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47-549: The Foundation is located in the former San Giorgio Monastery on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore , Venice . Vittorio Cini had a long relationship with the Italian Fascist party, joining in 1926, and had occupied influential positions within government and industry throughout the decades of Benito Mussolini 's rule. In early 1943 he was named to the Ministry of Communication, but soon resigned, publicly castigating

94-510: A deadlocked tie at the election of 1229, the number of electors was increased from forty to forty-one. New regulations for the elections of the doge introduced in 1268 remained in force until the end of the republic in 1797. Their intention was to minimize the influence of individual great families, and this was effected by a complex electoral machinery. Thirty members of the Great Council, chosen by lot , were reduced by lot to nine;

141-548: A fourth part and a half of the Empire of Romania' was first claimed by the ambitious Venetian podestà of Constantinople , Marino Zeno, in his capacity as the Doge's representative in the 'Empire of Romania', and it was only subsequently adopted as part of the dogal title by Doge Pietro Ziani . The Greek chronicler George Akropolites used the term despotes to translate dominus , 'lord', which has led to some confusion with

188-478: A procession in minute detail in 1581. His description is confirmed and complemented by Cesare Vecellio 's 1586 painting of a ducal procession in the Piazza San Marco. From the 14th century onward, the ceremonial crown and well-known symbol of the doge of Venice was called corno ducale , a unique ducal hat. It was a stiff horn-like bonnet, which was made of gemmed brocade or cloth-of-gold and worn over

235-473: A sceptre for ceremonial duties. Until the 15th century, the funeral service for a deceased doge would normally be held at St Mark's Basilica , where some early holders of this office are also buried. After the 15th century, however, the funerals of all later doges were held at the Basilica di San Giovanni e Paolo . Twenty-five doges are buried there. As the oligarchical element in the constitution developed,

282-513: A son with themselves in the ducal office, this tendency toward a hereditary monarchy was checked by a law that decreed that no doge had the right to associate any member of his family with himself in his office, nor to name his successor. After 1172 the election of the doge was entrusted to a committee of forty, who were chosen by four men selected from the Great Council of Venice , which was itself nominated annually by twelve persons. After

329-645: A title granted to him by Alexios III Angelos . As Byzantine power declined in the region in the late ninth century, reference to Venice as a province disappeared in the titulature of the doges. The simple titles dux Veneticorum (duke of the Venetians) and dux Venetiarum (duke of the Venetias) predominate in the tenth century. The plural reflects the doge's rule of several federated townships and clans. After defeating Croatia and conquering some Dalmatian territory in 1000, Doge Pietro II Orseolo adopted

376-513: Is also a venue for exhibitions, concerts and meetings. As such it was a meeting place for the G7 meetings in 1980 and 1987. The Foundation possess manuscripts and letters of famous persons of the theatrical and literary life of Italy at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth century, including Arrigo Boito , Eleonora Duse , Gabriele D'Annunzio , Giovanni Pascoli , Gian Francesco Malipiero , and Diego Valeri (poet) . The Malipiero collection includes

423-508: Is based on the corresponding Italian version in Misplaced Pages from February 11, 2009 45°25′45″N 12°20′36″E  /  45.42917°N 12.34333°E  / 45.42917; 12.34333 San Giorgio Monastery The San Giorgio Monastery (St. George Monastery) is a Benedictine monastery in Venice , Italy , located on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore . It stands next to

470-605: Is displayed in the Louvre museum . It is now possible, however, to admire a copy in the refectory which hangs in the place for which the painting was originally created. The monastery was so important that, in 1799, while Rome was occupied by the French Revolutionary Army , the Papal conclave which elected Pope Pius VII was convened there. The cardinals met in the chorum nocturnis (or Night choir), where

517-443: Is known about the second Doge of Venice, Marcello Tegalliano , who ruled from 717 to 726. At the time of his appointment, the duchy was in turmoil as a result of growing tensions between pro-Lombard bishop of Aquileia and the pro-Byzantine leaders of Grado. In the latter half of the eighth century, Mauritius Galba was elected duke and took the title magister militum, consul et imperialis dux Veneciarum provinciae , 'master of

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564-496: Is not known for certain, historians widely accept that Anafesto was born in Oderzo , a city in modern-day Veneto. Historians are unsure of how and where Anafesto died. According to some, he was the victim of a conspiracy hatched by the nobles of Malamocco in 717. Others suggest that he died in the ducal residence of Eraclea . Another theory suggests he died in battle in 728, after being promoted to exarch of Ravenna . Not much

