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86-698: He was the son of Miltiades , also an Athenian strategos . Cimon rose to prominence for his bravery fighting in the naval Battle of Salamis (480 BC), during the Second Persian invasion of Greece . Cimon was then elected as one of the ten strategoi , to continue the Persian Wars against the Achaemenid Empire . He played a leading role in the formation of the Delian League against Persia in 478 BC, becoming its commander in

172-457: A truce with Sparta; however it did not lead to a permanent peace. He then proposed an expedition to Cyprus , which was in revolt against the Persians. Cimon was placed in command of the fleet of 200 warships. He laid siege to the town of Kition , but died (of unrecorded causes) around the time of the failure of the siege in 450 BC. Cimon was born into Athenian nobility in 510 BC. He was

258-650: A "decadent" nature of gay men, but says "I think they're wrong. Promiscuous gay men are expressing an essentially masculine trait. They are doing what most heterosexual men would do if they could. They are in this way just like heterosexual men, except that they don't have women to constrain them." Regarding sexually transmitted infections (STIs), some researchers have said that the number of sexual partners had by gay men cannot fully explain rates of HIV infection in this population. Most gay men report having similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners as straight men on an annual basis. Unprotected receptive anal sex, which holds

344-429: A compulsive urge to engage in illicit sex with attached individuals is a common symptom of borderline personality disorder , histrionic personality disorder , narcissistic personality disorder , and antisocial personality disorder but most promiscuous individuals do not have these disorders. In 2008, a U.S. university study of international promiscuity found that Finns have had the largest number of sex partners in

430-478: A first-hand witness to Persian tactics, which was useful knowledge considering the Persians were bent on destroying the city. Thus, Miltiades escaped punishment and was allowed to rejoin his old countrymen. It was by Miltiades's advice that the Persian heralds who came to Athens to demand earth and water as tokens of submission were put to death. Miltiades is often credited with devising the tactics that defeated

516-545: A major revolt by its helots. However, this expedition ended in humiliation for Cimon and for Athens when, fearing that the Athenians would end up siding with the helots, Sparta sent the force back to Attica. This insulting rebuff caused the collapse of Cimon's popularity in Athens. As a result, he was ostracised from Athens for ten years beginning in 461 BC. The reformer Ephialtes then took the lead in running Athens and, with

602-423: A median of 22 sexual partners in a lifetime ( sexual partner was defined as any sexual contact, kissing, touching or intercourse). 30% of gay respondents reported 0–9 partners in their lifetime. 50.1% of gay men reported having either 0 or 1 partner in the previous year, while 25.6% reported 10 or more partners in the previous year. Research on gay sexual behavior may overrepresent promiscuous respondents. This

688-743: A median of 8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 5.8% had 0 partners, 10.3% had 1 partner, 6.1% had 2 partners, 33% had between 3 and 9 partners, 38.3% had between 10 and 49 partners and 6.6% had more than 50 female sexual partners. A 2014 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had a median of 7.8 female sexual partners in their lifetime. For lifetime sexual partners: 3.7% had 0 partners, 12.6% had 1 partner, 6.8% had 2 partners, 32.3% had between 3 and 9 partners, 36.9% had between 10 and 49 partners and 7.8% had more than 50 female sexual partners. Research by J. Michael Bailey found that heterosexual men had

774-531: A member of the Philaidae clan, from the deme of Laciadae (Lakiadai). His grandfather was Cimon Coalemos , who won three Olympic victories with his four-horse chariot and was assassinated by the sons of Peisistratus . His father was the celebrated Athenian general Miltiades and his mother was Hegesipyle, daughter of the Thracian king Olorus and a relative of the historian Thucydides . While Cimon

860-528: A much higher risk of HIV transmission, appears to be the major factor. In 1994, a study in the United States found almost all married heterosexual women reported having sexual contact only with their husbands, and unmarried women almost always reported having no more than one sexual partner in the past three months. Lesbians who had long-term partners reported having fewer outside partners than heterosexual women. More recent research, however, contradicts

