's efforts have also contributed to the broader goal of restoring peace and security in northeastern Nigeria. This Nigeria -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mass grave A mass grave is a grave containing multiple human corpses, which may or may not be identified prior to burial. The United Nations has defined

3672-442: The insulation and in the flue gases. As a result, crematories are most often heated by burners fueled by natural gas . LPG (propane/butane) or fuel oil may be used where natural gas is not available. These burners can range in power from 150 to 400 kilowatts (0.51 to 1.4 million British thermal units per hour). Crematories heated by electricity also exist in India, where electric heating elements bring about cremation without

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3744-688: The local population, similar to the second grave. The fourth grave was identified by a priest. Throughout the Rwandan genocide , bodies were buried in mass graves, left exposed, or disposed of through rivers. At least 40,000 bodies have been discovered in Lake Victoria which connects to Akagera River. Victims of the Srebrenica massacre were murdered by the Army of Republika Srpska and buried in mass graves. Serb forces used mass graves throughout

3816-516: The massacre lasted six weeks. The perpetrators also committed other war crimes such as mass rape , looting , torture , and arson . The massacre is considered to be one of the worst wartime atrocities. The Mittelbau camps held about 60,000 prisoners of The Holocaust between August 1943 and March 1945. Conservative estimates assume that at least 20,000 inmates perished at the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp. In early April 1945, an unknown number of prisoners perished in death marches following

3888-401: The massacres occurred were forbidden to the public. The bodies were considered to be traitors and the act of associating with them was considered treasonous. Despite this, families retrieved bodies from the shallow forbidden mass graves at the massacre sites. In 1956, bereaved families and villagers exhumed over 100 decomposed and unidentifiable bodies, ensuring that the complete human skeleton

3960-512: The media told the people of Argentina that the country was now under the "operational control of the Junta of General Commanders of the Armed Forces." This event and years following it became known as the 1976 Argentine coup d'état . President Isabel Perón had been taken captive two hours prior to the media announcement. The new dictatorship implemented travel bans, public gatherings, and

4032-501: The missing members and only 59 bodies were claimed. Survivors reported that the Kaniyat militia aligned with the UAE-backed Haftar tortured or electrocuted them. Many also reported being beaten by the militia. On 1 April 2022, following the Russian withdrawal, video footage was posted to social media, that showed mass civilian casualties. By 9 April, Ukrainian forensic investigators had begun recovering bodies from mass graves, such as at

4104-483: The practical but dignified disposal of dead bodies, they must also serve the emotional and spiritual needs of the mourners. The design of a crematorium is often heavily influenced by the funeral customs of its country. For example, crematoria in the United Kingdom are designed with a separation between the funeral and cremation facilities, as it is not customary for mourners to witness the coffin being placed in

4176-555: The practice of mass burial, and in particular, the condition of the Cimetière des Innocents , led Louis XVI to eliminate Parisian cemeteries. The remains were removed and placed in the Paris underground forming the early Catacombs . Le Cimetière des Innocents alone had 6,000,000 dead to remove. Burial commenced outside the city limits in what is now Père Lachaise Cemetery . A mass grave containing at least 300 bodies of victims of

4248-433: The primary chamber. This acts as a method of pollution control to eliminate the emission of odors and smoke. The secondary chamber typically operates at a temperature greater than 900 °C (1,650 °F). The flue gases from the secondary chamber are usually vented to the atmosphere through a refractory-lined flue. They are at a very high temperature, and interest in recovering this thermal energy e.g. for space heating of

4320-700: The resulting ashes, was exhibited at the Vienna Exposition in 1873 and attracted great attention, including that of Sir Henry Thompson , a surgeon and Physician to the Queen Victoria , who "returned home to become the first and chief promoter of cremation in England". Meanwhile, Sir Charles William Siemens had developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s. His furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion . In regenerative preheating,

4392-520: The town of San Juan del Monte. These five remains are believed to be of people that were kidnapped and killed after the 18 July 1936 military coup. Another mass grave from the Spanish Civil War was found using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Eyewitness accounts identified two potential locations for an unmarked grave in mountains of Lena in Northern Spain. Both sites were examined and an unmarked mass grave of approximately 1 meter by 5 meters