611-711: The Church of San Giorgio Maggiore , which serves the monastic community. Most of the old monastic buildings currently serve as headquarters of the Cini Foundation . The monastery was founded in AD 982 following the donation of the island by the Doge Tribuno Memmo in response to a request by the Blessed John Morosini , O.S.B. , who wished to establish a monastery there, and who then became

658-655: The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I . On state occasions the Doge was surrounded by an increasing amount of ceremony, and in international relations he had the status of a sovereign prince . The doge took part in ducal processions, which started in the Piazza San Marco . The doge would appear in the center of the procession, preceded by civil servants ranked in ascending order of prestige and followed by noble magistrates ranked in descending order of status. Francesco Sansovino described such

705-539: The Latin Dux , meaning "leader," originally referring to any military leader, becoming in the Late Roman Empire the title for a leader of an expeditionary force formed by detachments ( vexillationes ) from the frontier army ( limitanei ), separate from, but subject to, the governor of a province, authorized to conduct operations beyond provincial boundaries. The Doge of Venice acted as both

752-520: The camauro . This was a fine linen cap with a structured peak reminiscent of the Phrygian cap , a classical symbol of liberty. This ceremonial cap may have been ultimately based on the white crown of Upper Egypt . Every Easter Monday the doge headed a procession from San Marco to the convent of San Zaccaria , where the abbess presented him a new camauro crafted by the nuns. The Doge's official costume also included golden robes, slippers and

799-597: The Byzantine court title of despot . The latter title was never claimed by the doges, but was sometimes used by the Venetian podestàs of Constantinople in their capacity as the doge's representatives. The title of 'lord of a fourth part and a half of the whole Empire of Romania' was used in official titulature thereafter, with the exception, after the re-establishment in 1261 of the Byzantine Empire under

846-638: The Doges of Venice without that part of their title, while in turn the Venetians tried to force the Hungarian kings to drop any title laying claim to the two provinces. This dispute ended in the Treaty of Zadar of 1358, where Venice renounced its claims to Dalmatia; a special article in the treaty removed Dalmatia and Croatia from the doge's title. The resulting title was Dux Veneciarum et cetera , 'Duke of

893-867: The Italian Government granted the monastery to the Cini Foundation , which restored it and revived its cultural heritage. On 29–30 May 1956 the Venice Conference of the Foreign Ministers of the six Member States of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was held in the San Giorgio Monastery to discuss the Spaak Report of the Spaak Committee . The old and smaller monastic buildings to

940-519: The Palaiologos dynasty , of Venice's relations with the Byzantine emperors, when that part of the dogal titulature was substituted by 'and lord of the lands and islands subject to his dogate' ( dominus terrarum et insularum suo ducatui subiectarum ) or similar formulations. In a similar manner, the disputes between Venice and Hungary over Dalmatia and Croatia led to the Kings of Hungary addressing

987-552: The Venetian provinces'. Between 1091 and 1102, the King of Hungary acquired the Croatian kingdom in a personal union . In these circumstances, the Venetians appealed to the Byzantine emperor for recognition of their title to Croatia (like Dalmatia, a former Byzantine subject). Perhaps as early as the reign of Vital Falier (d. 1095), and certainly by that of Vital Michiel (d. 1102), the title dux Croatiae had been added, giving

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1034-699: The Venices and the rest'. Even though Dalmatia would be regained by Venice in the early 15th century, the title was never modified, and remained in use until the end of the Republic . Even when the body of such documents was written in Italian, the title and dating clause were in Latin. The doge's prerogatives were not defined with precision. While the position was entrusted to members of the inner circle of powerful Venetian families, after several doges had associated

1081-497: The acquisition of the Croatian title to Doge Ordelaf Falier (d. 1117). According to the Venetiarum Historia , written around 1350, Doge Domenico Morosini added atque Ystrie dominator ('and lord of Istria') to his title after forcing Pula on Istria to submit in 1150. Only one charter, however, actually uses a title similar to this: et totius Ystrie inclito dominatori (1153). The next major change in

1128-538: The dogal title came with the Fourth Crusade , which conquered the Byzantine Empire (1204). The Byzantine honorific protosebastos had by this time been dropped and was replaced by a reference to Venice's allotment in the partitioning of the Byzantine Empire . The new full title was 'By the grace of God duke of the Venices, Dalmatia and Croatia and lord of a fourth part and a half [three eighths] of