946-463: A painting of The Sack of Troy and trial of Ajax the Lesser , by Polygnotus Promiscuity Promiscuity is the practice of engaging in sexual activity frequently with different partners or being indiscriminate in the choice of sexual partners. The term can carry a moral judgment. A common example of behavior viewed as promiscuous by many cultures is the one-night stand , and its frequency

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1032-536: A population or within their social groups . A 2006 systematic review analyzing data from 59 countries worldwide found no association between regional sexual behavior tendencies, such as number of sexual partners, and sexual-health status. Much more predictive of sexual-health status are socioeconomic factors like poverty and mobility. Other studies have suggested that people with multiple casual sex partners are more likely to be diagnosed with sexually transmitted infections. Severe and impulsive promiscuity, along with

1118-474: A reputation for sexual promiscuity ) prior to her marriage with Callias , although this may be a legacy of simple political slander. He later married Isodice, Megacles ' granddaughter and a member of the Alcmaeonidae family. Their first children were twin boys named Lacedaemonius (who would become an Athenian commander) and Eleus. Their third son was Thessalus (who would become a politician). During

1204-537: A retaliatory Persian invasion. Upon his return to Athens, Miltiades would have returned to a city much changed. Athens was no longer a Tyranny, as the Athenians had overthrown the Peisistratids 15 years previously, Since then Athens had established democracy as the new form of governance. Thus, Miltiades initially faced a hostile reception for his tyrannical rule in the Thracian Chersonese and

1290-426: A sexual double standard in short-term or long-term mating contexts, nor in choosing a friend, except that women's self-stimulation was more acceptable than men's. Evolutionary psychologists propose that a conditional human tendency for promiscuity is inherited from hunter-gatherer ancestors. Promiscuity increases the likelihood of having children, thus "evolutionary" fitness. According to them, female promiscuity

1376-421: A state of promiscuity or " hetaerism " before the advent of society as we understand it. Hetaerism is a theoretical early state of human society, as postulated by 19th-century anthropologists, which was characterized by the absence of the institution of marriage in any form and in which women were the common property of their tribe and in which children never knew who their fathers were. The reconstruction of

1462-423: Is advantageous in that it allows females to choose fathers for their children who have better genes than their mates, to ensure better care for their offspring, have more children, and as a form of fertility insurance. Male promiscuity was likely advantageous because it allowed males to father more children. Primitive promiscuity or original promiscuity was the 19th-century hypothesis that humans originally lived in

1548-446: Is because gay men are a small portion of the male population, and thus many researchers have relied on convenience surveys to research behavior of gay men. Examples of this type of sampling includes surveying men on dating apps such as Grindr , or finding volunteers at gay bars, clubs and saunas. Convenience surveys often exclude gay men who are in a relationship, and gay men who do not use dating apps or attend gay venues. For example,

1634-487: Is common in many animal species. Some species have promiscuous mating systems , ranging from polyandry and polygyny to mating systems with no stable relationships where mating between two individuals is a one-time event. Many species form stable pair bonds , but still mate with other individuals outside the pair. In biology , incidents of promiscuity in species that form pair bonds are usually called extra-pair copulations . Accurately assessing people's sexual behavior

1720-483: Is difficult, since strong social and personal motivations occur, depending on social sanctions and taboos , for either minimizing or exaggerating reported sexual activity. American experiments in 1978 and 1982 found the great majority of men were willing to have sex with women they did not know, of average attractiveness, who propositioned them. No woman, by contrast, agreed to such propositions from men of average attractiveness. While men were in general comfortable with

1806-588: Is the lack of Persian cavalry. The theory is that the Persian cavalry left Marathon for an unspecified reason, and that the Greeks moved to take advantage of this by attacking. This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus's account of the battle, and an entry in the Suda dictionary. The entry χωρὶς ἱππεῖς ("without cavalry") is explained thus: The cavalry left. When Datis surrendered and

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1892-404: Is used by researchers as a marker for promiscuity. What sexual behavior is considered promiscuous varies between cultures, as does the prevalence of promiscuity. Different standards are often applied to different genders and civil statutes. Feminists have traditionally argued a significant double standard exists between how men and women are judged for promiscuity. Historically, stereotypes of