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4464-419: The unit along with pre-programmed algorithms based upon the weight of the deceased allow the unit to operate with less user intervention. Such computer systems may also streamline recordkeeping requirements for tracking, environmental, and maintenance purposes. The time to carry out a cremation can vary from 70 minutes to 210 minutes. Cremators used to run on timers (some still do) and one would have to determine

4536-767: The unsolved death of the Rwandan president, Juvénal Habyarimana , on 6 April 1994. Extremist members of the Hutu government formed an interim wartime government. They called for an extermination of the Tutsi population, Hutu political opponents and Hutu who resisted the violence. The genocide lasted 100 days and resulted in an estimated 800,000 killings. Rwandan people sought refuge in gathering places such as churches and stadiums. An estimated 4,000–6,000 people gathered in Kibuye Catholic Church. Around 17 April 1994,

4608-413: The urgency to use mass graves. A research published in 2004 indicates that the health risks from dead bodies after natural disasters are relatively limited. Mass or communal burial was a common practice before the development of a dependable crematory chamber by Ludovico Brunetti in 1873. In ancient Rome waste and dead bodies of the poor were dumped into mass graves called puticuli . In Paris,

4680-499: The use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in Dresden . The radical politician, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke , took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The efficient and cheap process brought about the quick and complete incineration of the body and was a fundamental technical breakthrough that finally made industrial cremation a practical possibility. The first crematorium in

4752-400: The weight of the body therefore calculating how long the body has to be cremated for and set the timers accordingly. Other types of crematories merely have a start and a stop function for the cremation displayed on the user interface. The end of the cremation must be judged by the operator who in turn stops the cremation process. As an energy-saving measure, some cremators provide heating for

4824-457: The world today, notably India, most cremation in industrialized nations takes place within enclosed furnaces designed to maximize use of the thermal energy consumed while minimizing the emission of smoke and odors. Video for example-how a crematorium works A human body usually contains a negative caloric value, meaning that energy is required to combust it. This is a result of the high water content; all water must be vaporized which requires

4896-484: Was between 2,800 and 6,000 civilians and prisoners of war, or 5–10% of the total population of Huế . In Quang Ngai , a mass grave of 10 soldiers was discovered on 28 December 2011. These soldiers were buried alongside their belongings including wallets, backpacks, guns, ammunition, mirrors, and combs. Other larger mass graves of Vietnamese soldiers are believed to exist, with hundreds of soldiers in each grave. Israeli military historian Aryeh Yitzhaki , who worked in

4968-790: Was found. Scientists investigated a second grave in 2023. The Nanjing Massacre (also known as the "Rape of Nanking" using the 1930s Romanization ) was the mass murder of Chinese civilians in Nanjing , the capital of the Republic of China , immediately after the Battle of Nanking and the retreat of the National Revolutionary Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War , by the Imperial Japanese Army . Beginning on 13 December 1937,

5040-421: Was intact. Each exhumed body was buried in its own "nameless grave" in a cemetery on Jeju Island . There is a granite memorial within the cemetery which bears the cemetery's local name, "Graves of One Hundred Ancestors and One Descendant." This name functions to express the opposite of how the genealogy should be as typically many descendants derive from one ancestor. Numerous mass graves were discovered during

5112-536: Was investigated by Forensic Architecture , a research agency based at Goldsmiths , University of London . The grave is currently under the carpark of a popular Israeli beach. Approximately 100,000–200,000 civilians were killed at the start of the Korean War . These people were flagged by the government of South Korea for potentially collaborating with or sympathizing with North Korea . They were arrested and subsequently executed without trial. The sites where

5184-702: Was the extrajudicial execution of at least 52 Egyptian prisoners of war by a paratrooper unit of the Israel Defense Forces , that took place immediately after the unit conquered Ras Sedr in the Sinai Peninsula on 8 June 1967 during the Six-Day War . In 1995 two mass graves were found near Arish . According to the Egyptian Organization for Human Rights , the Israeli Defense Forces massacred "hundreds” of Egyptian prisoners of war or wounded soldiers in

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