1175-473: The doge was constantly under strict surveillance: he had to wait for other officials to be present before opening dispatches from foreign powers; he was not allowed to possess any property in a foreign land. The doges normally ruled for life (although a few were forcibly removed from office). After a doge's death, a commission of inquisitori passed judgment upon his acts, and his estate was liable to be fined for any discovered malfeasance. The official income of

1222-400: The doge was never large, and from early times holders of the office remained engaged in trading ventures. These ventures kept them in touch with the requirements of the grandi . From 7 July 1268, during a vacancy in the office of doge, the state was headed ex officio , with the style vicedoge , by the senior consigliere ducale (ducal counsellor). One of the ceremonial duties of the doge

1269-488: The emperor to the recipient for life but were not inherent in the office ( ἀξία διὰ βραβείου , axia dia brabeiou ), but the title doux belonged to the office ( ἀξία διὰ λόγου , axia dia logou ). Thus, into the eleventh century the Venetian doges held titles typical of Byzantine rulers in outlying regions, such as Sardinia . As late as 1202, the Doge Enrico Dandolo was styled protosebastos ,

1316-631: The exclusive guest quarters that were built for Cini's friends and have been reserved for important guests who attend meetings at the Cini Foundation. Filled with valuable art and presenting across the water a view of St. Mark's Square and the Doge's Palace , the place has been visited by heads of state including Jimmy Carter , Margaret Thatcher , Ronald Reagan , François Mitterrand , Romano Prodi , Carlo Azeglio Ciampi , and King Juan Carlos I of Spain . The initial English version of this article

1363-579: The first abbot . Among the first monks of the community which developed there was St. Gerard of Csanád ( Hungarian : Szent Gellért ) (980-1046), a bishop and martyr who helped establish Christianity in Hungary . He was murdered in Budapest —on the hill which now bears his name —in the course of a pagan insurrection against the Venetian king then ruling the Hungarians . Over the centuries

1410-414: The full dogal title four parts: dux Venetiae atque Dalmatiae sive Chroaciae et imperialis prothosevastos , 'Duke of Venice, Dalmatia and Croatia and Imperial Protosebastos' . In the fourteenth century, the doges periodically objected to the use of Dalmatia and Croatia in the Hungarian king's titulature, regardless of their own territorial rights or claims. Later medieval chronicles mistakenly attributed

1457-422: The head of state and head of the Venetian oligarchy. Doges were elected for life through a complex voting process. The first Doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto , was elected in 698 and served until 717. Anafesto was not a typical Venetian Doge, as he was a subject of Byzantium . While he is considered to be the first Doge of Venice, Venetians were not truly free from the Byzantine Empire until 742. While it

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1504-515: The imperial title of protosebastos , and recognised him as imperial doux over the Dalmatian theme . The expression Dei gratia ('by the grace of God') was adopted consistently by the Venetian chancery only in the course of the eleventh century. An early example, however, can be found in 827–29, during the joint reign of Justinian and his brother John I : per divinam gratiam Veneticorum provinciae duces , 'by divine grace dukes of

1551-532: The left and rear of the basilica still serve as a small monastery of Benedictine monks, who continue to offer hospitality as part of their mission. 45°25′46″N 12°20′37″E  /  45.4295096°N 12.3436975°E  / 45.4295096; 12.3436975 Doge of Venice The Doge of Venice ( / d oʊ dʒ / DOHJ ) was the highest role of authority within the Republic of Venice (697 CE to 1797 CE). The word Doge derives from

1598-507: The library of the composer as well as scores, correspondence and many musical autographs. The Foundation also retains most of the music by Nino Rota , including a collection of sketches. The Foundation also is home to the School of San Giorgio for the Study of Venetian Civilisation , an academic center to examine the contributions of the Republic of Venice to civilization. The Foresteria are

1645-464: The monastery became a theological , cultural and artistic center of primary importance in Europe. The monks had considerable autonomy and close links with Florence and Padua , and thus it became also a favoured location for foreign dignitaries to stay while in the city. In 1177 Pope Alexander III and Frederick Barbarossa met here. In 1204, Doge Enrico Dandolo secured the relics of Saint Lucy for