1978-771: The Athenian Empire . Cimon took an increasingly prominent role in Athenian politics, generally supporting the aristocrats and opposing the popular party (which sought to expand the Athenian democracy ). A laconist , Cimon also acted as Sparta 's representative in Athens . In 462 BC, he convinced the Athenian Assembly to send military support to Sparta, where the helots were in revolt (the Third Messenian War ). Cimon personally commanded

2064-512: The Battle of Salamis , Cimon distinguished himself by his bravery. He is mentioned as being a member of an embassy sent to Sparta in 479 BC. Between 478 BC and 476 BC, a number of Greek maritime cities around the Aegean Sea did not wish to submit to Persian control again and offered their allegiance to Athens through Aristides at Delos . There, they formed the Delian League (also known as

2150-827: The Lycian -Pamphylian border. There is a view amongst some historians that while in Asia Minor, Cimon negotiated a peace between the League and the Persians after his victory at the Battle of the Eurymedon. This may help to explain why the Peace of Callias negotiated by his brother-in-law in 450 BC is sometimes called the Peace of Cimon as Callias' efforts may have led to a renewal of Cimon's earlier treaty. He had served Athens well during

2236-589: The Persian Wars and according to Plutarch : "In all the qualities that war demands he was fully the equal of Themistocles and his own father Miltiades". After his successes in Asia Minor, Cimon moved to the Thracian colony Chersonesus . There he subdued the local tribes and ended the revolt of the Thasians between 465 BC and 463 BC. Thasos had revolted from the Delian League over a trade rivalry with

2322-561: The Phoenician and Persian stronghold of Citium on the southwest coast of Cyprus in 450   BC; he died during or soon after the failed attempt. However, his death was kept secret from the Athenian army, who subsequently won an important victory over the Persians under his 'command' at the Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus . He was later buried in Athens, where a monument was erected in his memory. During his period of considerable popularity and influence at Athens, Cimon's domestic policy

2408-524: The Scythians , and was left with other Greek officers to guard a bridge across the Danube , which Darius had used to cross into Scythia . Miltiades later claimed that he had tried to convince the other officers to destroy the bridge and leave Darius and his forces to die, but the others were afraid, and Darius was able to recross, though some historians are skeptical of this claim. When the king heard of

2494-617: The 2017 survey of 42 nations surveyed only 33,000 people. In India, data was collected from less than 0.000001% of the total population at that time. According to the 2012 General Social Survey in the United States by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago, Protestants on average had more sex partners than Catholics. Similarly, a 2019 study by the Institute for Family Studies in

2580-669: The British and European convenience surveys included approximately five times as many gay men who reported "5 or more sexual partners" than the nationally representative NATSAL study did. Probability sample surveys are more useful in this regard, because they seek to accurately reflect the characteristics of the gay male population. Examples include the NATSAL in the United Kingdom and the General Social Survey in

2666-580: The Confederacy of Delos), and it was agreed that Cimon would be their principal commander. As strategos, Cimon commanded most of the League's operations until 463 BC. During this period, he and Aristides drove the Spartans under Pausanias out of Byzantium . Cimon also captured Eion on the Strymon from the Persian general Boges . Other coastal cities of the area surrendered to him after Eion, with

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2752-522: The Eurymedon on the Eurymedon River in Pamphylia . Cimon's land and sea forces captured the Persian camp and destroyed or captured the entire Persian fleet of 200 triremes manned by Phoenicians . And he established an Athenian colony nearby called Amphipolis with 10,000 settlers. Many new allies of Athens were then recruited into the Delian League, such as the trading city of Phaselis on

2838-601: The Family, Private Property and the State . In the first half of the 20th century, this notion was rejected by a number of authors, e.g. Edvard Westermarck , a Finnish philosopher, social anthropologist and sociologist with in-depth knowledge of the history of marriage, who provided strong evidence that, at least in the first stages of cultural development, monogamy has been a perfectly normal and natural form of man-woman coexistence. Modern cultural anthropology has not confirmed

