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32-706: Established in 1949, based in Rome, the Cineteca Nazionale preserves all the films of Italian nationality produced since then. It arose from the archival heritage of the Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia , which in 1943, had been removed by the Nazi occupiers , losing unique materials. The films, sent to Germany , were lost in the course of World War II and many attempts to trace them in Germany and

64-568: A democracy , from the Greek demos (people) and kratìa (power). However, this power is not to be exercised arbitrarily by mob rule , but in the forms and within the limits established by the rule of law . The President of the Republic of Italy is the head of state and represents the unity of the nation (art. 87 of the Constitution). The President serves as a point of connection between

96-536: A branch that is completely autonomous and independent of all other branches of power , even though the minister of justice is responsible for the organization and functioning of those services involved with justice and has the power to originate disciplinary actions against judges , which are then administered by the High Council of the Judiciary , presided over by the president . The judiciary of Italy

128-599: A government with the support of Parliament, or dissolve parliament and call for new elections. Cabinet reshuffles are also possible in case specific ministers lack the support of the parliament, while the prime minister remains in charge. In the history of the Italian Republic , there have been twenty legislatures (including the Constituent Assembly ), forty-five consecutive premierships, and sixty-eight different cabinets. The law of Italy has

160-477: A new leader emerging from a post-election leadership challenge within the majority coalition (e.g. Renzi Cabinet ), or a person instructed by the President to form a national unity government in times of political crisis, such as in a coalition shift (e.g. Conte II Cabinet ), or if enough politicians from the majority coalition switch parties (e.g. Monti Cabinet ). In any scenario, the government must receive

192-399: A plurality of sources of production. These are arranged in a hierarchical scale, under which the rule of a lower source cannot conflict with the rule of an upper source (hierarchy of sources). The constitution of 1948 is the main source. The constitution states that justice is administered in the name of the people and that judges are subject only to the law . So the judiciary is

224-434: A wide majority that is progressively reduced from two-thirds to one-half plus one of the votes after the third ballot. The only presidents ever to be elected on the first ballot are Francesco Cossiga and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi . Ciampi was replaced by Giorgio Napolitano , who was elected on 10 May 2006. While not forbidden by the law, no president had ever served two terms until 20 April 2013, when President Giorgio Napolitano

256-468: Is based on Roman law , the Napoleonic Code and later statutes . It is based on a mix of the adversarial and inquisitorial civil law systems, although the adversarial system was adopted in the appeal courts in 1988. Appeals are treated almost as new trials, and three degrees of trial are present. The third is a legitimating trial. There is only partial judicial review of legislation in

288-473: Is competitive, with only six to eight places available per class. It has a history of admitting a large number of international students and offers courses in acting, directing, cinematography , set design , costume design , screenwriting , sound design , film editing , film production , and, since 1983, animation . Among the center's goals are the development of cinema and audiovisual art and techniques to levels of excellence through distinct sectors of

320-410: Is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 400 deputies, eight of which are elected in the overseas constituencies . All voters who are twenty-five or older on election day are eligible to be deputies. The senate is elected by direct and universal suffrage by voters who are eighteen or older. There are 200 senators, four of whom are elected in

352-399: Is head of the school. The school's mentors have included Piero Tosi (costumes), Giuseppe Rotunno (photography), and Giancarlo Giannini (acting). Alumni include: 41°51′03″N 12°34′10″E  /  41.85083°N 12.56944°E  / 41.85083; 12.56944 Government of Italy The government of Italy is that of a democratic republic , established by

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384-954: Is housed in the headquarters of the Experimental Cinematography Center of Rome, in via Tuscolana 1524, and in the branch office in Ivrea which houses the National Corporate Cinema Archive. In addition to Italian films, the Cineteca holds several thousand foreign films, acquired through exchanges with film libraries from other countries that are members of the International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF). Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia The Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia ( Experimental Center of Cinematography ; CSC ), also referred to as

416-408: Is not the hereditary property of the ruling monarch , but instead a res publica , belonging to everyone. The people who are called to temporarily administer the republic are not owners, but servants; and the governed are not subjects , but citizens . And the sovereignty , that is the power to make choices that involve the entire community, belongs to the people, in accordance with the concept of

448-551: Is the President of the Italian Constitutional Court elected from the court itself. One third of the judges are appointed by the President of the Italian Republic , one-third are elected by Parliament and one-third are elected by the ordinary and administrative supreme courts. The Constitutional Court passes on the constitutionality of laws, and is a post- World War II innovation. The Constitutional Court

480-743: The Scuola Nazionale di Cinema ( National Film School ), is an Italian national film school headquartered in Rome , with satellite educational hubs in five other Italian regions. It was established in 1935 and aims to promote the art and technique of cinematography and film. The center is the oldest film school in Western Europe. It was founded in Rome in 1935, during the Fascist era, by Benito Mussolini 's head of cinema, Luigi Freddi , and his son, Vittorio Mussolini , as part of

512-591: The Cinecittà Studios . He aimed to revive the Italian film industry , but he was also aware of the propaganda value of films. He created the slogan " Il cinema è l'arma più forte " ("cinema is the most powerful weapon"). During World War II , much of the original production equipment was stolen or destroyed by the Nazi occupiers . Many attempts to trace them in Germany and the Soviet Union after