1692-470: The monastery; they were transferred in 1279 to Santa Lucia in Cannaregio . In 1223 a violent earthquake destroyed the monastery. In 1433 Cosimo de' Medici , when exiled from Florence, took refuge here. Between 1560 and 1562 Andrea Palladio built a new refectory for which Paolo Veronese painted the massive The Wedding Feast at Cana which was displayed there. In 1566 began the construction of

1739-453: The more important functions of the ducal office were assigned to other officials, or to administrative boards. The doge's role became a mostly representative position. The last doge was Ludovico Manin , who abdicated in 1797, when Venice passed under the power of Napoleon 's France following his conquest of the city. While Venice would shortly declare itself again as a republic, attempting to resist annexation by Austria, it would never revive

1786-518: The new church by Palladio, who later designed also the " Palladian " cloister . Between 1641 and 1680 Baldassarre Longhena designed the new library, the grand staircase, the monastery facade, the novitiate , the infirmary and the guest quarters. After the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, the monastery was deprived of its most precious books and works of art. Napoleon sent The Wedding Feast at Cana to Paris , and at present it

1833-446: The nine chose forty and the forty were reduced by lot to twelve, who chose twenty-five. The twenty-five were reduced by lot to nine, and the nine elected forty-five. These forty-five were once more reduced by lot to eleven, and the eleven finally chose the forty-one who elected the doge. Election required at least twenty-five votes out of forty-one, nine votes out of eleven or twelve, or seven votes out of nine electors. Before taking

1880-439: The oath of investiture, the doge-elect was presented to the concio with the words: "This is your doge, if it please you." This ceremonial gesture signified the assent of the Venetian people. This practice came to an end with the abolition of the concio in 1423; after the election of Francesco Foscari , he was presented with the unconditional pronouncement – "Your doge". While doges had great temporal power at first, after 1268,

1927-685: The obvious dire state of the national situation. He joined the plotting against Mussolini, and with the Nazi occupation of Northern Italy, he was arrested by the SS and sent to the Dachau concentration camp . Transferred to a hospital, his son Giorgio was able to get him released by bribing officials with diamonds and jewelry. Giorgio would also lobby successfully against the elder Cini's legal exclusion from political activities, arguing that his final break with Mussolini mitigated his long years of collaboration. Part of

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1974-597: The original purpose of the Foundation was to rebuild the convent that had been destroyed by Napoleon and later used by the Austrian Army, then the Italian Army, and rehabilitate the island within the context of the cultural history of Venice . It now houses a historical library of about 15,000 volumes, an archive of manuscripts, and a collection concerning documents about history, music, theater and art. It

2021-509: The remarkable canvas St George slaying the Dragon by Vittore Carpaccio is still displayed. Nevertheless, in 1806 the monastery was suppressed and the monks expelled; many of the monastery's remaining treasures were sold or stolen. Only a few monks were able to remain to serve in the church, while the monastery itself became a weapons depot. For more than a century it was used as a military garrison , undergoing grave deterioration. In 1951

2068-522: The soldiers, consul and imperial duke of the province of the Venetias'. Doge Justinian Partecipacius (d. 829) used the title imperialis hypatus et humilis dux Venetiae , 'imperial hypatos and humble duke of Venice'. These early titles combined Byzantine honorifics and explicit reference to Venice's subordinate status. Titles like hypatos , spatharios , protospatharios , protosebastos and protoproedros were granted by

2115-479: The title dux Dalmatiae , 'Duke of Dalmatia', or in its fuller form, Veneticorum atque Dalmaticorum dux , 'Duke of the Venetians and Dalmatians'. This title was recognised by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II in 1002. After a Venetian request, it was confirmed by the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos in 1082. In a chrysobull dated that year , Alexios granted the Venetian doge

2162-470: The whole Empire of Romania' ( Dei gratia dux Venecie [or Venetiarum ] Dalmatiae atque Chroatiae, dominus [or dominator ] quartae partis et dimidie totius imperii Romaniae ). Although traditionally ascribed by later medieval chroniclers to Doge Enrico Dandolo, who led the Venetians during the Fourth Crusade, and hence known as the arma Dandola , in reality the title of 'lord of

2209-541: Was to celebrate the symbolic marriage of Venice with the sea . This was done by casting a ring from the state barge, the Bucentaur , into the Adriatic . In its earlier form this ceremony was instituted to commemorate the conquest of Dalmatia by Doge Pietro II Orseolo in 1000, and was celebrated on Ascension Day . It took its later and more magnificent form after the visit to Venice in 1177 of Pope Alexander III and

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