2924-433: The Persians at the Battle of Marathon . Miltiades was elected to serve as one of the ten generals ( strategoi ) for 490 BC. In addition to the ten generals, there was one 'war-ruler' ( polemarch ), Callimachus , who had to decide—with the ten generals evenly split, five to five—whether to attack the Persians who had landed at Marathon under the command of Datis , or wait to fight them closer to Athens. Miltiades, as

3010-521: The Persians, who then tried to sail around the Cape Sounion and attack Attica from the west. Miltiades got his men to quickly march to the western side of Attica overnight and block the two exits from the plain of Marathon, to prevent the Persians moving inland. Datis fled at the sight of the soldiers who had just defeated him the previous evening. One theory for the Greek success in the battle

3096-472: The Persians. The expedition was not a success. His true motivations were to attack Paros , feeling he had been slighted by them in the past. The fleet attacked the island, which had been conquered by the Persians, but failed to take it. Miltiades suffered a grievous leg wound during the campaign and became incapacitated. His failure prompted an outcry on his return to Athens , enabling his political rivals to exploit his fall from grace. Charged with treason , he

3182-514: The Spartans. Later, with a Persian fleet moving against a rebellious Cyprus , Cimon proposed an expedition to fight the Persians. He gained Pericles' support and sailed to Cyprus with two hundred triremes of the Delian League. From there, he sent sixty ships under Admiral Charitimides to Egypt to help the Egyptian revolt of Inaros , in the Nile Delta . Cimon used the remaining ships to aid

3268-586: The Thracian hinterland and, in particular, over the ownership of a gold mine . Athens under Cimon laid siege to Thasos after the Athenian fleet defeated the Thasos fleet. These actions earned him the enmity of Stesimbrotus of Thasos (a source used by Plutarch in his writings about this period in Greek history). Despite these successes, Cimon was prosecuted by Pericles for allegedly accepting bribes from Alexander I of Macedon . According to Plutarch's account, Pericles at trial "was very gentle with Cimon, and took

3354-722: The US found that of never married young people, Protestants have more sexual partners than Catholics. A 1994 study in the United States, which looked at the number of sexual partners in a lifetime, found 20% of heterosexual men had one partner, 55% had two to 20 partners, and 25% had more than 20 sexual partners. More recent studies have reported similar numbers. In the United Kingdom, a nationally representative study in 2013 found that 33.9% of heterosexual men had 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. Among men between 45 and 54 years old, 43.1% reported 10 or more sexual partners. A 2003 representative study in Australia found that heterosexual men had

3440-414: The United Kingdom was the country with the most sex partners with an average of 7, while Austria had around 6.5. The 2012 Trojan Sex Life Survey found that African American men reported an average of 38 sex partners in their lifetime. A study funded by condom -maker Durex , conducted in 2006 and published in 2009, measured promiscuity by a total number of sexual partners. The survey found Austrian men had

3526-426: The United States. According to John Corvino , opponents of gay rights often use convenience sample statistics to support their belief that gay men are promiscuous, but that larger representative samples show that the difference is not so large, and that extreme promiscuity occurs in a minority of gay men. Psychologist J. Michael Bailey has stated that social conservatives use promiscuity among gay men as evidence of

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3612-400: The assertion that heterosexual women are largely monogamous. A 2002 study estimated that 45% to 55% of married heterosexual women engage in sexual relationships outside of their marriage, while the estimate for heterosexual men engaging in the same conduct was 50–60% in the same study. One possible explanation for hyper sexuality is child sexual abuse (CSA) trauma. Many studies have examined

3698-565: The centre. He ordered the two tribes in the centre, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides , to be arrayed to a depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes, on their flanks, were arrayed in eight ranks. Miltiades also had his men march to the end of the Persian archer range, called the "beaten zone", then break out in a run straight at the Persian army. These tactics were successful in defeating

3784-628: The city leaders, Miltiades the Younger rose through the ranks of Athens to become eponymous archon under the rule of the Peisistratid tyrant Hippias in 524/23 BC. Miltiades the Elder was childless, so when he died around 520 BC, his nephew, Miltiades the Younger's brother, Stesagoras, inherited the tyranny of the Chersonese. Four years later (516 BC), Stesagoras met his death by an axe to