544-545: The Italian Civil War . Article 1 of the Italian constitution states: "Italy is a democratic Republic founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the constitution." By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the institutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946 valid. The state

576-542: The North-American sense. Judicial review can be enacted only under certain conditions, either it already being established by constitutional law , or in the Constitutional Court , which can reject violating laws after judicial scrutiny. According to Article 134 of the constitution , the Constitutional Court shall pass judgement on: The Constitutional Court is composed of 15 judges, one of which

608-547: The Soviet Union after the war were unsuccessful. There are 60,000 film titles on file, 600,000 photographs, 50,000 posters and the collection of the Italian Association for the History of Cinema Research (AIRSC). This is accompanied by the restoration of significant works and collaboration with foreign institutions for the distribution of Italian films at festivals and events around the world. The film archive

640-447: The overseas constituencies . There are also a small number of senators for life , such as former presidents and up to five citizens appointed by the president for having brought honor to the nation with their achievements. All voters who are forty or older on election day are eligible to be senators. Elections of senators for each region being based on a modified proportional representation system. The constitution establishes

672-590: The three branches as he is elected by the lawmakers, appoints the executive and is the president of the judiciary. The president is also commander-in-chief in time of war. The President of the Republic of Italy is elected for seven years by Parliament in joint session, together with three representatives of each region, except for the Aosta Valley, which gets only one representative. These delegates are elected by their respective regional councils so as to guarantee representation to minorities. The election needs

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704-667: The Experimental Center of Cinematography, also refers to itself as the Scuola Nazionale di Cinema. Headquartered in Rome, it also has five regional offices, in Abruzzo , Lombardy , Piedmont , Sicily , and Veneto . It is known for its research and experimentation and offers a range of courses covering different aspects of making films. Courses are taught in English and Italian and run for three years. Entry

736-528: The Government of Italy as composed of the President of the Council of Ministers ( prime minister ) and the cabinet's ministers. The President of Italy appoints the prime minister and, on the prime minister's proposal, the subsequent ministers that form their cabinet . The appointee is usually the leader of the majority coalition that won the election (e.g. Berlusconi IV Cabinet ), but they can also be

768-527: The High Council of the Judiciary and the Supreme Council of Defence. Usually, the president tries to stay out of the day-to-day politics, and tries to be an institutional guarantee for all those involved in the political process. The president is not responsible for the actions performed in the exercise of his duties, except for high treason and violation of the Italian constitution , for which

800-414: The Italian constitution in 1948. It consists of legislative , executive , and judicial subdivisions, as well as of a head of state , known as the president . The Constitution of the Italian Republic is the result of the work of the Constituent Assembly , which was formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of nazis and the fascist forces during

832-555: The confidence of both houses , so the executive branch derives its legitimacy from the Italian Parliament and the great number of political parties forces the prime minister to bend to their will. If the majority coalition no longer supports the government, the Prime Minister can be ousted with a vote of no confidence , at which point the President can either appoint a new Prime Minister capable of forming

864-686: The foundation itself, the National Film School, and the National Film Archive (Cineteca Nazionale ). It is one of the oldest film archives in the world. The CSC was and still is financed by the Italian government . In mid-2023, the government passed a decree that enabled it to appoint board members to the CSC. Over 600 Italian film professionals, including Nanni Moretti , Marco Bellocchio , Paolo Sorrentino , Luca Guadagnino , and Alice Rohrwacher signed an open letter, which

896-566: The president can be impeached by the parliament in joint session, with an absolute majority of its members. With article 48 of the constitution , which guarantees the right to vote , the people exercise their power through their elected representatives in the parliament. The Italian Parliament has a bicameral system , and consists of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate of the Republic , elected every five years. The Chamber of Deputies

928-427: The war were unsuccessful. Directors such as Michelangelo Antonioni and Giuseppe De Santis attended the school in the 1940s, and Marco Bellocchio would often visit during the 1960s. In 1955, it became a founding member of the international CILECT (Centre International de Liaison des Ecoles de Cinéma et de Télévision) network of film schools. The Centro Sperimentale di Cinematografia (CSC), or in English

960-550: Was primarily established "for the protection of the legal order and only indirectly as an institution for the vindication of fundamental rights " of individuals. The court generally only has the power of judicial review over "laws and enactments having force of law issued by the State and Regions" (what is called primary legislation in civil-law systems) and does not have the power to review administration acts and regulations, or parliamentary rules. In November 2014, Italy accepted

992-454: Was published in the press. President Marta Donzelli, along with two board members, resigned in protest against the new legislation, which also abolished the position of the director-general. In August 2023, minister of culture Gennaro Sangiuliano announced the appointment of actor Sergio Castellitto as the new president, and a number of new board members, including Pupi Avati and Giancarlo Giannini . As of January 2024 , Adriano De Santis

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1024-406: Was re-elected. According to the constitution , any citizen who is 50 years old on the day of the election, and enjoys civil and political rights, can be elected president. The president cannot hold office in any other branch of power and the office's salary and privileges are established by law. Among the powers of the president , they have the capacity to: The president also presides over

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