3870-849: The correlation between CSA and risky sexual behavior . Rodriguez-Srednicki and Ofelia examined the correlation of CSA experienced by women and their self-destructive behavior as adults using a questionnaire. The diversity and ages of the women varied. Slightly fewer than half the women reported CSA while the remainder reported no childhood trauma. The results of the study determined that self-destructive behaviors, including hypersexuality, correlates with CSA in women. CSA can create sexual schemas that result in risky sexual behavior. This can play out in their sexual interactions as girls get older. The sexual behaviors of women that experienced CSA differed from those of women without exposure to CSA. Studies show CSA survivors tend to have more sexual partners and engage in higher risk sexual behaviors. Since at least 1450,

3956-524: The early Wars of the Delian League , including at the Siege of Eion (476 BC). In 466 BC, Cimon led a force to Asia Minor , where he destroyed a Persian fleet and army at the Battle of the Eurymedon river. From 465 to 463 BC he suppressed the Thasian rebellion , in which the island of Thasos attempted to leave the Delian League. This event marked the transformation of the Delian League into

4042-427: The engagement." Miltiades also convinced the other generals of the necessity of not using the customary tactics of using hoplites arrayed in an evenly distributed phalanx armed with shields and spears , tactics otherwise not deviated from for 100 years, until the time of Epaminondas . Miltiades feared the cavalry of the Persians attacking the flanks , and asked for more hoplites to be stationed there than in

4128-416: The existence of a complete promiscuity in any known society or culture. The evidence of history is reduced to some texts of Herodotus , Strabo , and Solinus , which have been hard to interpret. Christianity , Judaism , and Islam condemn promiscuity and instead advocate lifelong monogamous marriage (although Islam allows polygamy for men). The perspectives on promiscuity vary significantly depending on

4214-403: The fertile phase of the menstrual cycle than the luteal phase , whereas attraction to the primary partner does not change depending on the menstrual cycle . A 2004 study by Pillsworth, Hasselton and Buss contradicted this, finding greater in-pair sexual attraction during this phase and no increase in attraction to extra-pair men. In Norwegian students, Kennair et al. (2023) found no signs of

4300-428: The floor only once in accusation." Cimon, in his defense, pointed out that he was never envoy to the rich kingdoms of Ionia or Thessaly, but rather to Sparta, whose frugality he lovingly imitated; and that, rather than enrich himself, he enriched Athens with the booty he acquired from the enemy. Cimon was in the end acquitted. Cimon was Sparta's Proxenos at Athens , he strongly advocated a policy of cooperation between

4386-465: The force of 4,000 hoplites sent to Sparta. However, the Spartans refused their aid, telling the Athenians to go home – a major diplomatic snub. The resulting embarrassment destroyed Cimon's popularity in Athens; he was ostracized in 461 BC, exiling him for a period of ten years. The First Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta began the following year. At the end of his exile, Cimon returned to Athens in 451 BC and immediately negotiated

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4472-635: The form of copulation outside the pair bond . In the animal world, some species, including birds such as swans and fish such as Neolamprologus pulcher , once believed monogamous , are now known to engage in extra-pair copulations . One example of extra-pair fertilization (EPF) in birds is the black-throated blue warblers . Though it is a socially monogamous species, both males and females engage in EPF. The Darwin-Bateman paradigm, which states that males are typically eager to copulate while females are more choosy about whom to mate with, has been confirmed by

4558-451: The general with the most experience in fighting the Persians to that point, was firm in insisting that the Persians be fought immediately, as a siege of Athens would lead to its destruction. He convinced Callimachus to use his decisive vote in favor of a swift attack. He is quoted as saying "I believe that, provided the Gods will give fair play and no favor, we are able to get the best of it in

4644-407: The head, so the tyrant Hippias sent Miltiades the Younger to claim his brother's lands. Stesagoras's reign had been tumultuous, full of revolts often led by the native Dolonci, who after the death of Miltiades the Elder were no longer inclined to serve under Greek rule. Wishing to achieve stronger control over his lands than his brother had, Miltiades feigned mourning for his brother's death. When

4730-448: The highest number of sex partners globally, with 29.3 sexual partners on average. New Zealand women had the highest number of sex partners for females in the world with an average of 20.4 sexual partners. In all of the countries surveyed, except New Zealand, men reported more sexual partners than women. One review found the people from developed Western countries had more sex partners than people from developing countries in general, while

4816-465: The industrialized world, and British people have the largest number among big western industrial nations. The study measured one-night stands, attitudes to casual sex , and number of sexual partners . A 2014 nationwide survey in the United Kingdom named Liverpool the country's most promiscuous city. Britain's position on the international index "may be linked to increasing social acceptance of promiscuity among women as well as men". Britain's ranking

4902-466: The latter probably significantly delayed the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War . Miltiades Miltiades ( / m ɪ l ˈ t aɪ ə ˌ d iː z / ; ‹See Tfd› Greek : Μιλτιάδης Κίμωνος ; c. 550 – 489 BC), also known as Miltiades the Younger , was a Greek Athenian statesman known mostly for his role in the Battle of Marathon , as well as for his downfall afterwards. He

4988-664: The mean number of sexual partners between gay and straight men "did not appear very large". A 2007 study reported that two large population surveys found "the majority of gay men had similar numbers of unprotected sexual partners annually as straight men and women." The 2013 British NATSAL study found that gay men typically had 19 sexual partners in a lifetime (median). In the previous year, 51.8% reported having either 0 or 1 sexual partner. A further 21.3% reported having between 2 and 4 sexual partners, 7.3% reported having between 5 and 9, and 19.6% reported having 10 or more sexual partners. A 2014 study in Australia found gay men had

5074-533: The men of rank from the Chersonese came to console him, he imprisoned them. He then ensured his power by employing 500 troops. He also made an alliance with King Olorus of Thrace by marrying his daughter, Hegesipyle. In around 513 BC, Darius I , the king of Persia, led a large army into the area, forcing the Thracian Chersonese into submission and making Miltiades a vassal of Persian rule. Miltiades joined Darius's northern expedition against

5160-403: The notable exception of Doriscus . He also conquered Scyros and drove out the pirates who were based there. On his return, he brought the "bones" of the mythological Theseus back to Athens. To celebrate this achievement, three Herma statues were erected around Athens. Around 466 BC, Cimon carried the war against Persia into Asia Minor and decisively defeated the Persians at the Battle of

5246-568: The original state of primitive society or humanity was based on the idea of progress, according to which all cultures have degrees of improvement and becoming more complicated. It seemed logical to assume that never before the types of families developed did they simply exist, and in primitive society, sexual relations were without any boundaries and taboos. This view is represented, inter alia, by anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan in Ancient Society and Friedrich Engels ' work The Origin of

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5332-560: The planned sabotage, Miltiades's rule became a perilous affair and he had to flee around 511/510 BC. Miltiades joined the Ionian Revolt of 499 BC against Persian rule, returning to the Chersonese around 496 BC. He established friendly relations with Athens by capturing the islands of Lemnos and Imbros and ceding them to Athens, which had ancient claims to these lands. The Ionian Revolt collapsed in 494 BC, and in 493 BC Miltiades and his family fled to Athens in five ships to escape

5418-410: The promiscuous woman have tended to be pejorative, such as "the slut " or "the harlot", while male stereotypes have been more varied, some expressing approval, such as "the stud" or "the player", while others imply societal deviance, such as "the womanizer" or "the philanderer". A scientific study published in 2005 found that promiscuous men and women are both prone to derogatory judgment. Promiscuity

5504-508: The rate of STIs was higher in developing countries. According to the 2005 Global Sex Survey by Durex, people have had on average nine sexual partners, the most in Turkey (14.5) and Australia (13.3), and the fewest in India (3) and China (3.1). In many cases, the population of each country that participates is approximately 1000 people and can equate to less than 0.0003% of the population, e.g.

5590-421: The region. Every country has different values and morals pertaining to sexual life. Promiscuity has been practiced in hippie communities and other alternative subcultures since the 1960s cultural revolution . Sex and Culture is a book by J. D. Unwin concerning the correlation between a society's level of 'cultural achievement' and its level of sexual restraint. Published in 1934, the book concluded with

5676-401: The requests, regardless of their willingness, women responded with shock and disgust. The number of sexual partners people have had in their lifetimes varies widely within a population. We see a higher number of people who are more comfortable with their sexuality in the modern world. A 2007 nationwide survey in the United States found the median number of female sexual partners reported by men

5762-525: The same level of interest in casual sex as gay men. However he found straight men were limited in their ability to acquire high numbers of female partners. According to Bailey, "These facts suggest that women are responsible for the pace of sex. Gay and straight men both want casual sex, but only straight men have the brake of women’s sexually cautious nature to slow them." A 1989 study found having over 100 partners to be present though rare among homosexual males. An extensive 1994 study found that difference in

5848-406: The spiteful inscription: " Cimon, son of Miltiades, and Elpinice too " (his haughty sister). In 458 BC, Cimon sought to return to Athens to assist its fight against Sparta at Tanagra , but was rebuffed. Eventually, around 451 BC, Cimon returned to Athens. Although he was not allowed to return to the level of power he once enjoyed, he was able to negotiate on Athens' behalf a five-year truce with

5934-411: The spread of sexually transmitted infections consistently demonstrate a small percentage of the studied population has more partners than the average man or woman, and a smaller number of people have fewer than the statistical average. An important question in the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections is whether or not these groups copulate mostly at random with sexual partners from throughout

6020-664: The support of Pericles, reduced the power of the Athenian Council of the Areopagus (filled with ex- archons and so a stronghold of oligarchy ). Power was transferred to the citizens, i.e. the Council of Five Hundred , the Assembly, and the popular law courts. Some of Cimon's policies were reversed including his pro-Spartan policy and his attempts at peace with Persia. Many ostraka bearing his name survive; one bearing

6106-512: The theory that as societies develop, they become more sexually liberal, accelerating the social entropy of the society, and thereby diminishing its "creative" and "expansive" energy. Many animal species, such as spotted hyenas , pigs , bonobos and chimpanzees , are promiscuous as a rule, and do not form pair bonds . Although social monogamy occurs in about 90% of avian species and about 3% of mammalian species, an estimated 90% of socially monogamous species exhibit individual promiscuity in

6192-459: The two states. He was known to be so fond of Sparta that he named one of his sons Lacedaemonius. In 462 BC, Cimon sought the support of Athens' citizens to provide help to Sparta. Although Ephialtes maintained that Sparta was Athens' rival for power and should be left to fend for itself, Cimon's view prevailed. Cimon then led 4,000 hoplites to Mt. Ithome to help the Spartan aristocracy deal with

6278-640: The uprising of the Cypriot Greek city-states. From his many military exploits and money gained through the Delian League, Cimon funded many construction projects throughout Athens. These projects were greatly needed in order to rebuild after the Achaemenid destruction of Athens . He ordered the expansion of the Acropolis and the walls around Athens, and the construction of public roads, public gardens, and many political buildings. Cimon laid siege to

6364-459: The wealthy Callias took advantage of this situation by proposing to pay Cimon's debts for Elpinice's hand in marriage. Cimon agreed. Cimon in his youth had a reputation of being dissolute, a hard drinker, and blunt and unrefined; it was remarked that in this latter characteristic he was more like a Spartan than an Athenian. Cimon is repeatedly said to have married or been otherwise involved with his sister or half-sister Elpinice (who herself had

6450-559: The word ' slut ' has been used, often pejoratively, to describe a sexually promiscuous woman. In and before the Elizabethan and Jacobean eras , terms like "strumpet" and "whore" were used to describe women deemed promiscuous, as seen, for example, in John Webster 's 1612 play The White Devil . Thornhill and Gangestad found that women are much more likely to sexually fantasize about and be attracted to extra-pair men during

6536-547: Was "ascribed to factors such as the decline of religious scruples about extramarital sex, the growth of equal pay and equal rights for women, and a highly sexualized popular culture". The top-10-ranking OECD nations with a population over 10 million on the study's promiscuity index, in descending order, were the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, Czechia, Australia, the United States, France, Turkey, Mexico, and Canada. A 2017 survey by Superdrug found that

6622-530: Was a major Athenian figure of the 470s and 460s BC. His daughter Elpinice is remembered for her confrontations with Pericles , as recorded by Plutarch. Around 555 BC, Miltiades the Elder left Athens to establish a colony on the Thracian Chersonese (now the Gallipoli Peninsula ), setting himself up as a semi-autonomous tyrant under the protection of Athens. Meanwhile, despite alleged rumors that abounded that his father had been murdered by

6708-467: Was a young man, his father was fined 50   talents after an accusation of treason by the Athenian state. As Miltiades could not afford to pay this amount, he was put in jail, where he died in 489 BC. Cimon inherited this debt and, according to Diodorus, some of his father's unserved prison sentence in order to obtain his body for burial. As the head of his household, he also had to look after his sister or half-sister Elpinice . According to Plutarch ,

6794-529: Was consistently antidemocratic, and this policy ultimately failed. His success and lasting influence came from his military accomplishments and his foreign policy, the latter being based on two principles: continued resistance to Persian aggression, and recognition that Athens should be the dominant sea power in Greece, and Sparta the dominant land power. The first principle helped to ensure that direct Persian military aggression against Greece had essentially ended;

6880-516: Was known as "Coalemos", meaning "simpleton", because he had a reputation for being rough around the edges, but whose three successive chariot-racing victories at the Olympics made him popular, so popular in fact that, Herodotus claims, the sons of Peisistratos murdered him out of jealousy. Miltiades was named after his father's maternal half-brother, Miltiades the Elder , who was also a victor at Olympic chariot-racing . Miltiades's son Cimon

6966-471: Was put on trial. His trial was further complicated by the politics of his aristocratic rivals (he came from the Philaid clan, traditional rivals of the powerful Alcmaeonidae ) and the general Athenian mistrust of a man accustomed to unfettered authority. However, Miltiades successfully presented himself as a defender of Greek freedoms against Persian despotism . He also promoted the fact that he had been

7052-548: Was ready for retreat, the Ionians climbed the trees and gave the Athenians the signal that the cavalry had left. And when Miltiades realized that, he attacked and thus won. From there comes the above-mentioned quote, which is used when someone breaks ranks before battle. The following year (489 BC), Miltiades led an Athenian expedition of seventy ships against the Greek-inhabited islands that were deemed to have supported

7138-528: Was said to have been made from marble provided by Datis for a memorial to the Persians' expected victory. Aeschines writes that although Miltiades wanted his name to be written in the Stoa Poikile , the Athenians refused. Instead of writing his name they had him painted in the front rank, urging the soldiers. This Painting was then placed in the Stoa as one of four paintings depicting great battles, such

7224-486: Was sentenced to death, but the sentence was converted to a fine of fifty talents . He was sent to prison where he died, probably of gangrene from his wound. The debt was paid by his son Cimon . Pheidias later erected in Miltiades's honour, in the temple of the goddess at Rhamnus , a statue of Nemesis , the deity whose job it was to bring sudden ill fortune to those who had experienced an excess of good. The statue

7310-463: Was seven and the median number of male partners reported by women was four. The men possibly exaggerated their reported number of partners, women reported a number lower than the actual number, or a minority of women had a sufficiently larger number than most other women to create a mean significantly higher than the median, or all of the above. About 29% of men and 9% of women reported to have had more than 15 sexual partners in their lifetimes. Studies of

7396-593: Was the son of Cimon Coalemos , a renowned Olympic chariot-racer , and the father of Cimon , the noted Athenian statesman. Miltiades was a well-born Athenian, and was accounted a member of the Aeacidae , as well as a member of the prominent Philaid clan. He came of age during the tyranny of the Peisistratids . His family was prominent, due in good part to their success with Olympic chariot-racing . Plutarch claimed that Cimon , Miltiades's father,

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